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Learning Module 1
 
Ethics and the
Human Person
 
Course Packet 02
 
The Human Person as Moral
Being in Context 
 
 
 
 

This is a property of
Bataan Peninsula State University
Knowledge Area Code : PHILO NOT FOR SALE
Course Code : NGEC0513
Learning Module Code : LM-NGEC0513
Course Packet Code : LM-NGEC0513-2

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Course Packet 02

Course Packet
The Human Person02Course Packet
as Moral Being in Context
Introduction
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In this course packet you will reconnect to the building blocks of Ethics from your K-12 years.
An excerpted topic from Edukasyon sa Pagpapakatao Grade 10 Modyul entitled “Katangian ng
Pagpapakatao” is adapted to remind you of the very important foundation of Ethics: “Pagpapakatao”.
It can be ordinarily translated as to be “humane” but in Philosophy we will use the term
“Person”which is basically defined as beings in a moral community. As persons, we humans are
relational beings which makes as situated. In context, we always have to relate with our self, others,
environment and with the Absolute. What we do with this relationship will establish the connection of
Ethics and the Human Person as a Moral Agent. Hence, our actions matter .But we have to identify
the actions that will help us achieve our “personhood”. We have to identify what are “acts of man”
from “human actions”. To help us understand and analyze the morality of our human actions, the
three integral parts of moral act, namely, object, intention and circumstance, are borrowed concepts
from a Christian religious tradition. But this does not mean that we will be gearing towards Christian
Ethical prejudice. We only have to acknowledge the universality of these three integral parts which the
said religious tradition have elaborated and observed in their analysis of moral actions. Please take
time to read and understand the two readings and answer the activities and assessment stored for you
with utmost attention. I hope that at the end of this packet, you will deepen your understanding of
yourself as a moral agent, and as a human person, we may become altogether, be more discerning of
our moral action.
 
Objectives
At the end of this course packet, you are expected to :

1. Differentiate the following terms:

a. Human vs. Person
b. Acts of Man vs. Human Actions
2. Recognize the situatedness of the human person in relationship to self, others,
environment and to the Absolute.
3. Perform simple analysis of moral acts through the use of three integral parts of human
actions: Object, Intention and Circumstance
 
Learning Management System
This course packet is intended for self-learning. In case of clarification feel free to write a
message in our group chat or google classroom from 7:00 am to 9:00 pm from Mondays to
Saturdays.

Duration:
 
Topic 02: The Human Person as Moral Being in Context = 3 hours

 Delivery Mode
Asynchronous
 

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Requirement with Rubrics
At the end of this course packet, you are required to submit the activities and assessments.

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This includes two article readings and objective type of assessments. Submit your answer sheets in our
Google Classroom account on the Saturday of the third week of our semester. For essay items, you will
be recorded accordingly through the use of rubrics which basically contains the 4Ex’s criteria :
Explain, Expound, Example and Experience. Please see the annex section.
 
Readings

 To further enhance your understanding of the lesson, feel free to browse the first

folder of this course packet.

1. “Mga Katangian ng Pagpapakatao” Excerpted from Edukasyon sa Pagpapakatao

Grade 10 Module, Deped First Edition, 2015, pp.9-15

Retrieved from:

https://drive.google.com/file/d/0B41NpxO8pu79cjNNMWp5dWJYRUU/view .

2. “The Three Integral Parts of Moral Act [And a Bit of Fun]” by Bro. Andre Marie
Catholicism.Org, 30 August 2007. Retrieved from: https://catholicism.org/fun-with-
moral-theology-the-three-integral-parts-of-a-moral-act.html last August 20, 2020

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Preparatory Activity: Simple Article Reading

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 NAME:__________________________________________________DATE:_______________

02
COURSE/YR./SEC:__________________________________________SCORE:_____________

Instructions:

A. Read the excerpted article from Edukasyon sa Pagpapakatao Grade 10 Module 1

entitled “Katangian ng Pagpapakatao” (See the “Readings” folder) and answer the

following questions:

1. Differentiate individual, person and personality according from the article.

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2. Explain : “Madaling Maging Tao, Mahirap Magpakatao”

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3. What are the characteristics of a human person and how is it related to the notion that

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“man is a moral being”?

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4. How do Mother Theresa, Joey Velasco, Roger Salvador and Cris Valdez become

examples of individuals who are considered “personalities”?

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Processing of the Activity:
You might have forgotten your lessons from Edukasyon sa Pagpapakatao during
your K-12 years for some reasons. But in this simple article review, we reverted to your

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foundations in ESP to establish the connection of Ethics or morality to human person.
Presented in the paper are the human capabilities that enables one to become a person. Note
that in Filipino terms, human is “tao” but being “tao” is not enough. It is easy to be a “tao”.
We have to use our intellect, will, freedom and every capabilities that set us apart from other
animals to engage ourselves to the process of “pagpapakatao” or being persons. And how do
we engage to this process? It is by living a morally upright life. Notice that the personalities
mentioned such as Mother Theresa of Calcutta, Joey Velasco, Kesz Valdez and Roger
Salvador are among the many who lived a morally upright life. In our world today that
focuses on materialistic fames and gains, we hear a lot of bad news that degrades the essence
of the “human person”. With killings, corruptions, pollutions and exploitations of fellow
human beings and natural resources, we are to be reminded in this article that to be fully
human person, we have to return to what we are, “ens amans” in the words of Max Scheler.
That is, beings naturally capable of loving.
Your K-12 years in ESP are your foundations to this course Introduction to Ethics. It
already set the way for you to come this far in studying and learning to become more human,
albeit, a human person. And in this course packet, we will expound all the more your basic
foundations of how to be a human person by emphasizing Ethics as the avenue to become
more human.

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Brief Discussion:  
Key Points:
 

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Human and Person
You might find in this module the excessive use of the
:
 
 The human person is
contextually in relation

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term human person and if you are keen, perhaps you are asking
with the self, others,
the question “why use the term together when they can be used environment and the
Absolute.
interchangeably?” and “Are not both terms the same?” Let us  Humans are persons in
recall your senior high school year when you studied the so far as the ability to
do moral actions is
Introduction to the Philosophy of Human Person. The terms concern.
 Human and Person are
“human” and “person” in philosophy are not the same. When
two different terms.
we talk about humans we talk about being that possesses human
DNA and its capacities. In other words, the term “human” is a
biological term. But when we talk about “persons”, we speak of  
 
“beings who are part of a moral community” (CrashCourse  
Philosophy, 2016). “Person” is a moral term for moral beings. Definition of Terms:
  
We are so conditioned to the idea that the term can be, in Volition. The power of
choosing or determining.
ordinary sense, used interchangeably that we automatically
think that only humans are persons. But in fact, there can be, Intellect.Mental abilities of
the human person.
arguably, non-human persons and there could be humans who
Moral/Ethical. Concerned
are less of being persons. Can you think of other beings that
with principles of right and
could be “persons” aside from humans? wrong. It could also mean
a proper conduct.
There are a lot of on-going debates as regards to the
Mitigate.To make less
existence of non-human persons. But for now, I want you to
severe, serious or painful.
focus on how is it to be a “person”. Humans are considered
Aggravate. To make
persons because of its capability to consciously think, feel and worse or more serious.
freely decide on actions to take to arrive at certain goal. If we
 
follow the definition of a “person” above, it follows that what  
 
makes us humans as persons is our ability to act morally. It is on  
what we do that makes us more specifically “human persons”.  
 
Thus, as persons, humans are “moral agents”. To better
understand this, we will have to distinguish between acts of man
and human acts.

Acts of Man and Human Acts

Acts of Man are actions we do instinctively and

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something that we do even without being fully aware or conscious of and not necessarily
with the presence of our will. Examples of this are our natural appetite, our sensations, even

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the things that we do while asleep. If you are able to see, hear, speak or walk, it is natural to
do it and we need not to think about the act itself. However, with the use of our intellect and

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will, these Acts of Man become Human Acts. If we know what we are seeing and voluntarily
look or watch it, we intentionally listen to something, if we know and mean the words that
we speak and so on, as long as we do it with conscious awareness and volition, these are
considered as Human Acts (Lee, 2018). As such, human acts carry moral quality and
responsibility. Human acts are moral actions that can be either right or wrong and good or
bad depending on the three conditions or its integral parts.

Object, Intention and Circumstance (O-I-C)

Moral Act has three integral parts: Object, Intention and Circumstance. In the analysis
of moral action in Ethics, the Object always pertains to the Act itself, freely chosen by the
moral agent in so far as reason recognizes it to be good or not (CCC, Art.1751). Intention is
the end goal in mind of the moral agent and Circumstance refers to the situation or condition
that contributes to the goodness or the rightness of the act. Now, there are acts (objects) that
are intrinsically good, bad or indifferent. Take for instance any actions toward life. Killing
innocent lives is intrinsically evil and always wrong while preserving life is naturally good.
Indifferent acts are neither good nor bad, but, depending on the intention or circumstance, it
can be either right or wrong. For example, eating can neither be good or bad. But when
someone eats poison with the intention of killing himself or herself, it becomes evil. But when
he or she eats with the intention of prolonging life, healthy lifestyle and well-being, then,
eating becomes good.
The interplay of these three: object (act), intention and circumstance determine the
morality of human actions. A good act can be flawed by evil intentions. . For instance, giving
and donating goods (object) to help (intention) people affected by calamities (circumstance) is
by itself good. However, if you intend to help just to show off, say for example, politicians
who help people with open cameras for publicity with the intention to gain advantage for the
coming election, then, the act of helping is blemished. While shoplifting or pocketing goods
with the intention to help others does not make the act of stealing right. However,
circumstance can mitigate or aggravate the guilt and responsibility of the one who steals. A
politician or public servant who steals billions from the national budget is far more guilty and
liable than a street dweller who shoplifted bread for his starving children. Likewise, doing
good can be more or less praiseworthy depending also with the circumstance. For example,

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during this time of pandemic, rich people help others for good intentions but we find those
who have less yet still manage to give in their own little ways somewhat more praiseworthy

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than the one who gives their surplus wealth. Thus, a morally good act can be objects (acts)
that are intrinsically good or at least indifferent which are done with right intentions, and,

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depending on the favorable or unfavorable circumstance, could be more or less responsible
and praiseworthy.

Human Person as Moral Being in Context

The study of Philosophy of Human Person and Ethics are inextricably linked to each
other. For as far as our human qualities of conscious thinking, feeling, and free willing is
concern, we become a person or in some cases, less of a
person depending on what we do using these
capabilities. As moral agents, humans become more of
realizing personhood when his or her actions are
ethical, that is, morally good and doing bad is a defeat
to the nature of our humanity. You have heard our
Filipino saying “Madaling maging tao, mahirap
magpakatao”. The first phrase tells us how easy to be
born human but difficult to be humane in the second
phrase. Being humane is the process called
“personhood”, it is our persistent and consistent
struggle to become who we are and what we are and Source: Kristin McDermott,
https://www.pinterest.ph/pin/22349120023382583
grab a hold of our “personality” (EsP, 2015). We can 2/

only achieve this through our ethical actions and

morally upright life. In connection to this, allow me to quote one of the lines from a superhero
movie Batman Begins when the caped crusader was asked of his identity, he answered with
his husky and raspy voice “It is not who I am underneath but what I do that defines
me”(Batman Begins, 2005) In like manner, we can say that “underneath” of us are our human
capabilities, but it is on what we do to them in our ethical actions that “defines” who we are
as persons.
“Why do we need to be ethical?” you might ask. One fitting answer for now is that,
the human person is always in relationship the self, others, to the environment and with the
Absolute. For this reason, we can say that human persons are always in context. We are
always in the context of relating and harmonizing ourselves to our self, others, environment
and with the absolute. In the world that promotes too much of selfish individualism, the

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study of ethics brings us back to the reality of these relationships and remind us to gear our
reason and will towards ethical and moral actions so that we may become truly belong to the

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moral community of persons.

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Activity Sheet
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B. Read the second article from Bro. Andre Marie entitled “The Three Integral Parts of
a Moral Act [And a Bit of Fun] ( See the Readings folder) and answer the following
questions:
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1. According to the article, what is a Moral Act?
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__________________

2. What are the three integral parts of a Moral Act and how does it affect the
rightness or wrongness of our actions?
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3. Using the three integral parts of Moral Act, how can we say now that an action is
good?
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4. Share some experiences of the following :

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a. Good things you did for wrong intentions.

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b. Good things you did but seemed wrong because of unfavorable circumstance.
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c. Things you did that you knew was wrong but with right intentions.

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Assessment
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NAME: _________________________________________________ DATE:_______________

02
COURSE/YR/SEC________________________________________________SCORE_________

Multiple Choice: Write the letter of the correct answer on the blank space provided before
the number.

_____1. It is the end or goal of every action It is the movement of the will towards the end.

a. Object b. Intention c. Act d. Circumstance

_____2. It is the foundation of every moral actions according to Immanuel Kant.

a. Will b. Reason c. Intellect d. Emotion

_____3. These are actions that are consciously freely chosen and have moral quality.

a. Human Acts b. Object c. Intention d. Acts of Man

______4. This refers to the condition or situation that contributes to the rightness or
wrongness of the act. It can also mitigate or aggravate the guilt, responsibility or praise of the
doer.

a. Object b. Intention c. Circumstance d. Action

______5. These are actions we do instinctively and something that we do even without being
fully aware or conscious of and not necessarily with the presence of our will.

a. Human Acts b. Object c. Intention d. Acts of Man

______6. These are “beings who are part of the moral community”.

a. Animals b. Humans c. Persons d. Humanity

______7. It is the “act itself freely chosen by the moral agent in so far as reason recognizes its
to be good or not.

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a. Act b. Object c. Circumstance d. Intention

_____8. What are the basic considerations for a Morally Good Act?

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a.
b.
c.
Intrinsically good or indifferent object with good intention
Intrinsically good object even with wrong intention.
Indifferent act with evil intention
d.
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Intrinsically bad object with good intention

_____9. One day, Lucas the Richkid parked his car in the nearest 7eleven store where
sampaguita vendors crowded him. He said to them “I will buy all your sampaguitas”. But
deep inside He said to himself “Such a nuisance, get rid of me and my car”. What seemed
wrong to what he did?

a. Nothing. He was able to help the vendors and that’s all that matters.
b. Buying sampaguita to vendors is an indifferent act.
c. Buying sampaguita to vendors is a good act.
d. His intentions marred the goodness of buying from poor people to help.

_____10. Ramnesh the Studious is the top student of his class. On one final exam, His
girlfriend Liza Curtis, a working student and breadwinner, was not able to study for their
final exams because she had taken care of her ailing mother in the hospital. If she fails, she
will not be qualified for graduation and not be able to enter in a company that awaits her.
Ramnesh knew this and secretly tossed a small crumpled paper containing answers for the
exam.They were not caught. She passed and got the job. Is there something wrong here?

a. Nothing wrong. He was able to help Liza and her family.

b. Yes. Because tossing crumpled paper with key answers dangerously old school.
He could have used new ways of cheating.
c. Nothing wrong as long as they were able to achieve their relationship goals.
d. Yes. Because while his intention is good, cheating remains to be wrong. He could
have helped her in some other ways.

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Sources:

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Wassner, T., SJ.(1965). Morality and Intrinsic Evil.The Catholic Lawyer,Vol.11 No.3, pp.180-184.

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Retrieved from https://scholarship.law.stjohns.eduwww.google.com/&h

Coppens, C. SJ. ( ). The Morality of Human Acts. Moral Philosophy, par.36-79. Retrieved from
https://maritain.nd.edu/jmc/etext/mp02.htm

Morality of Human Acts, Catechism of the Catholic Church, Art. 4, Par.1749-1756. Retrieved
from https://www.vatican.va/archive/ccc_css/archive/catechism/p3s1c1a4.htm

Readings:

“Mga Katangian ng Pagpapakatao” Excerpted from Edukasyon sa Pagpapakatao Grade 10

Module, Deped First Edition, 2015, pp.9-15 Retrieved from:

https://drive.google.com/file/d/0B41NpxO8pu79cjNNMWp5dWJYRUU/view .

“The Three Integral Parts of Moral Act [And a Bit of Fun]” by Bro. Andre Marie
Catholicism.Org, 30 August 2007. Retrieved from: https://catholicism.org/fun-with-moral-
theology-the-three-integral-parts-of-a-moral-act.html last August 20, 2020

Illustration:

McDermott, Kristin, “It is not who I am underneath…” Pinterest.com Retrieved from

https://www.pinterest.ph/pin/223491200233825832/

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Annex :

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Learner’s Feedback Form

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Name of Student:
Program :
__________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
Year Level
Faculty
Schedule
:
:
:
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______________ Section : __________________
__________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
 
Course Packet : Code : _________ Title : __________________________________
 
 
How do you feel about the topic or concept presented?
 I completely get it.  I’m struggling.
 I’ve almost got it.  I’m lost.
 
In what particular portion of this course packet, you feel that you are struggling or lost?
_____________________________________________________________________________
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__________________________________________________________________________
 
Did you raise your concern to you instructor?  Yes  No
 
If Yes, what did he/she do to help you?
_____________________________________________________________________________
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__________________________________________________________________________

If No, state your reason?

_____________________________________________________________________________
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To further improve this course packet, what part do you think should be enhanced?
_____________________________________________________________________________
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How do you want it to be enhanced?
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
 

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Activity Sheet
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Enrichment Activity:
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INSTRUCTIONS : Read the article entitled “Ang Loob at Pakikipagkapwa sa
Kagandahang-Loob: Pagsusuri sa Pagpapakahulugan at mga Pagpapahalaga ng Kabataan”
by Charmaine P. Galano from UP Diliman. You are only required to read the pages 110-
113. However, you are encouraged to read the whole article for enrichment. (You may visit
this link http://www.pssp.org.ph/diwa/wp-content/uploads/2017/11/6-Artikulo-Galano.pdf or
you may proceed to the Readings folder.

You may also read Mercado, Leonardo( ) “Understanding the Philosophy of

Loob, Buut and Nakem University of Sto. Tomas, Christ the King Seminary, pp. 1-10.
Retrieved from (http://scientia-sanbeda.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/12/1-mercado.pdf

Write an article review. You may use the following outline (or you may search and
adopt from the internet):

I. Introduction:

II. Summary :
A. Kagandahang-Loob as a Trait.
B. Kagandahang-loob as Values (Pagpapahalaga)
C. Loob and Kapuwa

III. Reaction:
A. Connection to Ethics of Kagandahang-Loob
B. The Importance of these as a Filipino Youth
C. How can I apply all of these?

IV. CONCLUSION:

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Assessment
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NAME: ____________________________________________________DATE: _________________

PROG./YR/SEC._________________________________________________SCORE:____________

MULTIPLE CHOICE, Write the letter of the correct answer on the space provided before the
number.

_____1. It is the set of shared attitudes, values, goals and practices that characterizes an
institution or organization. It is the way of life of a particular community or even a nation as a
whole.

a. Tradition b. Culture c. Norms d. Beliefs

_____2. It is simply defined as the “another self”. The word itself means “equal” or “both”. It
sees the other as “equal” rather than a separated “other”.

a. Loob b. Labas c. Kapuwa d. Hiya

______3. This could mean either honor or shame depending on the situation. In a negative
sense, it means embarrassment but positively speaking, it keeps one’s honor intact if the
person is conscious to avoid unbecoming actions so as to avoid humiliation from others.

a. Loob b.Labas c. Kapuwa d. Hiya

_____4. In Filipino culture, this means the inner self that is connected to reason, will, feeling,
intuition, and other internal faculties that is expressed by the body.

a. Loob b.Labas c. Kapuwa d. Hiya

_____5. This means deception, treachery, being fake and full of cover ups. This term is one
being held by some Filipino theologians as the best Filipino translation of sin.

a. Mali b. Sala` c. Daya c. Kulang

_____6. It means genuine self- goodness and righteousness coming from within.

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a. Walang Hiya b. Utang na loob c. Bukal sa Kalooban d. Kagandahang-loob

_____7. It is known as “the degree to which being a moral person is important to an

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individual” (Hardy & Carlo, 2005)”

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a. Moral Reasoning b. Moral Courage c. Moral Identity d. Moral Argument

_____8. In this type of culture “the person tends to perceive him or herself as an independent
self who pursues his or her own interests and projects” (Markus&Kitayama)

a. Minimalistic b. Individualistic c. Collectivist d. Totalist

_____9. In this kind of culture, the person tends to perceive the self in an interdependent
relationship with others”(Markus & Kitayama)

a. Minimalistic b. Individualistic c. Collectivist d. Totalist

_____10. In Filipino Aesthetics, this means goodness, orderliness and truthfulness.

a. Loob b. Hiya c. Kapuwa d. Kagandahan

II. EXPLAIN, EXPOUND, EXAMPLE (& EXPERIENCE) : Following the 4EXs, Write an
Essay explaining the connection of culture influences morality and the interplay of Loob,
Kapuwa, Hiya and Daya in the development of Filipino Ethics.(20 pts)

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Key Points:

Sources
In this part, you may

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provide the key points of
the topics being presented
Sources :
in this particular Course
Packet.

02
Husted,Bryan,(2001)”The Effects of Ethical Decision Making of Individuals In Organization”,
Researchgate,pp.5-8. Retrieved from
 
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/228392623_The_impact_of_individualism_and_coll
ectivism_on_ethical_decision_making_by_individuals_in_organizations The key points may be
bulleted like this:
Guess, Dominik, (2004) “Decision Making in Collectivist and Individualist Culture”,
International Association for Cross Cultural Society, pp.3-9. Retrieved from 
https://scholarworks.gvsu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1032&context=orpc

 Key point 01
Rubel, Arthur J. (1961) “Partnership and Wife Exchange Among the Eskimo and Aleut of
North America, Anthropological Papers of University of Alaska, Vol.10,No.1, pp. 59-71
 Key point 02
Retrieved from https://www.uaf.edu/apua/files/Rubel1961.pdf

 Key point
Reyes, Jeremiah (2015) “Loob and Kapwa : Thomas Aquinas and the Filipino 03 Ethics,
Virtue
KU Leuven Humanities and Social Sciences Group, Institue of Philisophy, pp. 73-100.
Retrieved from (https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/34640273.pdf  

Mercado, Leonardo( ) “Understanding the Philosophy of Loob, Buut and Nakem University
 
of Sto. Tomas, Christ the King Seminary, pp. 1-10. Retrived from (http://scientia-
sanbeda.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/12/1-mercado.pdf  

“Culture” http://www.anthrobase.com/Dic/eng/def/culture.htm
Definition of Terms:
Jia, Fanli & Krettenauer, Tobias (2017) Recognizing Moral Identity as Cultural Construct,
Frontiers in Psychology, Cultural Psychology. Retrieved from  
https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpsyg.2017.00412/full
You may provide
definition
De Mesa, Jose & Cacho, Rebecca (2012). “When Beauty Beckons: Theological of terms
Ethics of to
Filipino
facilitate better
Aesthetics, St. Scholasticas College Manila,pp.15-43 understanding of the

Article

Galano, Charmain P. (2017) “Ang Loob at Pakikipagkapwa sa Kagandahang-Loob: Pagsusuri

sa Pagpapakahulugan at mga Pagpapahalaga ng Kabataan” Diwa E-Journal Tomo 5, pp.108-

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125. Retrieved from http://www.pssp.org.ph/diwa/wp-content/uploads/2017/11/6-Artikulo-

Galano.pdf

Course Packet 02Course Packet

Mercado, Leonardo( ) “Understanding the Philosophy of Loob, Buut and Nakem University
of Sto. Tomas, Christ the King Seminary, pp. 1-10. Retrived from (http://scientia-

02
sanbeda.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/12/1-mercado.pdf

Illustrations:

https://www.azquotes.com/quote/101896?ref=deception

Chalknot downladed from https://www.pinterest.ca/pin/835628905829605294/

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