HA 1 30 1 1 13 A 11 0

+ -

+
2

shgaid ukbne
aidics.lt
BA

B-Au.ThenomsatiajBApwducesB.nl
cn

A.ms
theBim.sn/divelgstwywjgataeid,thusBhgdrdgsesto
,

H.in ,

B 1
10

BOHtltcomehg.thsd.hu
+

apH7thsaeidic.lt
A +
1 30 1 1
-

13 A +
11 0
2

nakad shgbne bahs.lt

BA

B-Au.T henomsati a ofBApwducesB. n l

cn

Aim.sn/divelgstwywjgatbae,thusAhgdrdgsesto0H-in A.int
,

A
HAtOHGmehg.thsd.hu
+ 1
10

apHT.tn bai
autoionisation of water

inpurewatr.HN H 0 15
HUtOH-inihdoren.55.co
+ n 以0 + H0
.

0 0

chye
txtxqm.ae
x

n .
5 6 x
.
-

x x

H.OHHOK.HN
K =

H-atasxO.HN
⼆

i
~
~
10
1 =
55 6
g
.

ion-pnohdohntwionihnconitikiHOH.at
kilxhinpurewak.lt
25 29 8 K
,

Hkw
0
⼆

H
⼆
0⽉

14
1 × 10 =
x .
x

7
i X =
1 × 10

mollidzic.puntrkaiastnperatunrise.kwnk.i IT
-
H =
A =
1 × 10

& 0⽉
ns.
whanddddinto.hr

H-tinitdwnen.nl
HA
0 0

finalonen.co x x

H 0 H
OH-inihdqm.55.co
2 +

7
1⼼ 㤈

chge

txthgai d ni l i n ennsethnoncn. f m
positimfqmfnomnghttyttodeueasetheoen.fm
tccordngtthelechtkipimpk.tk

Athnhlx 107 H 1 × 10
7
+
x

7
0⽉ 10
-

1 ×

i.kw-HOH-lxni.IT

OH-fbaseisd ed.lxGOH-lxitxH O-7ikw-HOH-lxo.at H

Ostwald Dilution law

dgeefdis oim.x_amountdis ociatdinihdamountxl.am

ountdashgekholgkstgacidstgbe.nentdsdts.nl
is ociatdimtialamountx100l.fr
fyinsdinitdonen.at
HA Htt
0 0
a
<
*

chg
*
-_- < +
x +
x
=
1

fmlonen.co c c

130 1 1
-

15 + 0⽉

imtdonen.at 0 0
<
*

a a

chg
*
-_- < +
x +
x
=
1

fmlonen.co c c

AB A + 15
imtidonen.at 0 0
<
*

⼈ ㄥ*

chg
*
-_- <
n +
x
=
1

fmlonen.co

ccfwaweakeholgkwakaeidbse.aeidicbasicsdts.ach.ch
kcainitdonen.cn
AB A + B

ooasa.tn

chg -
a t a t a

cifimlonen.ch K
: =
.

) -

a 以 "
。 ⼩ ⼆

是
Dissociation of weak acid & base

frawakand.HAHtA-imtidonen.cn
oochage-xtxtxfimlonen.cn

x -XK-cxasxt ck-YX-Kci.IT
ka-cuddiniddatntfraweal.ba
⼆

0 15 =
K ,>_<

tsedissoeitdwnh
pH & pOH calculation

kiHOH-pH-lgH-fkw-gi.bg
☆

OHPOH
-_-

hg 0⽉

gni-pHtpOHi.PH +

p
0H =
14

strong monoprotic acid

asclxiximtdonen.cn A
HA H +

1 0
12 H

OH-finalonen.co
+
0 0
7
5 6 C 1 × 10
ccqm.com
.
.

1 0
12 H
OH-inihdqm55.co
+

lg
hgcdinbed
⼼ ⼼ 1 , i.PH
-_-
H -_-

tc hangetx- xrewqm.5 .GXMfc-xklfXH.lt

strong diprotic acid

imtdonen.cn
2 䍏 + A

iplt-lgH-lg2cfinalonen.cl
0 0

CNH
strong base

kb.ci
-_-

lg OH
weak acid

H =

K-
weak base
0⽉ ⼆

PHH-pOHi.PH -_-

hg Ht
pOH-lgOH-i.pk/4-pOH
acid & base dissociation constant

pki-hgkapKB-hgk.co
ns.derawenkaeid.HA A + H. 0
+

A H
众 =

HAA.asastongcojytbase.pro hdat

A + 1⽐ HA + 015

叭 0⽉
份 =

1 X 2

A H
K -

1名 =

HHOHHA ×

K K

HXOH-i.ka-ki w-lgka-kb-lgxni.pk
⼆

tpkb =
14
Common ion effect

Fwasohtinwhihcontisweakhgt.whenaddinga.to
saHwhichontirsanioninommm.mil
g

frtherdecreasethedissmdimfthewakekhgte.fr
ukehhf XA
,

XA X + A
K
qm.com 1 9
-

ddigastongdigteYA.
Aimtdounx
t t ǐt
0 0

f.net 0

xxaecwdigt helechatlierspnipk.t
wren

ㄨ + A
imtdqm.li 1 9
dihd

txchageyyyuwqm.ly
qycixgompanthimtidaduwqm.tk
cnn.fwenkehgtxtirereaseardtlecorenyxdareasei.TK
dssaidimfXA.hu ase
Buffer solution

prireipkiommonimeffatchamek.sk:1
imtddnyeinnhmuedacidtajgatksesohbksdtz.ba
pHwhenddiyandcrbedassfihnil-andi.ge
icyfohtimweakbetogyhanddnbks.lt
acidic buffer solution

wakandHAt-j y ateandsaHNaAKANo.
NdtA-imtidonen.is
l t
oofimloe.no k k

HA H + A
imtdoen.cn
kchye
0

txtxegm.aonen.ch
x

xktxasx ocx~cxktx-KHAKAHAH-KA-HA .bg

Hhg
pH-lgka.ly 桨
从
⼀

HendersonH.se lbakh
ajytbaefmsdt
Aqhm
i.PH
pktlg
⼆

HA
ahktpltofa wkh
nhin
咐 K !
H
g
。
+

p
=

p
basic buffer solution

wakbaeBOHtwgngataeidsaHBXBB-ximtidonen.is
oofimloe.no k k

130 ⽉
OH-imtdoen.cn
15 +

kchye
txtxegm.aonen.CN
x

ktxasxoc~ ktx-KXUTBK OH IT-kbBOHB-gci.l

OH

BOHp-lgkn-gB-zojgdeaidlf.ms
䛓点⼼ Haiklpdpkbtg 晶

uakbaefa ddednmoksfa ndHYfa ddedr. n o !

K
阴 g
=
+

bfbe
MOHHY + 13 0 1
-

1 13ㄚ + 1 0
12 15 + MOH 1 30 11 + M
-

C -
130 H :
C
130 H :
C
C + n

15 k N_n N_n
B k
: -

usingHendesm-H.se/bakhqn
usiyHendesm-H.se/bakhqntoak.pH
toak.PH

simikrftheaidi.gr shhin
Acid-Base titration

strong acid - strong base

bfmequimkneepo.it
ishoybu
nGthu-baexbnedddnhttiandxhdimt.it

nH-ngbud dtandatinqiuitdwpheepfH-lgandxhiH7sdhimgatiankbasexh..cl edu

H =

gtquimhcepoinfinGthu-baexbneddd.oqm.to
andxkdimtialpe.nl
⼏ 仙 州
⼆

nat-nlHOH-budddtandinit.it
⼆

POH-hg pH-14-pOHT.quhene po.it

buuu

weak acid - weak base

strong base - weak acid

yeqmihhpintstnba.edu
ehad agyatbase 州
shoymonoph 130 Ht HA 1 3A 1北
+

base uakaeid wnjgakbae

HA H
+

A +

nhtddd-baexh.edu

naehremeiij-adxaeidimtd-nG-hdaeid.in
adremaimg ,

adimtid-a.edu/tAnconjgatbase)fwmed=n(A=nGtddd
uol.ch

ngytbae
。

ajugtbu.noaadimtid-a.edu

sub.idz.int/tdesm-Has elbachqnHfpH=pka+lganjgatebase
A > 7
p

aaddquihpt
fkqmihtpitstnbasedddnd.mil agyatbase 州
130 1 1
- t HA 1 3A +1北 natddd-basexh.edu
nlHHd-aeidxhidimtdandxhidim.tl
baseinedu ⼆

rh ) -

n (⽤
A 1⽐ HA +01T
at-aeidimtidt.edu
+

PH 7

pOH-lgatpH-14.PH 7
strong acid - weak base

yeqmihhpintstnaeiddddd.be
gyataddshgmonop HA t
13 0 1 1 -
1 3A + 1北
and
uakbae wnjgakad
BOH

B-OH-nhtbd d-andxhd dednbwsdumaimig-hxbaeintd.nl Hldd

bae-nbaserema.mg
,

baseimtid-hidddedBOHncoygdeaeidymh.nl
wakhe

nhddd-ajugtmd.no
13
⼗
⼆

ngytaad
。

baseimtid-hiddddPHTsub.idz.info
Hedenm-HassdbachqnpOH. p k
ajgākmdbuep
tlg ,

H 14

patdquihpt
= -

fkqmihtpitstnaeiddddwal.be agyatad 州

BAtlkonHddd-andxhidduandxhi daddd-basexhim.fi
HA t
BOH

nhttkbasexhueimt.it
ngjbaseimt.nl
⼏ 侧 ⼀

Bt 以0 130H H
+
H =

hidhkdplt
+ ⼗

7
pA lglt 7
-_-