Senior High School

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Earth Science
Quarter 1 - Module 4
Energy Resources - Fossil Fuels

Department of Education ● Republic of the Philippines

Earth Science - Grade 12
Alternative Delivery Mode
Quarter 1 - Module 4: Energy Resources - Fossil Fuels
First Edition, 2020

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 SeniSoernH
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Earth Science
Quarter 1 - Module 4
Energy Resources – Fossil Fuels

This instructional material was collaboratively developed and reviewed

by educators from public and private schools, colleges, and or/universities. We
encourage teachers and other education stakeholders to email their feedback,
comments, and recommendations to the Department of Education at action@
deped.gov.ph.

We value your feedback and recommendations.

Department of Education ● Republic of the Philippines

FAIR USE AND CONTENT DISCLAIMER: This module is for educational purposes only. Borrowed materials
(i.e., songs, stories, poems, pictures, photos, brand names, trademarks, etc.) included in this module are
owned by their respective copyright holders. The publisher and authors do not represent nor claim ownership
over them. Sincerest appreciation to those who have made significant contributions to this module.
This page is intentionally blank
 Table of Contents

What This Module is About .................................................................................................... i

What I Need to Know ............................................................................................................. i
How to Learn from this Module .............................................................................................. ii
Icons of this Module ............................................................................................................... ii
What I Know ........................................................................................................................... iii

Lesson:
Fossil Fuels .................................................................................. 1
What I Need to Know ..................................................................................... 1
What’s New: Fuelled-up Crossword Puzzle .................................................. 2
What Is It ........................................................................................................ 3
What’s More: Picture Fuel-fect! ...................................................................... 4
What Is It: Fossil Fuel Formation ................................................................... 5
What’s New: Let’s Dig Deeper ....................................................................... 6
What I Have Learned: Compare me Not! ...................................................... 7
Fossil Fuel Formation: The Origin of Oil.................... 8

What I Can Do: Poster Making....................................................................... 9

Summary .............................................................................................................................. 10
Assessment: (Post-Test) ..................................................................................................... 11
Key to Answers .................................................................................................................... 12
References ........................................................................................................................... 14
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 Module 4
Energy Resources - Fossil Fuels

What This Module is About

This module demonstrates an understanding of the various sources of energy that are
tapped for human use. This module focuses on fossil fuels as source of energy, how these
are formed, and extracted. This will also tackle the uses, advantages, and disadvantages of
using such source of energy. Moreover, environmental issues and concerns will be given
emphasis at the end of this module.

This module will help you explore earth’s abundance in terms of energy resources, and
how earth produces such energy resource. You will discover, and at the end infer, why there
is a need for humans to preserve and conserve natural resources, in relation to the impact of
using these resources.

This module focuses only on one lesson which is on Fossil Fuels.

What I Need to Know

At the end of this module, you should be able to:

Describe how fossil fuels are formed. (S11ES-Id-10)

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How to Learn from this Module
To achieve the objectives cited above, you are to do the following:
• Take your time reading the lessons carefully.
• Follow the directions and/or instructions in the activities and exercises diligently.
• Answer all the given tests and exercises.

Icons of this Module

What I Need to This part contains learning objectives that

Know are set for you to learn as you go along the
module.

What I know This is an assessment as to your level of

knowledge to the subject matter at hand,
meant specifically to gauge prior related
knowledge
What’s In This part connects previous lesson with that
of the current one.

What’s New An introduction of the new lesson through

various activities, before it will be presented
to you

What is It These are discussions of the activities as a

way to deepen your discovery and under-
standing of the concept.

What’s More These are follow-up activities that are in-

tended for you to practice further in order to
master the competencies.

What I Have Activities designed to process what you

Learned have learned from the lesson

What I can do These are tasks that are designed to show-

case your skills and knowledge gained, and
applied into real-life concerns and situations.

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 What I Know

Multiple Choice. Select the letter of the best answer from among the given choices.

1. Which of the following sources of energy is NOT a type of fossil fuel?

A. Petroleum B. Coal
C. Geothermal D. Natural Gas

2. Which of the following sources of energy is renewable?

A. Coal B. Petroleum
C. Crude Oil D. Hydroelectric

3. What is the major component of natural gas?

A. Ethene B. Methane
C. Propane D. Butane

4. What type of fossil fuel is formed from the remains of marine organisms?
A. Coal B. Geothermal
C. Petroleum D. Hydroelectric

For items 5 – 8. Arrange the statements below in chronological order to show the
formation of petroleum and natural gas. Write letters A-D in the space provided before
each number to show the correct order.

5. Layers of silt, sand and rocks are drilled to reach the layer where oil and gas
deposits are contained.
6. Marine plants and animals which lived million years ago, are buried on the ocean
floor.
7. As the remains of the dead organisms are buried deeper and deeper over millions
of years, it will be subjected to extreme heat and pressure which will turn it into oil
and gas.
8. Their remains were covered by layers of sand and silt over time.

For items 9 and 10. Give one advantage and one disadvantage of using fossil fuel.

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 Lesson

1 Fossil Fuel

What I Need to Know

Our planet earth, aside from its distinctness from other planets due to inhabitation of
human and other life forms, is blessed with the bounty of its natural resources. From its abiotic
resources (water, air, soil, land, minerals, etc.) to its biotic resources (plants, animals, etc.). It
can be said that living in this planet is a blessing. Earth provides vast amount of resources for
human needs, consumption, survival, and advancement.

Figure1. Earth’s Abundance of Natural Resources

Try to look at your surrounding? Do you know what they are made of? Now, look at
the things inside your home. Can you guess the materials used and where they came from?
Everything comes from the resources that the earth possesses. You may notice that most of
the materials used in your home is a combination of biotic and abiotic resources, from the
structure of the house to the electrical devices that furnish it.
For this lesson though, we will focus on abiotic resources. Get ready to discover and
be amazed on some of its important uses of these resources.

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 At the end of this lesson, you are expected to describe how fossil fuels are formed.
(Earth Science MELC 7)

Lesson objectives
At the end of the lesson, the students should be able to:
1. cite examples of fossil fuels;
2. trace how fossil fuels are formed;
3. compare and contrast coal and oil; and
4. cite uses of fossil fuels and its environmental concerns.

What’s New

Activity 1: Fuelled-up Crossword Puzzle

Direction: Fuel up your brain by

completing this crossword puzzle. Read
carefully the description given in the clue
section with scrambled letters as additional
clues and supply the word needed in the
crossword.

Horizontal Vertical

1. An odorless, colorless hydrocarbon gas 1. A liquid fossil fuel composed of

that is composed mainly of methane (CH4). hydrocarbons, also called as crude oil that
(UTNAALR ASG) can be refined to form fuel.
(OPTLEMURE)
2. A solid rock form of fossil fuel made of
carbon content material and other trace 2. Energy resources that came from the buried,
elements. fossilized remains of living organisms like
(OLCA) animals and plants that lived millions of
years ago. (ISFOLS FULSE)
3. A liquid type of fossil fuel made mostly of
hydrocarbon. (LIO)

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 What Is It

Fossil fuels are sources of energy derived from the fossilized remains of once living
plants and animals million years ago. These remains of dead plants and animals long time
ago are buried and fossilized in the earth’s crust, thus these fuels are found beneath the earth’s
surface. Since this fuel originated from the remains of once living organisms, fossil fuels
have high contents of carbon and hydrogen. These are referred to as hydrocarbons. Fossil
fuels includes coal, oil and natural gas.

Figure 2. Fossil Fuels

Coal is a type of fossil fuel that is a non-renewable source of energy. It is a solid rock
form of fossil fuel that originated from dead plant and animal matter that have piled up in
layers for over millions of years. It’s composed highly of carbon.
Coal can be extracted using two methods: surface mining and underground mining.
Surface mining, also known as strip mining, involves the removal of the entire layer of rock
and soil to access the coal deposit beneath the surface. Underground mining involves the
use of heavy machinery to cut coal from deep underground deposits.
Oil / Crude oil or also known as Petroleum is another type of fossil fuel that is non-
renewable. It is a liquid type of fossil fuel composed mostly of hydrocarbons. Like coal,
petroleum originates from the remains of dead organisms. Petroleum comes from ancient
marine organisms like marine plants, algae, and bacteria. This can be extracted by drilling
on land or at sea. It can also be extracted through strip mining in the case of tar sands oil and
oil shale. Once extracted, this oil will be transported to refineries to transform it into usable
fuels like propane, kerosene, gasoline and other fuel products. Also, it is used in making
plastic and paint products.
Natural gas is another type of fossil fuel that is an odorless and colorless hydrocarbon
gas mixture. It’s composition is made up of hydrocarbon that is mostly methane (CH4).
Natural gas, like the other types of fossil fuels, originated from the remains of plants, animals,
microorganisms that once lived millions of years ago. If a natural gas is found in porous and
permeable rock beds, or mixed into oil reservoirs which can be extracted through drilling,
then it is called a conventional natural gas. On the other hand, unconventional natural
gases are those that are too difficult or expensive to extract, and require a special
stimulation technique like fracking.

Now that you have knowledge on fossil fuels and its types, let’s dig deeper!

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 What’s More

Activity 2: Picture Fuel-fect!

Direction: Every picture has a story to tell. Below are pictures given in chronological
order to describe and tell a short story about the formation of fossil fuel. The story for each
picture is posted in no particular in the story board. Pick a strip and rewrite it in the callouts
found above each picture.

Picture Perfect No. 1 - COAL FORMATION

Figure 3. Coal Formation

STORY BOARD

Remains of plants Due to high heat and Giant plants died in

were buried pressure underneath swamps million years,
underwater and dirt the ground, the remains ago before the
over millions of years. of the plants turned into dinosaurs.
coal.

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 Picture Perfect No. 2 - PETROLEUM AND NATURAL GAS FORMATION

Figure 4. Petroleum and Natural Gas Formation

PETROLEUM AND NATURAL GAS FORMATION STORY BOARD

Layers of silt, sand and
rocks and drilled today to
reach the layer where oil
and gas deposits contains.
Marine plants and animals
lived million years ago, died
and buried on the ocean
floor.
There remains were
covered by layers of sand
and silt over time.
As the remains of the dead
organisms buried deeper
and deeper over millions of
years, it experienced the
extreme heat and pressure
underneath that turned them
into oil and gas.

What Is It

Process of formation of the different types of fossil fuels is almost the same. They both
originated from the remains of living organisms that lived millions of years ago. However, coal
formed from vegetation while oil came from marine organisms. Over millions of years, the
remains of these organisms were buried deeper beneath the earth’s surface. As the remains
are buried deeper, it is subjected to extreme heat and pressure. This exposure to extreme heat
and pressure will result to the formation of fossil fuels.
Nowadays, these fossil fuels are drilled and extracted for human use. Coals are used
as fuel in power plants to generate electricity. Oils are refined and transformed into usable fuel
like gasoline that fuels your engine. Natural gas is now used for fuel and a source of energy
for electricity.

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 What’s New

Activity 3: Let’s Dig Deeper!

Direction: Let’s gain more knowledge. You may do some research on the web to
complete the table. You need to supply what is being asked in each column for each type of
fossil fuel.

Table 1. Energy Type, Uses and Environmental Concerns

Type of Uses Renewable Environmental Concerns

Fossil or Not?
Fuel

Coal

Oil

Natural
Gas

For more information on fossil fuels, visit the following link:

•Now
htttphsa:t//ywow
uwh.ayvoeutduibse
co.cvoem
re/w
d afutcrthh?evr=asbQonuctFfocsusYilWfuoesls, let’s test your learning.
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8YHsxXEVB1M
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_PDOD_FEnNk

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 What I Have Learned

Activity 4: Compare me Not!

Direction: It is time to synthesize your learning. The table below contains statements
that describe coal and oil. Organize them on the Venn diagram to show commonalities and
contrasts between coal and oil.

Table 1. Description of Coal and Oil

Formed from marine organisms Typical power plant fuel

Formed from vegetation Buried during formation

Source of carbon dioxide Takes millions of years to form

Example of a fossil fuel Contains carbon

Migrates up after formed Formed from kerogen

Non-renewable Four varieties (carbon content)

Used for electricity Most reserves in Middle East

Venn Diagram

Coal Oil

Both

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Activity 5: Fossil Fuel Formation: The Origin of Oil

Direction: Read carefully each statement. Arrange them in correct chronological

order on how petroleum forms. Write the letter of your answer in the space provided
below the table.

A
Oil floats on water, and gas is even lighter than oil, so petroleum and natural gas move upward
within the reservoir rock until they are stopped by an impermeable sedimentary layer such as
shale, which forms a trap.
B
The crude oil is transported to a refinery, where it is separated by fractional distillation and
other processes into fuels such as gasoline, butane, kerosene, liquid petroleum gas, jet fuel,
diesel fuel, fuel oil, and chemicals used to manufacture plastics.
C
Over time, layer upon layer of marine sediments accumulate, containing the remains of
planktonic organisms.
D
With even more heat and pressure, the hydrocarbons are broken down into petroleum (oil)
and natural gas.
E
As the planktonic organisms die, their remains begin to settle to the sea floor under anoxic
conditions (without oxygen).
F
Wells are drilled into the ground in the oil field to extract the petroleum, which is called crude
oil.
G
The story of oil and gas begins with planktonic organisms living in the ocean (or in lakes).
H
With the high temperatures and pressures of greater depth of burial, the kerogen begins to
change into hydrocarbons.
I
More and more petroleum and natural gas accumulate and become concentrated in the trap,
forming an oil field.
J
The petroleum and natural gas migrate into porous and permeable sedimentary rocks such as
sandstone, which serves as a petroleum reservoir rock.
K
Thick sequences of sediments are deposited, and the planktonic organisms buried in them are
heated and compressed until the organic matter begins to change into kerogen, a solid, waxy
organic material.
L
Zooplankton eats phytoplankton (algae) that use the Sun’s energy to produce organic matter
and energy through photosynthesis.
M
Geologists use various tools, such as seismic surveys, to study Earth to locate oil fields
beneath the ground. If a location seems promising, drilling may begin.
Adapted from: https://serc.carleton.edu/integrate/teaching_materials/change_inthe_air/activity4.html

What’s the order?

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 What I Can Do

Activity 6: Poster Making

Direction: Using a 1/8 illustration board, create a poster depicting the formation of fossil fuels, and
the advantages and disadvantages of using them. Refer to the rubric below for additional details.

RUBRICS
Category 4 3 2 1
The poster The poster clearly The poster The poster does
clearly communicates indirectly not sufficiently
Presentation communicates some of the communicates communicate
the main idea important ideas the idea and any idea that
and strongly and slightly hardly promotes can promote
promotes promotes awareness. awareness.
awareness. awareness.
All of the Most of the The graphics The graphics
graphics used graphics used on were made by the were not made
Creativity on the poster the poster reflect student but were by the student.
and reflect an student ingenuity copied from the
Originality exceptional in their creation. designs or ideas
degree of of others.
student ingenuity
in their creation.
All graphics in Most graphics in Some graphics in The graphics in
Accuracy the poster are the poster are the poster are the poster are
and accurate and accurate and accurate and neither accurate
relevance related to the related to the related to the nor related to
topic. topic. topic. the topic.
The poster All required Few required Required
includes all elements are elements are elements are
Required required included. included. missing.
Element elements as well
as additional
information.
Adapted from: Liza Alvarez, et al. Science 9 Learner’s Module (Philippines: Department of Education, 2017), 27
 9

Summary

1. Fossil fuels are source of energy derived from the fossilized remains of once living
plants and animals million years ago.

2. Fossil Fuels are non-renewable type of energy resources.

3. Fossil fuels are composed of hydrocarbons.

4. There are three types of fossil fuels: coal, oil and natural gas.

5. Coal is a solid rock form of fossil fuel that originated from the dead plant and animal
matter that piled up in layers for over million years ago.

6. Oil also known as petroleum, is a liquid type of fossil fuel composed mostly of
hydrocarbons.

7. Natural gas is a type of fossil fuel that is an odorless and colorless hydrocarbon
gas mixture. It is made mostly of methane (CH4).

8. Fossil fuels are commonly used as energy to power engines and other materials at
home and in industries.

9. Fossil fuels as non-renewable sources of energy, have disadvantages and could

impact the environment negatively. This is because during its combustion it
produces carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases.
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 Assessment: (Post-Test)

Multiple Choice. Read each statement carefully. Select the letter of the best answer from among the
given choices.

1. Which of the following sources of energy is NOT a type of fossil fuel?

A. Petroleum B. Coal
C. Geothermal D. Natural Gas

2. Which of the following sources of energy is renewable?

A. Coal B. Petroleum
C. Crude Oil D. Hydroelectric

3. What is the major component of natural gas?

A. Ethene B. Methane
C. Propane D. Butane

4. What type of fossil fuel that formed from the remains of marine organisms?
A. Coal B. Geothermal
C. Petroleum D. Hydroelectric

For items 5 – 8. Arrange the statements in chronological order to show the formation of
petroleum and natural gas. Write letters A-D in the space provided before each number
to show the correct order.

5. Layers of silt, sand and rocks are drilled to reach the layer where oil and gas
deposits are contained.
6. Marine plants and animals which lived million years ago, are buried on the ocean
floor.
7. As the remains of the dead organisms are buried deeper and deeper over millions
of years, it will be subjected to extreme heat and pressure which will turn it into oil
and gas.
8. Their remains were covered by layers of sand and silt over time.

For items 9 and 10. Give one advantage and one disadvantage of using fossil

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References

Learning Manual

Alvarez, Liza, Dave Angeles, Hernan Apurada, Ma. Pilar Carmona, Oliver Lahorra, Judith
Marcaida, Ma. Regaele Olarte et al. Science 9 Learner’s Module. Philippines: Department of
Education, 2017.

Websites

———. “Petroleum.” National Geographic Society, January 14, 2013.

https://www.nationalgeographic.org/encyclopedia/petroleum/.

Gore, Pamela. “Unit 4: Fossil Fuel Formation.” Carbon, Climate, and Energy Resources, April
15, 2020.
https://serc.carleton.edu/integrate/teaching_materials/change_inthe_air/activity4.html.

National Geographic Society. “Coal.” National Geographic Society, December 18, 2012.
https://www.nationalgeographic.org/encyclopedia/coal/.

National Geographic Society. “Natural Gas.” National Geographic Society, October 9, 2012.
https://www.nationalgeographic.org/encyclopedia/natural-gas/.

Nunez, Christina. “Fossil Fuels, Explained.” Fossil fuels-facts and information, April 2, 2019.
https://www.nationalgeographic.com/environment/energy/reference/fossil-fuels/.

Online Videos

———. “Coal, Oil, and Natural Gas”. GeoScience Videos. Posted on November 21,
2014.Youtube video, 6:47. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sQncFcuYWos

———. “Formation of Reservoir Rock/ Oil & Gas Animation”. Oil & Gas Videos. Posted on
March 6, 2014.Youtube video, 2:15. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_PDOD_FEnNk

———. ““Oil and Gas Formation”. EarthScience WesternAustralia. Posted on September 5,

2014.Youtube video, 3:04. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8YHsxXEVB1M

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For inquiries and feedback, please write or call:

Department of Education – Bureau of Learning Resources (DepEd-BLR)

DepEd Division of Cagayan de Oro City

Fr. William F. Masterson Ave Upper Balulang Cagayan de Oro
Telefax: ((08822)855-0048
E-mail Address: cagayandeoro.city@deped.gov.ph

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