Elementary Grammar 2003

ELEMENTARY
UNIT 1 AND 2
FORM SUBJECT BE VERB Contraction EXAMPLE

1st person I am I'm I'm here.
2nd person you are you're You're busy.
3rd person he is he's He's a friend.
affirmative 3rd person she is she's She's a doctor.
sentences
(+) 3rd person it is it's It's cold today.
1st person pl. we are we're We're hungry.
2nd person pl. you are you're You're beautiful.
3rd person pl. they are they're They're asleep.
SUBJECT BE VERB Contraction EXAMPLE

I am not I'm not I'm not thirsty.
you aren't You aren't here.
you are not
you're not You're not a cat!
he isn't He isn't there.
he is not
he's not He's not at home.
she isn't She isn't a mother.
she is not
negative she's not She's not an actress.
sentences it isn't It isn't warm today.
(-) it is not
it's not It's not too hot today.
we aren't We aren't asleep.
we are not
we're not We're not sleepy.
you aren't You aren't tired.
you are not
you're not You're not at work.
they aren't They aren't here.
they are not
they're not They're not at work.
BE VERB & SUBJECT (+) Short Answer (-) Short Answer

Am I correct? Yes, I am. No, I'm not.
No, you aren't.
Are you tired? Yes, you are.
No, you're not.
No, he isn't.
Is he asleep? Yes, he is.
No, he's not.
No, she isn't.
Is she here? Yes, she is.
Yes/ no No, she's not.
questions No, it isn't.
( ? ) Is it warm? Yes, it is.
No, it's not.
No, we aren't.
Are we students? Yes, we are.
No, we're not.
No, you aren't.
Are you thirsty? Yes, you are.
No, you're not.
No, they aren't.
Are they here? Yes, they are.
No, they're not.
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QUESTIONS WITH
ANSWERS
QUESTION WORDS
Costa.
is her surname?
He is a professor.
What is his job?
49, Model Farm
is her address?
Road, Cork City.
is she
Where are you FROM? LONDON.
infornation are they
questions
is Mike? Lara’s boyfriend.
(?) Who
is Lara? Mike’s girlfriend.
Twenty-six.
are you?
How old Twenty-six years
is she?
old.
is an orange
How much One pound 45p.
juice?
EXERCISES
Read the dialogue and complete the blanks with “is” and “are”.
John: Hello. _________ you a new student?
Emma: Yes, I am. _________ you in this class?
John: Yes, I am. What ________ your name?
Emma: My name _________ Emma. What _________ your name?
John: John. How old _________ you?
Emma: I am 21.
John: And where ______ you from?
Emma: I’m from England. _________ you from the USA?
John: Yes, I am. _________ you married?
Emma: Yes, I am. My husband _________ from the USA, too.
John: And what _______ his job?
Emma: He _____ a businessman.
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Write questions to these answers
1. ________________________________________________?
Her name is Lisa Jefferson.
2. _________________________________________________?
She is 22 years old.
3. _________________________________________________?
She’s from Australia.
4. __________________________________________________?
No, her mother isn’t from Tokyo.
5. __________________________________________________ ?
No, her father isn’t from China.
6. _________________________________________________?
Her telephone number is 807 93 25.
7. _________________________________________________?
No, she isn’t married, she’s single.
8. _________________________________________________?
She is a lawyer.
9. __________________________________________________?
Her address is 34, Queen St, Boston.
Write a short paragraph to introduce yourself to the students in your class. Use the answers to
these questions for your paragraph:
 What’s your full name?
 How old are you?
 Where are you from?
 Are you married?
 What’s your address?
 What’s your e-mail address?
 What’s your telephone number?
(You can write more details about yourself.)
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
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From Personal Pronoun to Possessive Adjective
Singular Plural
Personal
I you he, she, it you we they
Pronoun
Possessive
your his, her, its our
Adjective my your their
I have brown hair. She has long hair. They have short hair.
My hair is brown. Her hair is long. Their hair is short.
EXERCISES
Complete the sentences with possessive adjectives.
1 He's from Spain.______name's Alberto.
2 They're married. _______ children’s names are Lauren and Daniel.
3 We're brothers. ______ parents are French.
4 She's eight. _____ brother’s nine.
5 I'm British. ____ name’s Peter.
6 You're students. _____ books are in the classroom.
7 He’s at school. ____ friends aren’t at school.
8 What’s your address? ____ address is 78, Brooklyn St.

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9 ____ dog is very lovely. What’s its name? Possessive
10 This is Sarah’s bike. ___ bike is very
Adjectives
expensive. A possessive adjective
modifies a noun to show
ownership.
Possessive ’s
For example:-
After a singular name or noun the possessive is
always ’s. I'm Lynne.
This is Carl’s bag. My name's Lynne.
These are Carl’s bags.

Possessive adjectives go
When the name is plural, and ends in –s, add before their nouns.
’:
This is my cat.
My parents’ flat is very small.
The girls’ room is downstairs. They are her pencils.
When the name is plural, but does not end in –s , add ’s :

The men’s coats are here.
Emma and Paul’s car is outside.
We also use ’s with time words:
A week’s holiday, today’s weather.
EXERCISES
1 This is ___ car. (Mary)
2 Where is ____ telephone? (Andrew)
3 Is that ____ hat? (Tiago)
4 It is ___ book.(Terry)
5 These are my parents__ clothes.
6 Simon is married. His_____ name is Louise.
7 Sarah has a brother. Her___ name is Alan.
8 My ____ wife is my mother.
9 'Helen is married.' 'What's her ____ name?'
10 'I like my teacher.' 'What's your _____ name?’
A/An
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a/an = one thing or person
 a + singular noun beginning with a consonant: a boy; a car; a bike; a zoo; a dog
 an + singular noun beginning with a vowel: an elephant; an egg; an apple; an idiot; an
orphan
 a + singular noun beginning with a consonant sound: a uniform i.e. begins with a consonant
'y' sound, so 'a' is used); a university; a union
 an + singular noun beginning with a consonant letter, but pronounced with a vowel: an
hour, an honest man
 we use a/ an for jobs: a dentist, a composer, an engineer, an architect
EXERCISES
1 Write a or an
1 __ donkey 4 __ organisation 7 __ airport
2 __ book 5 __ hour 8 __ apple
3 __ unit 6 __ expensive hat 9 __ duck
2 Fill in the blanks with a or an
1 This is __ easy question.
2 A dog is __ animal.
3 A rose is __ flower.
4 Tennis is __ game.
5 He is __ architect.
6 Everest is __ mountain.
7 An apple is __ fruit.
8 Jupiter is __ planet.
Singular / Plural
Singular Noun Definition: When a noun means one only, it is said to be singular.
Examples: boy, girl, book, church, box
Plural Noun Definition: When a noun means more than one, it is said to be plural.
Examples: boys, girls, books, churches
Rule #1
The plural of nouns is usually formed by adding - s to a singular noun.
lamp lamps
cat cats
fork forks
flower flowers
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pen pens
Rule #2
Nouns ending in s, z, x, sh, and ch form the plural by adding - es.
bus buses
buzz buzzes
box boxes
dish dishes
church churches
Rule #3
Nouns ending in - y preceded by a consonant is formed into a plural by changing - y to - ies.
Examples: lady, ladies; city, cities; army, armies
Rule #4
Nouns ending in y preceded by a vowel form their plurals by adding - s.
Example: boy, boys; day, days
Rule #5
Most nouns ending in o preceded by a consonant is formed into a plural by adding es.
Example: hero-heroes; tomato-tomatoes
Rule #6
Some nouns ending in f or fe are made plural by changing f or fe to - ves.
Example: beef, beeves; wife, wives
The following form their plurals by adding - s.

chief, chiefs fife, fifes mischief, mischiefs hoof, hoofs
roof, roofs grief, griefs kerchief, kerchiefs safe, safes
IRREGULAR PLURALS
man, men foot, feet mouse, mice

woman, women tooth, teeth louse, lice
child, children ox, oxen goose, geese
The following nouns have no singular:
scissors oats tongs dregs

trousers pinchers bellows snuffers
cattle shears measles mumps
victuals tweezers vespers
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Some nouns are always singular. Some of these nouns may be used in the plural when different
kinds are meant as sugars, coffees, cottons
gold silver wheat corn

molasses copper sugar cotton
EXERCISES
Exercise: Write the plural of each of these nouns
chair star farm

storm door rock
owner paper cup
Exercise: Write the plural of each of these nouns
dress brush hex

wish class fox
cross bench bush
ax grass mantis
Exercise: Write the plural of the following words

fly baby pony injury cherry
lady beauty story history berry
city sky duty study theory

day toy essay turkey chimney
play joy valley alley volley
mango hero buffalo

potato cargo volcano
mosquito tomato tonado

calf self leaf sheaf life
loaf shelf half wolf knife
elf half thief wife gulf
chief dwarf* proof
FAMILY MEMBERS
boyfriend husband father son brother uncle grandfather

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girlfriend wife mother daughter sister aunt grandmother

EXERCISES
Look at the family tree and complete the text.
Jamie Thomas
(72) (76)
Steve Debbie Linda Nathan Jonathan
(43) (42) (40) (41) (37)
Tim Robin Nancy Sally Jason
(20) (25) (24) (22) (19)
Nick
Hello. My name is Jason. I’ve got a very big family. My _________________ name is Linda and
she is a teacher. She’s _________________ years old. My _________________ is a doctor and his
name is Nathan. He’s _________________ years old. I’ve got a _________________ and her name
is Sally. She is a university student. She’s _________________ years old. My grandmother’s name
is _________________. She’s _________________ years old. And my grandfather’s name is
_________________. He’s _________________ years old. They have got _________________
children, two daughters and one _________________. Jonathan is my _________________. He’s
not married, but he’s got a girlfriend. He is a musician. He is _________________ years old. Aunt
_________________ is married. Her husband’s name is _________________. Steve is an engineer.
Aunt Debbie is _________________ and her husband is _________________ years old. They have
got one _________________ and one _________________. Their son’s name is
_________________ . He’s my _________________ and my best friend. He’s
_________________ years old. Their _________________ Nancy is married. Her husband’s name
is _________________. They’ve got a baby son, _________________.
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I’m Nick’s _________________ .
Look at the family tree in Exercise 9 and complete the sentences.
1. Steve is Debbie’s __________________.

2. Linda is Nathan’s __________________.
3. Thomas is Jonathan, Linda and Debbie’s ___________________.
4. Nick is Steve and Debbie’s ______________________.
5. Sally is Thomas and Jamie’s ________________________.
6. Nancy is Steve’s ______________________ .
7. Jason is Nathan’s _________________________.
8. Sally is Tim’s _____________________.
9. Jonathan is Jason’s _____________________ .
10. Debbie is Jason’s ______________________.
11. Linda is Jonathan’s ______________________.
12. Tim is Nancy’s _____________________.
Draw your family tree and write a paragraph about your family
UNIT 3
PRESENT SIMPLE TENSE -he, she, it-
The simple present is used to express:
1. habits
He drinks tea at breakfast.
She only eats fish.
2. repeated actions or events and general truths

It rains every afternoon in the hot season.
She gets up early in the morning.
Water freezes at zero degrees.

The Earth revolves around the Sun.
POSITIVE SENTENCES
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He
She works in an office.
It
NEGATIVE SENTENCES
He
She doesn’t work in an office.
It
YES/NO QUESTIONS
he
Does she work in an office?
it
INFORMATION QUESTIONS
he
Where does she work?
it
SHORT ANSWERS
Yes, she does.

No, he doesn't.
Yes, it does.
Note:
1. he, she, it: in the third person singular the verb always ends in -s:
he wants, she needs, he gives, she thinks.
2. Negative and question forms use DOES (=the third person of the auxiliary'DO') + the
infinitive of the verb.
He wants. Does he want? He does not want.
3. Verbs ending in -y : the third person changes the -y to -ies:

fly flies, cry cries
Exception: if there is a vowel before the -y:

play plays, pray prays
4. Add -es to verbs ending in:-ss, -x, -sh, -ch:

he passes, she catches, he fixes, it pushes
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‘Have’ is irregular. It becomes ‘has’ for the third person singular.
She has a bike.
He has a cat.
EXERCISES:
Write the third person singular form of the verbs
work _____ walk _____ fly_____ have_____ listen_____
live _____ run _____ do_____ like _____ speak_____
Choose the correct form of the verb
1. He come / comes home at 8:30.

2. Does she go / goes to school by bus?
3. Does the cat like / likes milk?
4. She hate / hates doing homework.
5. My brother love / loves playing computer games.
6. Jane read / reads a newspaper every morning.
7. His mother doesn’t drinks / doesn’t drink coffee at nights.
8. He usually don’t / doesn’t sleep early.
9. Sally teach / teaches me English.
10. Iris don’t / doesn’t like swimming.
Write questions to these answers.
1. A: _______________________________________________________?
B: Yes, it snows in winter in Turkey.
2. A: _______________________________________________________ ?
B: The school closes at 15:00 on Friday.
3. A: _______________________________________________________ ?
B: She goes to work by bus.
4. A: _______________________________________________________ ?
B: Jack works in an office.
5. A: _______________________________________________________ ?
B: Yes, he gets up at 7:00.
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6. A: _______________________________________________________ ?
B: Jenny likes swimming.
7. A: _______________________________________________________ ?
B: No, James hates ballet.
8. A: _______________________________________________________ ?
B: She has two sisters and one brother.
9. A: _______________________________________________________ ?
B: She studies Economics.
10. A: _______________________________________________________ ?
B: Judith lives in Canada.
Write questions to the answers.
1) What time does he usually get up? He gets up at about 6 o’clock.
2) ___________________________? He has breakfast with his wife.
3) ___________________________? He goes to work by train.
4) ___________________________? He gets to the office just before nine.
5) ___________________________? He has lunch in the office cafeteria.
6) ___________________________? The food isn’t very good, but it’s cheap.
7) ___________________________? He meets clients in the afternoon.
8) ___________________________? He finishes work at about six.
UNIT 4
Simple Present Tense
How do we make the Simple Present Tense?
There are two important exceptions:
1. For positive sentences, we do not normally use the auxiliary.

2. For the 3rd person singular (he, she, it), we add -s , -es, or - ies to the main verb or to the auxiliary
verb.
POSITIVE SENTENCES
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I
You
like coffee.
We
They
He
She
It likes coffee.
NEGATIVE SENTENCES
I
You
don’t like coffee.
We
They
He
She
It doesn’t like coffee.
YES/NO QUESTIONS
I
you
Do like coffee?
we
they
he
Does she like coffee?
it
I
you
do like?
we
What they
he
does she like?
it
SHORT ANSWERS
Yes, I do.
No, you don’t.
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Yes, we do.
No, they don’t.
Yes, he does.
No, she doesn’t.
Yes, it does.
ADVERBS OF FREQUENCY
When we want to say how often something happens, it is common to use frequency adverbs. It is
possible to use them when referring to the past, present or future:
 We often went camping when we were children.

 I usually go to the gym at lunchtime.
 I will always love you.
The following list shows the most common adverbs of frequency, with the one that refers to things
that happen most often at the top, and least often at the bottom:
 Always
 Usually
 Often
 Sometimes
 Never
 I always brush my teeth before I go to bed. (=every night)

 I usually have toast for breakfast. (=happens most days)
 I often go to the park with my dog. (=many times)
 I sometimes see him down at the shops. (=at particular occasions but not all the time)
 I never work on the weekend. (=not at any time or not on any occasion)
Adverbs of frequency can occupy different positions in the sentence. With most verbs, the normal
position is between the subject and the verb. With the verb "to be", the adverb normally comes after
the verb:
 Pedro usually visits us on Sundays.

 She is often ill in winter.
LIKE/ LOVE + VERB+ ING
When like and love are followed by a verb, it is usually verb+ing.
I like fishing.
They love singing.
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EXERCISES
Write the correct form of the verb in the blanks.
1. I _____ (come) to class every day.

2. He _____ (clean) his car every Saturday.
3. We _____ (study) German every night after class.
4. She _____ ( live) in Britain.
5. You _____ (know) everyone in this school.
6. They _____ (like) eating at that restaurant.
7. We _____ (want) to see that movie.
8. It _____ (rain) a lot here.
9. They _____ (sing) at the concert every year.
10. He _____ (see) her every Saturday.
Read the dialogue and fill in the blanks.
Mike: Hello, Can I ask you some questions for an interview?

Laura: Yes, I can answer some questions.
Mike: Thank you for taking the time. Now, first question: What ____ you do?
Laura: I ____ (work) in a library. I'm a librarian.
Mike:Are you married?
Laura: Yes, I am.
Mike: What _____ your husband do?
Laura: He _____ (work) as a policeman.
Mike: Do you usually _____ (have) dinner together?
Laura: Yes, we ____.
Mike: How often _____ your husband exercise?
Laura: He sometimes ______ (exercise) four times a week. But, he usually exercises only twice a
week.
Mike: Where ____ you like going on holiday?
Laura: We rarely ____ (go) on holiday. However, we ____ (like) going to the mountains if we can.
Mike: What type of books ___ you read?
Laura: I often ____ (read) horror stories.
Mark: Thank you very much for answering my questions.
Jennifer: You're welcome!
Read the sentences. Tick the grammatically correct ones. Correct the others.
1. Mary doesn’t comes to school. ______________________________________________

2. Sue and her brother loves reading books. _____________________________________
3. Jack doesn’t never read a book._______________________________________________
4. Does Tom teaches English? ________________________________________________
5. He don’t live with his family.________________________________________________
6. Jashua go swimming at the weekends. _________________________________________
7. Wilbur Smith write books, many people know him._______________________________
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8. We often eat at fast food restaurants. _________________________________________
9. Sally doesn’t eat vegetables. _______________________________________________
10. My brother and I studies at the same school. ___________________________________
Fill in the blanks with the correct verb tense.
1. Every Saturday, Dan (drive) ____________________ his son to soccer practice.

2. Usually, I (work) _____________________ as a professor at the National University in Tokyo,
but this summer I (have) _____________________ English classes in England. That’s why I am
here in England.
3. They (feed) ___________________ the birds every day.
4. He _____ (live) on island in the west of Scotland.
5. It (always, snow) ___________________ a lot during the winter.
6. I (usually, play) ___________________ basketball on Thursdays.
7. She (always, call) ____________________ her mother when she gets home.
8: Do you want to go for a walk around the lake? I (want/do) _____________ some exercise.
9. Maria ___________ (come) from Spain
10. The children (eat) ____________________ too much candy. They are going to be sick!
UNIT 5
There is/ There are
POSITIVE
(singular)
is a book.
There
are two books. (plural)
NEGATIVE
(singular)
isn’t a book.
There (plural)
aren’t any books.
YES/NO QUESTIONS
(singular)
Is a book?
there
(plural)
Are any books?
SHORT ANSWERS
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Yes, there is.
Yes, there are.
No, there isn’t.
No, there aren’t.
HOW MANY….?
How many + plural noun + are there?

How many+ plural noun+ do you have?
SOME/ ANY
Some is used in positive sentences. Any is used in negative and question sentences.
POSITIVE
some + plural noun

There are some books.
NEGATIVE
any + plural noun

There aren’t any books.
QUESTION
any + plural noun

Are there any books?
THIS/ THAT/THESE/THOSE
We use "this" for one object (singular) which is here (near to us).
Example: This is a book in my hand.
We use "that" for one object (singular) which is there.
Example: That is his car over there.
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We use "these" for more than one object (plural) which are here (near to us).
Example: These are my friends next to me.
We use "those" for more than one object (plural) which are there.
Example: Those are his toys over there.
EXERCISES
Fill in the blanks using there is / there are
1. ________ a lot of traffic in İstanbul.

2. ________ anywhere to park around here?
3. _______ any sugar?
4. ______ some bananas in the fridge.
5. ______ enough time to finish?
6. ______ only one way to solve this problem.
7. ______ anyone here who wants to answer the question?
8. ______ some biscuits on the table.
9. ______ some tea in the teapot.
10. ______ a fly in my soup.
Complete the sentences with “a, an, some, any”

1. Are there ________________ secretaries at your office?
2. Would you like _______________ milk in your coffee?
3. You can have ______________ bread rolls if you want.
4. Is there _____________ ice cream in the fridge?
5. Is there _____________ good film on TV this evening?
6. There is _____________ banana on the table. Whose is it?
7. There aren’t _____________ tomatoes. Can you buy some?
8. I want ____________ carton of fruit juice and _____________ cereal.
9. Please give me _____________ water. I’m very thirsty.
10. We don’t have ______________ milk, but we have _______________ orange juice.
11. I want _________________ orange and _______________ apples.
12. Are there _________________ sausages for dinner tonight?
Write the plural forms and change the verb form.
1. This orange is very nice.

2. That student writes well.
3. That house is near the beach.
4. This book belongs to George.
5. That dog barks all night.
6. That computer is old.
7. This lesson is very difficult.
8. That person sings badly.
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9. This exercise is easy.
10. This man works at my shop.
UNIT 6
Can / Can’t
Can is used t oto show ability in the presen tor in the future.
I can swim.
She can play the guitar.
‘Can’t’ is used to show inability in the present tor in the future. ‘Can’t’ is the negative form of ‘can’.
They can’t swim.
He can’t speak English.
Could / Couldn’t
Could is used to show ability in the past.
You couldn’t dance.
We couldn’t swim.
Couldn’t is used to show inability in the past. ‘Couldn’t’ is the negative form of ‘could.’
Harold couldn’t ride a bike when he was 7.
Jane couldn’t read.
POSITIVE
I
You
He
She can
dance.
It could
We Note: can / can’t / could / couldn’t have the
They same form in all persons.
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NEGATIVE
I
You
He
She can’t
dance.
It couldn’t YES / NO QUESTION
We
They
I
You
He
Can She
dance?
Could It
We
They
INFORMATION QUESTION
I
You
He
What can She
do?
could It
We
They
SHORT ANSWERS
No, I can’t.
Yes, she can.
No, we couldn’t.
Yes, they couldn’t.
Was / Were
was / were is the past form of am / is / are.

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POSITIVE
I
He I?
She was he?
It was she? last year.
in İstanbul
it? yesterday.
at school
We
Where
You
were we?
They
were you?
they ?
NEGATIVE
I
He
She wasn’t
It in İstanbul last year.
We at school yesterday.
You
weren’t
They
YES / NO QUESTION
I
he
Was she
it
in İstanbul last year?
at school yesterday?
we
Were you
they
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SHORT ANSWERS
No, he wasn’t.
Yes, I was.
No, we weren’t.
Yes, they were.
was born
I
he
was she
it
Where born?
When we
Were you
they
I was born in London in 1982.
EXERCISES
Complete the sentences using can / could / can’t / couldn’t
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1. Last week we _______ (go) swimming, but this week we can’t.
2. Maybe the Sullivans _____ (build) a new house next year.
3. When I was five, I ______ ( not, swim).
4. He was so busy, he _________ (not, write) a letter to me.
5. We _______ ( not, go) to the party. We’re going to a wedding.
6. ‘Can you lend me some money?’ ‘Sorry. I _____. I haven’t got any money.
7. The fishing boat sank but luckily all the crew _________ (save) themselves.
8. They _______ (not, go) to the beach.The weather was too bad.
9. My grandfather was very clever. He_______ (speak) five languages.
10. I _______ (not, sing) now, but I _______ sing very well when I was a child.
Look at the chart and ask and answer questions about what these people can do.
Sally X √√ √ √
Mike √ √ XX X
George √ √√ √ X
Sue X √ √√ X
Helen √ X X √√
A: Can Sally drive a car?
B: Hmm, no, she can’t. But Mike____________________________.
A: What about George and Sue?________________________ drive a car?

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B: George________________________________, but Sue __________________________.
A: ______________________Helen? ___________________________________ ?
B:___________________________________________________________
A: How about swimming?
B: Well, Sally ________________________________ very well.Mike, George and Sue

______________________________________ but Helen
___________________________________________________
A: _______________________ Mike_________________________ ?
B: No, he’s a terrible cook! But Sally______________________________ well. Of course Sue

_______________________________ perfectly well. Helen
________________________________________ but
George______________________________________. He sometimes cooks for us.
A: OK: What about the computer?______________________________?
B: Helen is a computer wizard! She _____________________________ very well. But, Mike,

George and Sue_______________. Oh! I almost forgot. Sally
___________________________________, too!
Write questions and answers using the given clues
1. penguins / fly ? (X)

Q: ______________________________________________________ ?
A: ________________________________________________________.
2. camels / walk 600 kilometres without water? (√ )

Q: ______________________________________________________ ?
A: ________________________________________________________.
3. lions / hunt at night? (√ )

Q: ______________________________________________________ ?
A: ________________________________________________________.
4. chimpanzees / learn easily ? (√)

Q: ______________________________________________________ ?
A: ________________________________________________________.
5. koalas / swim ? (√)

Q: ______________________________________________________ ?
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A: ________________________________________________________.
6. sea lion / fly? (X)

Q: ______________________________________________________ ?
A: ________________________________________________________.
7. penguins / stay under water for 18 minutes (√ )

Q: ______________________________________________________ ?
A: ________________________________________________________.
8. snakes / hear (X)

Q: ______________________________________________________ ?
A: ________________________________________________________.
9. elephants / live for about 80 years (X)

Q: ______________________________________________________ ?
A: ________________________________________________________.
Fill in the blanks with was or were.
1. She is thirty now, so last year she ___ twenty-nine.

2. I got married when I ___ twenty-seven.
3. It was a great day, but we ___ so tired.
4. I couldn’t buy those jeans because they ___ too expensive.
5. Where ___ you yesterday afternoon?
6. ___ the weather good while we were away?
7. Why ___ he so angry?
8. I ____ in Paris last summer.
9. Jack and Julia ____ late for school yesterday.
UNITS 7 AND 8
26
PAST SIMPLE
(+) (-) (?)
I played I didn't play Did I play?
You played You didn't play Did you play?
He played He didn't play Did he play?
She played She didn't play Did she play?
It played It didn't play Did it play?
We played We didn't play Did we play?
They played They didn't play Did they play?
** In positive sentences we use the past form of the verbs.If the verb is regular we add -ed to the
verb.
EXAMPLES
(+) I visited my uncle.
(-) I didn't visit my uncle yesterday.
(?) Did I visit my uncle yesterday.
REGULAR AND IRREGULAR VERBS *
Example: want/wanted
clean /cleaned
wash /washed
go/went
fly/flew
*Completed Action in the Past
Use the Simple Past to express the idea that an action started and finished at a specific time in the
past. Sometimes the speaker may not actually mention the specific time, but they do have one specific
time in mind.
EXAMPLES:
I saw a movie yesterday.

I didn't see a movie yesterday.
Last year, I traveled to Italy.
27
Last year, I didn't travel to Italy.
She washed her hands.

She didn't wash her hands.
Infinitive or Base Form Simple Past . (Past) Participle
be (am/is/are) was/were been
beat beat beaten
become became become
begin began begun
bite bit bitten
blow blew blown
break broke broken
bring brought brought
build built built
buy bought bought
catch caught caught
choose chose chosen
come came come
cost cost cost
cut cut cut
do did done
draw drew drawn
drink drank drunk
drive drove driven
eat ate eaten
fall fell fallen
feel felt felt
fight fought fought
find found found
fly flew flown
forget forgot forgotten
get got got
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give gave given
go went gone
grow grew grown
hang hung hung
have had had
hear heard heard
hide hid hidden
hit hit hit
hold held held
hurt hurt hurt
keep kept kept
know knew known
leave left left
lend lent lent
let let let
lie lay lain
light lit lit
lose lost lost
make made made
mean meant meant
meet met met
pay paid paid
put put put
read read read
ride rode ridden
ring rang rung
rise rose risen
run ran run
say said said
see saw seen
sell sold sold
29
send sent sent
shine shone shone
shoot shot shot
show showed shown
shut shut shut
sing sang sung
sit sat sat
sleep slept slept
speak spoke spoken
spend spent spent
stand stood stood
steal stole stolen
swim swam swum
take took taken
teach taught taught
tear tore torn
tell told told
think thought thought
throw threw thrown
understand understood understood
wake woke woken
wear wore worn
win won won
write wrote written
TIMTIME EXPRESSIONS IN SIMPLE PAST TENSE

E EXPRESSIONS IN SIMPLE PAST TENSE
Time expressions zaman belirten ifadelerdir ve İngilizce'de her zaman için farklı ifadeler kullanılır.
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yesterday (dün) I went to theatre yesterday.
last week/year/Sunday etc. (Geçen hafta/yıl/Pazar vs.) He bought a car last week.
two years/four days/three minutes ago (iki yıl/dört gün/üç dakika önce) I saw her two minutes ago.
Last night (dün gece) I watched a movie last night on TV.
EXERCISES
Complete the conversation with the verbs in the past simple
A:Where did you ....... for your last holiday?

B:We ........................(go) to Dubai.
A:Oh really?How interesting! ....................... (you/enjoy) it?
A:Oh yes,we .................. .Paula ......................(like) Palm Island and I think the Burj El Arab and
all the shopping centres ........................(be) great.
B:How long .........................(you/stay)?
A:For two weeks.
B:How nice So you ..................(have) lots of time to travel round.
A:Yes,we ................_well quite a lot.But we only ......................(see) a few places so I'd like to go
there again.
A:................................(you/learn) any Arabic?
B:I .................... but Paula ..................... .I ..................... (study) the language for a few weeks before
we ................. (go).I ................... (find) a good Arabic language cassettte in the local library and that
................. (be) very helpful.
A:..................................(you/talk) to the local people?
B:Not really,but I ..........................(know) how to order food and ask for directions.
A:Well,that's good.
B:Yes,it is,but I .......................(want) to talk to people too I am still studying Arabic and I hope to
go again next year.
A:Well,hope you can.
Complete the text with the past simple of the verbs given below then answer the questions
William Shakespeare (be) born in Stratford-on-Avon on April 23, 1564. He (go) to the local
Stratford Grammar School, where he (be) (teach) by Master Walter Roche. Lessons began at
six o'clock in the morning in the summer in order to make the most of daylight.
His father was kespeare a glove-maker. He (send) William to the local grammar school in 1571,
but when William (be) only 14 years old his fortunes fell so low that William (have) to leave
school. Some historians say he (work) in his father's shop.
At the age of 19 William (to marry) Anne Hathaway the daughter of a rich farmer near
Stratford. Three years later Shakespeare (go) to London. How he (live) there we do not
know.
In about 1587 he (become) a member of one of the few theatrical companies which (exist) in
those days. Around 1590 he (begin) to try his hand at writing plays. There (be) no female
actors in those days, all the female parts (be) (play) by boys. It is thought that he (write)
his first major play, Henry VI., Part One, in 1592.
31
His most famous play, Hamlet, (be) probably first seen in 1601 at the Globe Theatre.
Shakespeare (continue) to write about 2 plays a year.
He (return) to Stratford in 1612, where he (live) the life of a country gentleman. He (die)
of a fever on his birthday in 1616.
1)Where was William Shakespeare born?

_________________________________________________
2)Which school did he go to?
_________________________________________________
3)What was his teacher's name?
_________________________________________________
4)Was his father an actor?
_________________________________________________
5)Who did Shakespeare marry?
_________________________________________________
6)How old was he when he married?
._________________________________________________.
7)What happened in about 1587?
_________________________________________________
8)When did he start writing plays?
_________________________________________________
9)When did he die?
_________________________________________________
10)How old was he when he died?
_________________________________________________
Complete the sentences with was/were/did
1)The children …………………….. at the cinema but they …………………… like the film.
2)…………… you have a good time at the party?
3)What time ……………………… you leave?
4)Why ………….. you late this morning?
5)The students ……………… not understand the subject.
6) I …….. at home yesterday. I ………. not go to school.
7) They ……… not go to the museum by train. They went there by bus.
8) Kate ……… born in 1980.
9) ……… he watch the movie last night?
10) What ……… she do at the weekend?
UNIT 9
32
Countable Nouns
Countable nouns are easy to recognize. They are things that we can count. For example: "pen". We
can count pens. We can have one, two, three or more pens. Here are some more countable nouns:
 dog, cat, animal, man, person

 bottle, box, litre
 coin, note, dollar
 cup, plate, fork
 table, chair, suitcase, bag
Countable nouns can be singular or plural:
 My dog is playing.
 My dogs are hungry.
We can use the indefinite article a/an with countable nouns:
 A dog is an animal.
When a countable noun is singular, we must use a word like a/the/my/this with it:
 I want an orange. (not I want orange.)

 Where is my bottle? (not Where is bottle?)
When a countable noun is plural, we can use it alone:
 I like oranges.
 Bottles can break.
We can use some and any with countable nouns:
 I've got some dollars.

 Have you got any pens?
We can use a few and many with countable nouns:
 I've got a few dollars.

 I haven't got many pens.
Uncountable Nouns
Uncountable nouns are substances, concepts etc that we cannot divide into separate elements. We
cannot "count" them. For example, we cannot count "milk". We can count "bottles of milk" or
"litres of milk", but we cannot count "milk" itself. Here are some more uncountable nouns:
 music, art, love, happiness

 advice, information, news
 furniture, luggage
 rice, sugar, butter, water

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 electricity, gas, power
 money, currency
We usually treat uncountable nouns as singular. We use a singular verb. For example:
 This news is very important.

 Your luggage looks heavy.
We do not usually use the indefinite article a/an with uncountable nouns. We cannot say "an
information" or "a music". But we can say a something of:
 a piece of news
 a bottle of water
We can use some and any with uncountable nouns:
 I've got some money.

 Have you got any rice?
We can use a little and much with uncountable nouns:
 I've got a little money.

 I haven't got much rice.
Nouns that can be Countable and Uncountable
Sometimes, the same noun can be countable and uncountable, often with a change of meaning.
Countable Uncountable
There are two hairs in my coffee! hair I don't have much hair.
There are two lights in our bedroom. light Close the curtain. There's too much light!
It's difficult to work when there is too much

Shhhhh! I thought I heard a noise. noise
noise.
Have you got a paper to read? (= I want to draw a picture. Have you got some
paper
newspaper) paper?
Our house has seven rooms. room Is there room for me to sit here?
We had a great time at the party. time Have you got time for a coffee?
Macbeth is one of Shakespeare's greatest work I have no money. I need work!

works.
34
Some / Any
We use "some" in positive

sentences. We use some for
both countable and
SOME uncountable nouns.Example:
I have some friends. There
is some bread on the
table.
We use "any" in negative

sentences or questions. We
use any for both countable
and uncountable
ANY
nouns.Example: Do you
have any cheese? - He
doesn't have any friends
in Chicago.
We use "some" in questions

when offering or requesting
something that is
EXCEPT
there.Example: Would you
ION!
like some bread? (offer) -
Could I have some water?
(request)
How much ... ? and How
many... ?
 We use "How many" for questions using countable or plural objects
Example: How many books do you have?
 We use "How much" for questions using an uncountable or singular object
Example: How much juice is left?
 We use "How much" for questions asking about ONE object
Example: How much does the book cost?
 Most plurals are formed by adding "-s" to the noun or object
Example: book -s = books. Some of the more important exceptions include: man - men,
child - children, person - people, woman - women
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Would like
Would is the same in all persons. We use would like in offers and requests.
POSITIVE
I
You
He
’d like
She some coffee.
would like
It
We
They
YES / NO QUESTIONS
you
he
she
like a cup of coffee?
Would it
they
SHORT ANSWERS
Yes, please.
No, thank you.
EXERCISES
Read the conversation below and complete the sentences using some or any.
Kathy: Is there _____milk left?

Danka: Yes, there is _____ in the bottle on the table.
Kathy: Would you like _____milk?
Danka: No, thank you. I don't think I'll drink ____ tonight. Could I have _____ water, please?
Kathy: Sure. There is _____ in the fridge.
36
Make sentences
Don’t forget to use the correct form of the verbs and to add “a”, “an”, “some” and “any” where
necessary in your sentences.
1. in / there / sandwich / not / this / mayonnaise
____________________________________________________________
2. glass / there / in / milk / the
____________________________________________________________
3. oranges / not / have got / I
____________________________________________________________
4. please / me / banana / give
____________________________________________________________
5. egg / I / apples / want / and / please
____________________________________________________________
Write questions with “How much?” and “How many?” to these answers.
1. A: _______________________________________________________?
B: I have three cups of tea everyday.
2. A: _______________________________________________________ ?
B: She drinks 2 litres of water a day.
3. A: _______________________________________________________ ?
B: Coffee? I don’t drink any coffee in the morning.
4. A: _______________________________________________________ ?
B: Alice eats two sandwiches at lunch.
5. A: _______________________________________________________ ?
B: They usually eat two packets of biscuits every afternoon.
6. A: _______________________________________________________ ?
B: We eat four apples every evening.
7. A: _______________________________________________________ ?
B: The children drink a carton of milk every day.
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8. A: _______________________________________________________ ?
B: My aunt drinks a bottle of mineral water after dinner every evening.
Correct the sentences.
1. I want a crisps.
___________________________________________________________
2. He always eats too much apples.

___________________________________________________________
3. How many milk do you want?

___________________________________________________________
4. How much yoghurts do you need?

___________________________________________________________
5. We would like any coffee please.

___________________________________________________________
6. Don’t worry. The water are clean here. You can drink it.
___________________________________________________________
7. There are not eggs in this box.

___________________________________________________________
8. How many time is there before we go to school?

___________________________________________________________
9. Cindy wants any desserts after dinner.

___________________________________________________________
10. Can I have biscuits, please?

___________________________________________________________
UNIT 10
One-syllable adjectives.
Form the comparative and superlative forms of a one-syllable adjective by adding –er for the
comparative form and –est for the superlative.
Comparative Superlative
tall taller tallest
cold colder coldest
long longer longest

38
If the one-syllable adjective ends with an e, just add –r for the comparative form and –st for the
superlative form.

large larger largest
wise wiser wisest

If the one-syllable adjective ends with a single consonant with a vowel before it, double the
consonant and add –er for the comparative form; and double the consonant and add –est for the
superlative form.

big bigger biggest
thin thinner thinnest
fat fatter fattest
Two-syllable adjectives.
With most two-syllable adjectives, you form the comparative with more and the superlative with
most.

peaceful more peaceful most peaceful
pleasant more pleasant most pleasant
careful more careful most careful
thoughtful more thoughtful most thoughtful

If the two-syllable adjectives ends with –y, change the y to i and add –er for the comparative
form. For the superlative form change the y to i and add –est.

happy happier happiest
angry angrier angriest
busy busier busiest
39

Two-syllable adjectives ending in –er, -le, or –ow take –er and –est to form the comparative and
superlative forms.

narrow narrower narrowest
gentle gentler gentlest

Adjectives with three or more syllables.

For adjectives with three syllables or more, you form the comparative with more and the
superlative with most.

generous more generous most generous
important more important most important
intelligent more intelligent most intelligent

Exceptions.
Irregular adjectives.

good better best
bad worse worst
far farther farthest
little less least
many more most

40
Two-syllable adjectives that follow two rules. These adjectives can be used with -er and -est and
with more and most.

clever cleverer cleverest
clever more clever most clever
gentle gentler gentlest
gentle more gentle most gentle
friendly friendlier friendliest
friendly more friendly most friendly
quiet quieter quietest
quiet more quiet most quiet
simple simpler simplest
simple more simple most simple

Have got / have
'Have' and 'Have got' are used for possession.
Example: Jack has got a beautiful house. OR Jack has a beautiful house.
The question form for 'have' follows regular present simple:
Example: Do you have a fast car? NOT Have you a fast car?
'Have' and 'Have got' are only used in the present simple.
Use 'have' for the past simple or future forms.
Example: She had a copy of that book.
There is no contracted form for 'Have' in the positive form. The contracted form is used
for 'have got'
Example: I have a red bicycle. OR I've got a red bicycle. NOT I've a red bicycle.
41
Here is a grammar chart showing the construction of the two forms:
Positive I, You, We, They HAVE GOT

Subject + have + got + objects
They have got a new car. Contracted: They've got a new car.
Positive He, She, It HAVE GOT

Subject + has + got + objects
He has got a new car. Contracted: He's got a new car.
Positive I, You, We, They HAVE

Subject + have + objects
They have a new car. There is no contracted form
Positive He, She, It HAVE

Subject + have + objects
She has a new car. There is no contracted form
Question I, You, We, They HAVE GOT

(?) + have + subject + got?
How many children have you got? There is no contracted form
Question He, She, It HAVE GOT

(?) + has + subject + got?
How many children has he got? There is no contracted form
Question I, You, We, They HAVE

(?) + do + subject + have?
How many children do you have? There is no contracted form
Question He, She, It HAVE

(?) + does + subject + have?
How many children does he have? There is no contracted form
Negative I, You, We, They HAVE GOT

Subject + have + not + got + objects
We have not got a dog. Contraction: We haven't got a dog.
Negative He, She, It HAVE GOT

Subject + has + not + got + objects
She has not got a dog. Contraction: She hasn't got a dog.
Negative I, You, We, They HAVE

Subject + do + not + have + objects
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They do not have a dog. Contraction: They don't have a dog.
Negative He, She, It HAVE GOT

Subject + does + not + have + objects
She does not have a dog. Contraction: She doesn't have a dog.
EXERCISES
Complete the sentences below with the correct form of the adjective.
1. Jeremy is 10 years old. Julie is 8 years old. Jeremy is (old)__________________Julie
2. People say that Chinese is (difficult) ____________________to learn than English.

3. An ocean is (large) _____________________ a sea.
4. A Rolls Royce costs a lot of money. A Twingo costs less money.
A Rolls Royce is (expensive) ________________________ a Twingo.
5. John's results were bad. Fred's results were very poor. Fred's results were (bad)
_______________ John's.
6. This exercise is not difficult. It's (easy) _____________________ I expected.
7. The weather is not good today - it's raining. I hope the weather will be (good)
_______________ next week.
8. People are not friendly in big cities. They are usually (friendly) ____________________ in
small towns.
9. In the government of a country, the President is (important) _____________________ person.
10. The Alps are very high. They are (high) ____________________ mountains in Europe.
Read the sentences below and then give the comparative form for each of the adjectives
listed.
Tennis is a more difficult sport than Rugby.

I think John is happier now than a year ago.
Could you open the window, please? It's getting hotter in this room by the minute.
interesting ___________
weak ___________
funny ___________
important ___________
careful ___________
big ___________
small ___________
polluted ___________
boring ___________
angry ___________
Read the sentences below and then give the superlative form for each of the adjectives
43
listed.
New York has got to be the most exciting city in the world.
His biggest desire is to return home.
She is probably the angriest person I know.
interesting ___________ angry ___________

weak ___________
funny ___________
important ___________
careful ___________
big ___________
small ___________
polluted ___________
boring ___________
Complete the sentences using a superlative or a comparative. Be logical.
1. We stayed at ____________________ hotel in town. (cheap)
2. The United States is very large, but Canada is _______________________ with all its empty
spaces. (large)
3. What's _____________________ country in the world? (small)
4. Our hotel was ______________________ than all the others in the town.(big)
5. It was an awful day! It was ___________________ day of my life! (bad)
6. What is _________________________ sport in your country? (popular)
7. I wasn't feeling well yesterday, but I feel a bit _______________________ today. (good)
8. It's ____________________________ car I have ever seen. You should buy it, it's a real bargain.
(expensive)
9. I prefer this chair to the other one. It's much ____________________________ . (comfortable)
10. What's_______________________________ way of getting from here to the station? (quick)
11.Sarah and Samuel have got three daughters. _______________________ is 14 years old. (old)
12. We had a horrible holiday. It was one of ____________________________ we've ever had.
(enjoyable)
44
13. Everest is ___________________________ mountain in the world. It is
_________________________ any other mountain. (high)
Unscramble these sentences
1. have do you dictionary a?
2. have got an you eraser?
3. we've a computer new got
4. Italy got many buildings old has
5. lots of hotels nice Greece has
6. a car hasn't she got
7. problems he doesn't any have
8. time lots of got we've
Match the items 1-20 with the items a-b
1.Have you got an aspirin?
2.I've got a dog.
3.I don't have much time.
4. I have a lie-in on Sunday mornings.
5. I don't have any cigarettes.
6. Do you have any brothers or sisters?
7. Do you have anything to declare?
8. I've got a new watch.
9. What have you got your coat on indoors?
10. I haven't got my keys.
11. Did you have a good weekend?
12. I want to have a bath.
13. I've had enough of this job.
14. I don't have any money.
15. Have you got your plane ticket yet?
16. I'm having trouble with the photocopier.
45
17. We're having a little party on Friday evening.
18. I don't want to have very much to eat.
19. Do you have an appointment?
20. Do you have any single rooms?
a.Yes, two of each. Quite a big family.
b. I’ve got a headache.
c. Can you lend me some so that I can buy lunch?
d. So don’t phone me early.
e. Please be quick.
f. Just a snack will do me.
g. Not really. I was ill and spent Saturday afternoon and all of Sunday in bed.
h. Yes, for 3.30
i. Is there enough water?
j. His name is Spot.
k.Yes, I went to travel agent’s yesterday.
l. It looks really nice. Is it a Swatch?
m.I do hope you can come.
n. I think we should call in the technician.
o. Because I feel really cold.
p. I’m going to hand in my notice.
r. I can’t unlock the door.
s. I’ve only got a bottle of whisky that I bought in the duty-free shop.
t. Sorry, sir. We only have doubles left.
u. Could you buy me a packet when you go to the tobacconist?
UNIT 11
PRESENT CONTINUOUS TENSE
Examples Usage
What are you doing?
She's reading in the
Things that are happening now, at
garden.
the moment.
They're not standing in
the rain.
46
I'm reading "The
Surgeon's Mate" by
Patrick O'Brian. Actions happening in a period
Whose account are
to work I you around the present
he / she / it moment
you / wein/ they
working on? time.
I am hard
She's studying (I'm)forHe is (He's) They are (They're)
Affirmative
working.
her final exam. working. working.
I am
We're having not
leftovers
She is not (isn't) We are not
this evening.
Negative (I'm not)
What are you doing working. (aren't) working.
working. Future plans and arrangements.
tomorrow afternoon?
Am I on
She isn't coming
Question Is it working? Are you working?
Friday. working?
Are you at the moment, now, today, this
Common present
working? week,
Is this month, Are
she working? tomorrow, next
they working?
continuous time
Short
Yes,include: week (for
I am. Yes, she is. future arrangements ),
Yes, they are.
expressions
answers
No, I'm currently
No, she isn't. No, they aren't
not.
Spelling of Verbs Ending in -ing
These spelling rules are for adding -ing to verbs:
For most verbs, add -ing to the simple form of the verb:
sleep sleeping talk — talking
If the simple form ends in a single e, drop the e and add —ing:
live — living write — writing
47
If the simple form ends in je, change i.e. to y and add -ing:
die — dying lie — lying
If the simple form of a one-syllable verb ends with a single vowel + final consonant, double
the consonant, and add -ing:
hit— hitting stop —stopping (Compare two vowels + consonant: eat — eating.)
If the simple form of a verb with two or more syllables ends in a single vowel + consonant,
double the final consonant only if the stress is on the final syllable. Do not double the final
consonant if the stress is not on the final syllable:
The final "l" is always doubled in British

admit — admitting begin —
English , but not in American English:
beginning
travel — travelling (British) travel —
develop — developing listen — listening traveling (American)
Do not double the final consonants x, w,and y:
fix — fixing plow — plowing obey — obeying
PRESENT CONTINUOUS TENSE VS PRESENT SIMPLE TENSE
1. Permanent (usual) and Temporary (now, around now) actions.
o We use the Present Continuous tense to speak about things which are happening now
or things which are temporary.
I am not working now. I am on holiday.

Sally is listening to a new CD.
Who are you phoning?
o The Present Simple tense describes usual, repeated and permanent things - for
example, always, usually, often, sometimes, never.
I work as an accountant.
John doesn't know German.
How often do you play tennis?
o Compare how these two tenses are used.
Why are you walking to work? Don't you usually go by bus?

I live in Kharkiv, but now I am living in Moscow.
Usually we have dinner at 7, but today we are having it at 9.
2. Some verbs are not normally used in the Continuous Tense. They are called "state" verbs.
48
3. Present Continuous and Present Simple to talk about the future.
o We use the Present Continuous Tense for plans and arrangements.
What are you doing tonight?

I'm seeing a very important customer in my office at 4 o'clock.
We are going to the see for our holiday.
Where are you staying in Vienna?

I'm not going anywhere. It is final.
o We use the Present Simple in the conditional clauses after if, when, as soon as, until
etc, and when we talk about timetable, schedules, itineraries etc.
What will you do if you fail your exam?

We will wait, until she comes.
My plane takes off at 9.00.

The President arrives in Norway on 17 September.
What time does your train leave?
WHOSE+POSSESSIVE PRONOUNS
Whose.... ? asks about possession.
Subject Object Possessive Possessive

Pronouns Pronouns Adjectives Pronouns
1st person I me my mine
nd
2 person you you your yours
rd
3 person (m) he him his his
rd
3 person (f) she her her hers
rd
3 person (n) it it its (not used)
st
1 person (pl.) we us our ours
nd
2 person (pl.) you you your yours
3rd person (pl) they them their theirs
Pronoun test -> ___ will go. Max saw ___. That's ___ name. The car is ___.
mine.
yours.
Whose is this pencil? hers.
It’s
Whose book is this? his.
It is
Whose is it? ours.
theirs.
Whose or Who's?
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The word whose is a possessive pronoun. Unlike possessive nouns, most possessive pronouns do
not use apostrophes.
Example: Whose socks are in the chili?
The word who's is a contraction. It stands for who is or who has.
Example: Please see who's at the door.
EXERCISES
Fill in the blanks with the correct form of the verbs in brackets
A Group of secret service agents is following a mafia leader, Don Carloni. But, only one of
them has binoculars. The others are asking questions to him and he’s answering.
006: OK. What _______________________________________ (happen) at the moment?
008: Don Carloni _____________________________________ (sit) on a big sofa and he

____________________________________ (tell) something to his men. Oh, wait! The men
__________________________________ (go) out of the room in a hurry!
005: What ____________________________ (go) on?
008: Don Carloni _____________________________ (look) at his watch. Now, they

__________________________________ (bring) a man into the room. The man
____________________________ (be) tall and slim. He ___________________________ (be) in
his thirties I think. He ___________________________ (have got) short hair and a beard.
005: Who _________________________ (be) the man?
008: I don’t know! Now he ___________________________________ (sit) on a chair and the men
__________________________________ (stand) behind him. Oh, one man
__________________________________ (show) his gun to the man!
006: What _________________________________ (Don Carloni / do)
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008: He ________________________________ (talk) to the man. Maybe he
______________________________ (ask) him some questions. Wait, one man
______________________________ (point) to the phone… and …. Don Carloni
__________________________________ (talk) on the phone…
006: ___________________________________ (he / do) anything else?
008: He ___________________________________ (talk) and the other men

__________________________________ (listen).One man
__________________________________ (talk) to the man on the chair. He
__________________________________ (show) him something … photos maybe?
005: And what _________________________________ (the man/ do)?
008: He ___________________________________ (not look) at them.
006: ___________________________________ (he / talk) to the man?
008: No, he _______________. Now Don Carloni __________________________ (walk) towards

him. Oh, a beautiful blond woman ______________________ (be) at the door! She
_______________________ (come in) and they _______________________ (take) the man out.
005: Strange! Who ________________ (be) she?
008: I ______________________ (not know), but she _____________________________ (talk) to

Don Carloni and I think she _____________________________ (shout) at thim!Don Carloni
_____________________________ (look) out of the window. Now he
_____________________________ (wave) his hand! Hey! A red car ___________________ (be)
in front of the house and Don Carloni and the woman __________________________ (get) in the
car. The men ___________________________ (put) a big suitcase in the car, they
__________________________ (leave) the house and a black car ________________ (follow)
them!
006: OK, OK. Let’s move! Follow those cars 005!
Fill in the blanks with the correct form of the verbs in bracket
Lucy is a student at a high school. She usually _________________ (wear) blue jeans and different
colours of T-shirts. She ____________________ (have got) long brown hair and brown eyes. She
_____________________ (like) this free style and she ___________________ (not / like)
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nightdresses and formal clothes. She ____________________ (think) these clothes are for older
people. So, everyday she __________________ (choose) a different colour of jeans and shirts and
T-shirts. By the way, she _______________ (hate) black.
But today things ______________________ (be) different! She ___________________ (have) a

new boyfriend and she _______________ (want) to impress him. He _________________ (like)
girls with long, blond hair and nice clothes. So today, Lucy ___________________ (wear) a short
black dress. Also, she ______________________ (wear) a blond wig! And look at her shoes: she
___________________ (wear) black shoes!
What ___________________ (you / think) ? ____________________ (she / beautiful ) like this?

Honestly, I ________________________ (think) she _______________________ (not look)
alright!
Fill in the blanks with the correct form of the verbs in brackets
Dear Steve,
Here is a chance and I__________________ (write) this letter to you. I __________ (not be) at
school today, I ____________________ (be) at home because I ________________ (be) ill. In fact
the whole family _________________ (be) at home today. We all ______________ (have) the flu!
At the moment mum ___________________ (be) in the kitchen and she _______________ (cook)
soup for us. She always ___________________ (cook) soup when I am ill. My sister
___________________ (help) her. Most of the time mum ________________ (cook) alone, but
today she _________________ (not cook) alone.
Dad ___________________ (be) here too. He __________________ (work) at his office every day,
but today he __________________ (work) from home. He _________________ (use) my
computer. Happy is here too! _________________________ (you / remember) our dog Happy? He
_______________________ (sleep) on the sofa at the moment. Generally, he
____________________ (be) a very active dog and he ________________ (jump) around and
___________________ (play) with his toy bones, but not today!
What about you? ______________________ (you / be) all right? How __________________ (be)
the weather in Holland? It _______________ (be) fantastic here! It always ___________ (rain) here
in March, but now the sun __________________ (shine) !
Best wishes,
Sam
Replace the personal pronouns by possessive pronouns.
1. This book is (you) _____

2. The ball is (I) _____
3. The blue car is (we) _______
4. The ring is (she) _____
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5. We met Paul and Jane last night. This house is (they) ______
6. The luggage is (he) _______
7. The pictures are (she) ______
8. In our garden is a bird. The nest is (it) ______
9. This cat is (we) _______
10. This was not my fault. It was (you) ______
Whose is it?
Write the answers into the boxes.
1 ______is this pen?

2 That dictionary is _____. Can you pass it to me?
3 Give us those books. They're _____.
4 That house isn't ______. They live in a cottage.
5 Jim and Sue live here. That's his bedroom and that's ________.
6 This isn't my coffee, Jane. It's ________.
Write whose or who's in the blank.
1. We’d like to talk to anyone ______ had the same problem.

2. _________the cutest girl in the class?
3. I wonder _______ name will be chosen.
4. __________ car is in my space?
5. __________ eating all the cookies?
6. __________ been able to solve the problem?
7. Cassandra might be the one __________ writing those notes.
8. Tell me __________ on our team!
9. We should honor anyone __________ served our nation.
10. This book is for anybody __________ cat can knit.
11. This book is for anybody __________ planning a trip.
12. “__________ idea was it to eat here?” grumbled Mr. Hall.
UNIT 12
Going to
1) planned actions in the future
We are going to sing at the party.
2) You are certain that sth. is going to happen in the future.
Look at this car! It is going to crash into the yellow one.
POSITIVE
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I am
He/ She/ It is have a break.

going to
stay at home.
We/You/They are
NEGATIVE
I am not
He/ She/ It is not have a break.

going to
stay at home.
We/You/They are not
am I
have a break?
When is he/she/it going to
stay at home?
are we/you/they
YES/NO QUESTIONS
Am I
Is he/she/it have a break?

going to
stay at home?
Are we/you/they
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SHORT ANSWERS
Yes,I am.
Yes, he is.
Yes,you are.
No,I am not.
No,you aren’t.
No, she isn’t.
Infinitive of purpose
The infinitive can express why a person does something.
To+verb
Examples:
Why did she go to the shop?
She went to the shop to buy a newspaper.
To buy a newspaper.
Why are you going out?
To get some bread.
For+noun
Examples:
I went to the shop for a newspaper.
They are going to Scotland for a holiday.
EXERCISES
Put the verbs into the correct form (future I). Use going to.
1. It (rain) _________.
2. They (eat) _________ stew.
3. I (wear) _____________blue shoes tonight.
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4. We (not / help) ______________you.
5. Jack (not / walk) __________home.
6. (cook / you) _____________dinner?
7. Sue (share / not) ___________her biscuits.
8. (leave / they) __________the house?
9. (take part / she) __________ in the contest?
10. I (not / spend) ___________my holiday abroad this year
Choose the correct answer
1.What ___ this weekend?

a. you are going to do
b. are you going to do
c. your gonna do
2.I'm not sure. ___ anything special?

a. are you going to do
b. you are going to do
c. is going to do
3. My friend Melissa and I ___ a party. Would you like to come?

a. am going to
b. are going to go to
c. go to
4. It is ___ to be at Ruth's house.

a. go
b. going
c. gonna
5. What time ___ start?

a. is it going to
b. it's going to
c. it
6. At 10 P.M.
___ invite?
a. Who are you going to
b. What you're going to
c. When you going to
Put in to or for
1.Mary went to a restaurant ___ have dinner.
2.Carlo wants to go to the university ____ study medicine.
3.I am going to England ____ an interview next month.

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4. Have you got time ____ a cup of coffee?
5. Everybody needs money ____ live.
6.He’s going to Scotland ____ visit his family.
7. They are waiting ____ somebody.
8.The office is very small. There is space only _____ a table.
9.Are you waiting _____ use the phone.
10.I borrowed some money ____ buy a new car.
UNIT 13
QUESTION FORMS
What+noun?
What colour is your shirt?
What size is this dress?
What time is it?
What kind of job do you want?
What sort of job do you want?
What type of job do you want?
What day is it today?
What without a noun?
What is your name?
What is your favourite colour?
What is his job?
What do you want to do?
Which+noun?
Things or people
Which teacher did you see? Teacher Mary or Teacher John?
Which bus did you catch? The 8.30 or the 9.30?
Which without a noun?
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for things, not people
which is bigger? İstanbul or Ankara?
Who...?
We use who for people
Who is younger? Alex or Martin?
What or Which
What is more general.
What is the capital of Turkey?
What kind of music do you like?
We use which when you are thinking about a small number of possibilities.
There are five bags here. Which is yours?
There are six books. Which is hers?
How...?
How are you?
How was the meal last night?
How do you go to work?
You can use how+adjective or adverb.
How tall are you?
How big is your flat?
How old is she?
How far is it to the center?
How often do you wash your hair?
How much does she earn?
How many books do they have?
Why...?
Why do you want to learn English?
Why did she go home?
Why are you going away?
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Why is she looking at you?
Why are they laughing?
ADJECTIVES AND ADVERBS
Adjectives describe nouns.
Adjective + noun
It is a lovely day today.
She’s wearing a beautiful skirt.
İstanbul is a different city.
Adverbs describe verbs.
Jack speaks English fluently.
She drives her car carefully.
They ran quickly.
Adjective+ly=Adverb
adjectives adverbs
quick quickly
careful carefully
heavy heavily
easy easily
Some adverbs are irregular.
adjectives adverbs Ellis’s job is very hard. She works hard.

good well
He is a fast runner. He can run fast.
hard hard
fast fast The train was late. The train arrived late.
early early
late late It was a good match. They played well.
EXERCISES
Ask questions
1. Wool comes from sheep. (where)
1.__________________________
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2. This car has two doors. (how many)
2._________________________
3.Raccoons come out at night. (when)

3.__________________________
4.She takes two sugars in her coffee. (how many)

4._____________________________
5.A fox lives in our garden. (what)

5._________________________
Write questions to the sentences
1. They do their homework at night. (when) __________________________________

2. Mr. Robertson came to the party alone. (who) ______________________________
3. The car is across the street from the house. (where) __________________________
4. I like the red blouse, not the blue one. (which) _______________________________
5. She felt better after she took a nap. (how) ____________________________________
6. That is an English book. (what) ___________________________________________
7. My sister called her boyfriend yesterday (when) _______________________________
8. She talked to him for an hour. (how long) ____________________________________
9. He studies piano at the university. (what) ____________________________________
10. The party lasted all night. (how long) _______________________________________
11. The check was for $5.50. (how much) _______________________________________
12. She was eating a sandwich. (what) ____________________________________
13. She is working hard. (what) __________________________________________
14. My parents have two cars. (how many) ________________________________
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15. They are coming to visit tomorrow. (when) __________________________________
16. He is going to work right now. (where) ___________________________________
17. The man with the white hat is my brother. (who) _____________________________
18. I don’t get up early because I like to sleep late. (why) ___________________________
19. We have an English class every day. (how often) _______________________________
20. They like to dance on weekends. (what) ______________________________________
21. The club is not far from their house. (where) ___________________________________
22. Their favorite kind of music is Latin Jazz. (what) ________________________________
23. I didn’t bring my dictionary today. (why) ______________________________________
24. They are singing popular songs. (what kind) _____________________________________

Write down the correct form of the word in brackets (adjective or adverb).
1. Tom is (slow) ________. He works ______________ .

2. Sue is a (careful) ___________girl. She climbed up the ladder ______________.
3. The dog is (angry) _________. It barks _______________
4. He acted (excellent) __________. He's an ___________actor.
5. They learn English (easy) _________. They think English is an ____________language.
6. Max is a (good) __________singer. He sings __________.
7. It's (awful) __________cold today. The cold wind is ___________.
8. Dogs rely on their noses as they can smell (extreme / good) _________If that is true, why
does dog food smell so (terrible) ___________?
9. The little boy looked (sad) ___________. I went over to comfort him and he looked at me
_____________.
10. I tasted the soup (careful) ____________.but it tasted (wonderful) ___________.
Fill in the correct form of the adjective or adverb.
1. Once upon a time there were three little pigs who wanted to see the world. When the they
left home, their mum gave them some advice: Whatever you do, do it the (good) ______you can.
2. So the three pigs wandered through the world and were the (happy) _____pigs you've ever
seen.
3. They were playing (funny) _______games all summer long, but then came autumn and each
pig wanted to build a house.
4. The first pig was not only the (small) _______but also the (lazy) ________of the pigs.
5. He (quick) _______built a house out of straw.
6. The second pig made his house out of wood which was a bit (difficult) ________than
building a straw house.
7. The third pig followed his mum's advice and built a strong house out of bricks, which was
the (difficult) ________house to build.
8. The pig worked very (hard) ______. but finally got his house ready before winter.
9. During the cold winter months, the three little pigs lived (extreme) ________ (good)
_______in their houses.
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10. They (regular) ________visited one another and had the (wonderful) _________time of
their lives.
UNIT 14
PRESENT PERFECT TENSE
This tense is called the present perfect tense. There is always a connection with the past and with
the present. There are basically three uses for the present perfect tense:
1. experience
2. change
3. continuing situation
1. Present perfect tense for experience
We often use the present perfect tense to talk about experience from the past. We are not interested
in when you did something. We only want to know if you did it:
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I have seen ET.
He has lived in Bangkok.
Have you been there?
We have never eaten caviar.
past present future
!!!
The action or state was in the In my head, I have a memory

past. now.
Connection with past: the event was in the past.

Connection with present: in my head, now, I have a memory of the event; I know something
about the event; I have experience of it.
2. Present perfect tense for change
We also use the present perfect tense to talk about a change or new information:
I have bought a car.
past present future
- +
Last week I didn't have a car. Now I have a car.
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John has broken his leg.
past present future
+ -
Yesterday John had a good

Now he has a bad leg.
leg.
Has the price gone up?
past present future
+ -
Was the price $1.50

Is the price $1.70 today?
yesterday?
The police have arrested the killer.
past present future
- +
Yesterday the killer was free. Now he is in prison.
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Connection with past: the past is the opposite of the present.
Connection with present: the present is the opposite of the past.

Americans do not use the present perfect tense so much as British

speakers. Americans often use the past tense instead. An
American might say "Did you have lunch?", where a British
person would say "Have you had lunch?"
3. Present
perfect
tense for
continuing
situation
We often use the present perfect tense to talk about a continuing situation. This is a state that
started in the past and continues in the present (and will probably continue into the future). This is
a state (not an action). We usually use for or since with this structure.
I have worked here since June.

He has been ill for 2 days.
How long have you known Tara?
past present future

The situation started in the (It will probably continue into

It continues up to now.
past. the future.)
Connection with past: the situation started in the past.

Connection with present: the situation continues in the present.
The structure of the present perfect tense is:
Have + past participle
Here are some examples of the present perfect tense:
subject auxiliary verb main verb
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+ I have seen ET.
+ You have eaten mine.
- She has not been to Rome.
- We have not played football.
? Have you finished?
? Have they done it?
Contractions with the present perfect tense
When we use the present perfect tense in speaking, we usually contract the subject and auxiliary
verb. We also sometimes do this when we write.
I have I've
You have You've
He has He's
She has She's
It has It's
John has John's
The car has The car's
We have We've
They have They've
Here are some examples:
 I've finished my work.

 John's seen ET.
 They've gone home.
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He's or he's??? Be careful! The 's contraction is used for the auxiliary verbs have and be. For
example, "It's eaten" can mean:
 It has eaten. [present perfect tense, active voice]

 It is eaten. [present tense, passive voice]
It is usually clear from the context.
For & Since with Present Perfect Tense
We often use for and since with the present perfect tense.
 We use for to talk about a period of time—5 minutes, 2 weeks, 6 years.

 We use since to talk about a point in past time—9 o'clock, 1st January, Monday.
for since
a period of time a point in past time
x------------
20 minutes 6.15pm
three days Monday
6 months January
4 years 1994
2 centuries 1800
a long time I left school
ever the beginning of time
etc etc
Here are some examples:
 I have been here for 20 minutes.

 I have been here since 9 o'clock.
 John hasn't called for 6 months.
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 John hasn't called since February.
 He has worked in New York for a long time.
 He has worked in New York since he left school.
BEEN TO/ GONE TO/ BEEN IN
He has gone to Brussels. ( He is there or on his way to Brussels.)

He has been to Brussels. ( He has visited Brussels but he is back now.)
He has been in Brussels for two months. ( He is in Brussels now.
EVER/ NEVER
We use ever in questions and never in negative sentences.
 Have you ever climbed a mountain?

 Have you ever sailed across an ocean?
 Have you ever cheated on an exam?
 Have you ever eaten feijoada (a typical Brazilian food)?
 Have you ever eaten kim-chi (a typical Korean food)?
 Have you ever won a competition?
 Have you even been in trouble?
 Have you even gotten a tattoo?
 Have you ever played hopscotch?
 Have you ever studied in another country?
Short answers:
 Affirmitive: Yes, I have.

 Negative: No, I haven't / No, I never have.
YET / JUST /ALREADY
We use just and already in positive sentences. We use yet in negative sentences and questions.
“Has the mail come yet?” “No, it's not here yet.”
“Do you know where Mauricio is?” “Yes, I've just seen him in the Library.”
You don't need to feed the dog, I've already done it.
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Simple Past vs Present Perfect
Simple Past
1. The simple past is used to talk about completed actions in the past
at 4 o'clock/2.12/the end of year/Christmas

on Tuesday/19th March/the 21st/New Year's Day
in January/1999/the 1990s/summer
yesterday/yesterday morning/last Monday/next April/a few days ago/ the day
no prepositions
before yesterday/when I was young
2. The simple past is often used with expressions that refer to points of time in the past

Present perfect simple
3. Present perfect is used to talk about a present situation which is a result of something that
happened at an unspecified time in the past.
Therefore we do not use specific time expression such as yesterday, last week, etc.
I have given your article about networking to professor.

(I gave him your article and he has it now.)
IRREGULAR VERBS
Present Past Past Participle

be was, were been
become became become
begin began begun
blow blew blown
break broke broken
bring brought brought
build built built
burst burst burst
buy bought bought
catch caught caught
choose chose chosen
come came come
cut cut cut
deal dealt dealt
do did done
drink drank drunk
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drive drove driven
eat ate eaten
fall fell fallen
feed fed fed
feel felt felt
fight fought fought
find found found
fly flew flown
forbid forbade forbidden
forget forgot forgotten
forgive forgave forgiven
freeze froze frozen
get got gotten
give gave given
go went gone
grow grew grown
have had had
hear heard heard
hide hid hidden
hold held held
hurt hurt hurt
keep kept kept
know knew known
lay laid laid
lead led led
leave left left
let let let
lie lay lain
lose lost lost
make made made
meet met met
pay paid paid
quit quit quit
read read read
ride rode ridden
ring rang rung
rise rose risen
run ran run
say said said
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see saw seen
seek sought sought
sell sold sold
send sent sent
shake shook shaken
shine shone shone
sing sang sung
sit sat sat
sleep slept slept
speak spoke spoken
spend spent spent
spring sprang sprung
stand stood stood
steal stole stolen
swim swam swum
swing swung swung
take took taken
teach taught taught
tear tore torn
tell told told
think thought thought
throw threw thrown
understand understood understood
wake woke (waked) woken (waked)
wear wore worn
win won won
write wrote written
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EXERCISES
Complete the sentences using present perfect or simple past
A: Did you like the movie "Titanic?"

B: I don't know. I (see, never) ___________that movie.
2. Sam (arrive) _________in California a week ago.
3. My best friend and I (know) _________each other for over twenty years. We still get together
twice a week.
4. Stinson is a fantastic writer. He (write) _________ten very creative short stories in the last year.
One day, he'll be as famous as Hemingway.
5. I (have, not) _________this much fun since I (be) _________a kid.
6. Things (change) _________a great deal at Coltech, Inc. When we first (start)____________
working here three years ago, the company (have, only) __________six employees. Since then,
we (expand) ______________to include more than 2000 full-time workers.
7. I (tell) ____________him to stay on the path while he was hiking, but he (wander)
____________off into the forest and (be) __________bitten by a snake.
8. Listen Daniel, I don't care if you (miss) _________the bus this morning. You (be)
_________late to work too many times. You are fired!
9. Sara is from Colorado, which is hundreds of miles from the coast, so he (see, never)
______________the ocean. He should come with us to Miami.
10. How sad! Kevin (dream) ___________of going to California before he died, but he didn't
make it. He (see, never) ____________the ocean.
11. In the last hundred years, traveling (become) ______________much easier and very
comfortable. In the 19th century, it (take) __________two or three months to cross North America
by covered wagon. The trip (be) ___________very rough and often dangerous. Things (change)
_______________a great deal in the last hundred and fifty years. Now you can fly from New
York to Los Angeles in a matter of hours.
12. Jane, I can't believe how much you (change) ____________since the last time I (see)
___________ you. You (grow) __________at least a foot!
13. This tree (be) ___________planted by the settlers who (found) ___________our city over
four hundred years ago.
14. This mountain (be, never) ______________climbed by anyone. Several mountaineers (try)
____________to reach the top, but nobody (succeed, ever) ______________.The climb is
extremely difficult and many people (die) _______________trying to reach the summit.
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15. I (visit, never) _________Africa, but I (travel) _________to South America several times. The
last time I (go) __________to South America, I (visit) ___________Brazil and Peru. I (spend)
______________two weeks in the Amazon, (hike) _____________for a week near Machu
Picchu, and (fly) ______________over the Nazca Lines.
Fill in the blanks in the correct form
1. I___________a new computer. (to get)

2. ______you ever _______to New Jersey? (to be)
3. John ___________the film in the cinema. (not/to see)
4. Who _______Nathalie_________? (to phone)
5. Joe ________on a trip through Alaska. (to go)
6. ______the Millers _________yet? (to arrive)
7. The pupils _________their homework. (not/to forget)
8. ______Tom ______his pen yet? (to find)
9. What ______you _______-in the kitchen? (to drop)
10. Andy ________his sister's bike. (to repair)
Complete the sentences with for or since
1-He hasn´t eaten anything _______twenty-four hours.
2- Nobody has come to see us ______we bought this small house.
3- She has been a doctor _________1998
4- Nobody has seen her _______then.
5- They have all been ill ______the last week.
7- He bought the car in 1999 and has driven it _______then.
8- Peter went to the library. He has studied there ______a long time.
9- It has been very foggy _______early morning.
10- I´ve worked with you _______nine years.
11- I have tried to finish this letter ______the last half an hour.
12- He has been in prison _______two years.
13- She´s worked in that office _________a month.
14-They hasn´t spoken to us ________we were at school.
15-She´s been ill _______ years.
73
Fill in the blanks with just already or yet
1.We've ______ talked about that. You don’t need to talk to him.
2.She hasn't arrived ____.
3.I've _____ done it. I’m ready now.
4.They've _____ met.They met last month.
5.Have you spoken to him ____?
6.Have they got back to you _____?
7. We can't have chips again. We've ________ had them three times this week.
8. Billy: Do you know anything about Sally?

Betty: Oh she's fine. I've _______ spoken to her on the phone.
9. Jim sends his love. I've ________ seen him in the high street.
10. We're going to a concert on Friday, but we haven't bought the tickets _____.

74

Elementary Grammar 2003

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Elementary Grammar 2003

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ELEMENTARY

FORM SUBJECT BE VERB Contraction EXAMPLE

SUBJECT BE VERB Contraction EXAMPLE

BE VERB & SUBJECT (+) Short Answer (-) Short Answer

John: Hello. _________ you a new student?

Emma: Yes, I am. _________ you in this class?

John: Yes, I am. What ________ your name?

Emma: My name _________ Emma. What _________ your name?

John: John. How old _________ you?

John: And where ______ you from?

Emma: I’m from England. _________ you from the USA?

John: Yes, I am. _________ you married?

Emma: Yes, I am. My husband _________ from the USA, too.

John: And what _______ his job?

Emma: He _____ a businessman.

(You can write more details about yourself.)

My hair is brown. Her hair is long. Their hair is short.

Complete the sentences with possessive adjectives.

1 He's from Spain.______name's Alberto.

2 They're married. _______ children’s names are Lauren and Daniel.

3 We're brothers. ______ parents are French.

4 She's eight. _____ brother’s nine.

5 I'm British. ____ name’s Peter.

6 You're students. _____ books are in the classroom.

7 He’s at school. ____ friends aren’t at school.

8 What’s your address? ____ address is 78, Brooklyn St.

This is Carl’s bag. My name's Lynne.

These are Carl’s bags.

When the name is plural, but does not end in –s , add ’s :

 we use a/ an for jobs: a dentist, a composer, an engineer, an architect

1 __ donkey 4 __ organisation 7 __ airport

2 __ book 5 __ hour 8 __ apple

3 __ unit 6 __ expensive hat 9 __ duck

2 Fill in the blanks with a or an

1 This is __ easy question.

The following form their plurals by adding - s.

man, men foot, feet mouse, mice

The following nouns have no singular:

scissors oats tongs dregs

gold silver wheat corn

Exercise: Write the plural of each of these nouns

chair star farm

Exercise: Write the plural of each of these nouns

dress brush hex

Exercise: Write the plural of the following words

Exercise: Write the plural of the following words

Exercise: Write the plural of the following words

mango hero buffalo

Exercise: Write the plural of the following words

boyfriend husband father son brother uncle grandfather

girlfriend wife mother daughter sister aunt grandmother

Look at the family tree and complete the text.

Steve Debbie Linda Nathan Jonathan

(43) (42) (40) (41) (37)

Tim Robin Nancy Sally Jason

(20) (25) (24) (22) (19)

Look at the family tree in Exercise 9 and complete the sentences.

1. Steve is Debbie’s __________________.

PRESENT SIMPLE TENSE -he, she, it-

The simple present is used to express:

2. repeated actions or events and general truths

She gets up early in the morning.

Emma: My name _ Emma. What _ your name?

1 donkey 4 organisation 7 __ airport

2 book 5 hour 8 __ apple

3 unit 6 expensive hat 9 __ duck

work ___ walk _ fly_ have_ listen___

live ___ run _ do_ like _ speak___