MADE BY:-

SOURABH KANT
Quick Intro to Radar
 Electromagnetic radiation
 Usually in the microwave frequencies
 500 MHz into the 10s of GHz
 Operates with pulse-echo mechanism
 Similar to ultrasound
 Usually very narrow band
 Except for Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR)
 UF Mine Detection Technology

 What does it do?

 Identifies landmines based on
GPR image
 What is it?
 Neural network classifier
 GPR signal pre-processing and
pos-processing
 Neural network training method
 GPR Introduction
 Similar to ordinary radar
except:
 Uses lower frequencies (25
MHz to a few GHz)
 Extremely wide band
 Antennas transmit directly
down
 Applications:
 Search for buried objects
 Geological strata
 Search for land mines
 Archaeology
Ground Penetrating Radar

 Ground penetrating radar

 high resolution
electromagnetic technique
 to investigate shallow
subsurface of the earth
 images scattering of
electromagnetic waves from
buried objects
 Frequently used similarly to
seismology.
Geometry for GPR
 Mine Detection Modeling
 Mine hunting
schematic
 Bistatic antenna
arrangement
(separate xmt/rcv)
 Use Helmholtz
equation to define
a circuit model
This ultra wide band radar provides centimeter resolution
to locate even small targets. There are two distinct types of
GPR, time-domain and frequency domain. Time domain or
impulse GPR transmits discrete pulses of nanosecond
duration and digitizes the returns at GHz sample rates.
Frequency domain GPR systems transmit single frequencies
either uniquely, as a series of frequency steps, or as a chirp.
The amplitude and phase of the return signal is measured.
The resulting data is converted to the time domain. GPR
operates by detecting the dielectric contrasts in the soils,
which allows it to locate even non metallic mines.
The impulse GPR system developed in the
International Research Centre for
Telecommunications-transmission and Radar
(IRCTR). Impulse GPR system comprises a Impulse
generator, Transmitter, Receiver, Pulse extender,
A/D converter, Processor and Visual display.
 GPR Model
 Model for EM wave to travel to reach mine (TNT).
 This can readily be converted to a transmission line
equivalent of EM wave propagation.

Each section of the above

path can be replaced by a
transmission line segment,
model from wave equation.
GPR Transmission Line Model
 The values of the circuit parameters can be readily
derived from the transmission line equations.
Vs  Vo exp( z )
 R  jL G  jC , and
Vs
Zo  
 R  jL 
Is G  jC 
ADVANTAGES
¢ GPR has accurate measurements.
¢ GPR locates even small targets.
¢ It has been well founded by the defense.
¢ GPR operates by detecting the dielectric soils which allows it to
locate even no metallic mines.
¢ Biological sensors can only operate for limited periods, but in
GPR has no such limits.
 been tested in different environmental conditions.
¢ GPR has
DISADVANTAGES
¢ The sensor such as GPR is larger and heavier.
¢ GPR is more power hungry.
¢ GPR can suffer falls alarm rates as high as metal detectors.
 Development of GPR Models to Detect and Discriminate
Landmines
 Description:
The objective is to develop a landmine TR TR
detection technique or algorithm that Air
isolates landmines, particularly plastic
anti-personnel mines, from clutter- Sand
causing objects. Clay
This includes: Granite
 Statistical modeling of different R
Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR) R R R R R
systems’ performance
 Sensitivity of the sensor and detection
technique against simulated or inert
landmines Test Bed Layout
 Space-Time Adaptive Processing
(STAP) as applied to GPR
 Design of robust processors which
improve processor performance in
terms of convergence, SINR,
computational and numerical
complexity
 CONCLUSION
Impulse GPR system is using for detecting anti-tank and anti-personal mines.
Anti-tank mines are using for destroying the vehicles and anti-personal mines,
which are designed to kill and maim people. Currently, very little technology is
used in real-world demining activities. Active programs by the U.S Army in both
land mine detection sensor development and systems integration are evaluating
new technologies, incrementally improving existing technologies, increasing the
probability of detection, reducing the false alarm rate, and planning out useable
deployment scenarios. Through iterative design, build test cycles, and blind and
scored testing at Army mine lanes, steady progress is being made.
Global Military Expenditures and Demining
Operations
 SWOT Analysis
Strengths
 Built on mature GPR platform
 Allows for faster detection of mines
 Allows for significant reduction in
false positives
 Allows for smaller demining teams
resulting in net savings since the largest
expense utilizing current metal detection
technologies is the cost of labor.

Weakness
Remains untested in field
Out of over 750 different types of
mines, currently only recognizes
approx. 200 types
Test Runs with Mine Shells
Combining NQR w. GPR
 One attractive way to combine these technologies
is to use GPR as a filter to select targets.
 NQR can then be used to identify the nature of
the suspicious reflecting source.
 This could be a basis for a response to the
solicitation mentioned previously .
Test Studies
THANK YOU