HIGH PERFORMANCE CONCRETE

SDM COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND

TECHNOLOGY, DHARWAD
CIVIL ENGINEERING DEPT.

Presented by
Name-MANMOHAN KUMAR
USN-2SD12EC040

UNDER THE GUIDENCE OF

Mr. C.P.JOSHI (Asst. Prof.)

6
Contents
 Introduction
 Components of GPR
 GPR working principle
 Data Acquisition
 GPR Technology
 Data Model and Layer-Stripping Inversion
 D/T in pavement profiling
 Multiple-Interface D/T
 Applications
 Advantages
 Limitations
 Conclusion

4-Mar-16 MULTI TARGET DETECTIONRADAR

 Introduction
 RADAR : Radio Detection and Ranging.
- Detect target in free space
- Determine the range
 Ground penetrating radar (GPR) is a geophysical method
that uses radar pulses to image the subsurface.
 GPR is used for finding and detecting buried object.
 GPR have a co-located transmitter and receiver.
 Ground penetrating radar(GPR) is a short range pulse
system for remote sensing applications.
 Monostatic GPR operates by transmitting
electromagnetic energy down into the ground through an
antenna .

MULTI TARGET DETECTION USING

4-Mar-16 RADAR
 Components of GPR
1.Transmitting and receiving unit
2.Control unit
3.Display unit
4.Power supplies

Fig no.:-01, Process of GPR[1]

MULTI TARGET DETECTION USING

4-Mar-16 RADAR
 Antennae Frequency Maximum Penetration Examples of Potential
Depth Use

1500 MHz 0.5 m Rebar mapping and

concrete evaluation.

Pipe and void detection

900 MHz 1m or assessing concrete
thickness.

Utility surveys,
pavement evaluation,
400 MHz 4m storage tank detection
and assessing structural
integrity.

300 MHz 6m Utility surveys, geology

and archaeology.

3/4/2016 MULTI TARGET DETECTIONRADAR

 GPR Working Principle

Fig no.:-02,GPR working principle

[2] MULTI TARGET DETECTION USING
4-Mar-16 RADAR
 Reflected Signal:

 The amount of Typical Dielectric Constants:

reflected energy at an Material Relative
interface is governed permittivity
by:
 r1   r 2 Air 1
1, 2 
 r1   r 2 Asphalt: dry 2-4
Clay 2-40

where ρ1,2 is the Dry sand 3-5

reflection coefficient Concrete: dry 4-10
and εr1 and εr2 are the Fresh water 80
dielectric constants.
Metals ∞
GPR Depth Determination:
The depth of a layer is given
by:
 The reflected signal
has information on:
◦ how quickly D = (5.9t)/sqrt.
the signal traveled of(Er)
◦ how much was
attenuated D = depth of target (inch.)
 These quantities
t = wave travel time (nanosecond)
depend on spatial
configuration and 5.9 = a constant incorporating speed
materials. of light and unit conversions
Er = dielectric constant of
subsurface material
 Data Acquisition
GPR uses high frequency radio waves and transmits
into the ground.
When the waves hits the buried object or a boundary
with different dielectric constants, the receiving antenna
records variations in the reflected return signal.
The depth range of GPR is limited by electrical
conductivity of the ground ,the transmitted frequency and
the radiated power.
 As conductivity increases the penetration depth
decreases.

MULTI TARGET DETECTION USING

4-Mar-16 RADAR
 Fig no.:-03,schematic diagram of a GPR
[3] MULTI TARGET DETECTION USING
4-Mar-16 RADAR
 GPR Technology

Fig no.:-04 ,GPR technology [4]

MULTI TARGET DETECTION USING

4-Mar-16 RADAR
 GPR Technology(cont.)

 Aircoupled antenna.
 Ground coupled antenna.

Fig no.:-05,Air coupled antenna[5] Fig no.:-06,Ground coupled

antenna[6]
MULTI TARGET DETECTION USING
4-Mar-16 RADAR
 Data Model and Layer-Stripping
Inversion
 In pavement, each layer of asphalt or concrete is basically
a mixture of particles embedded in an homogenous
matrix.
 Since particle size is considered to be small if compared
to the waveform resolution of the GPR system, each
system can be model as a homogeneous medium with
effective complex dielectric permittivity values.
 Layer-stripping inversion is used to estimate the
permittivity profile as well as the location in depth of
those interfaces estimated in time.

MULTI TARGET DETECTION USING

4-Mar-16 RADAR
 Detection/Tracking in pavement
profiling
 Layer-stripping inversion with monostatic GPR is rather
complicated since the echo amplitude decreases with
time due to waveform attenuation.
 Moreover ,the estimate of the echo amplitude is biased
due to propagation through random media.
 Consequently, in pavement profiling, the SNR decreases
with depth.

MULTI TARGET DETECTION USING

4-Mar-16 RADAR
 Multiple-Interface D/T
 In the presence of more than one interface, the
multimode and the D/T components tracks the echo
delay with the largest SNR.
 In principle, this tracking ambiguity could be avoided by
processing subsequence of time samples.
 In practice, errors are difficult to avoid when two
interfaces are close to each other (because of limits in
echo resolution), when one interface splits into two
interfaces, or even when two or more interfaces merge
into one.

MULTI TARGET DETECTION USING

4-Mar-16 RADAR
 Application
 In the Earth sciences it is used to study bedrock, soils,
groundwater and ice.
 Military uses including detection of mines, unexploded
ordnance detection, and tunnels.
 Locating clandestine graves and buried evidence.
 The other main applications is to locate underground
utilities.

MULTI TARGET DETECTION USING

4-Mar-16 RADAR
 Advantages
 Low cost
 Extremely accurate
 Fast
 Not needed to drilling and digging selected area
 Real time targeting
 Non-destructive
 Digital media storage
 Easy to operate
 Safe

MULTI TARGET DETECTION USING

4-Mar-16 RADAR
 Limitations
 Site specifics.
 Limitations if dielectric properties are similar.
 Difficult in thin layer.
 Compromise between penetration depths and target
resolutions.
 Requires fairly uniform soil for moisture estimation.

MULTI TARGET DETECTION USING

4-Mar-16 RADAR
 References
1. D. J. Daniels, D. J. Gunton, and H. F. Scott,
“Introduction to subsurface radar,” Proc. Inst. Elect.
Eng. F, vol. 135, pp. 278–320, Aug. 1988.
2. U. Spagnolini, “Permittivity measurements of
multilayered media with monostatic pulse radar,” IEEE
Trans. Geosci. Remote Sensing, vol. 35, pp. 454–463,
Mar. 1997.
3. S. S. Blackman, Multiple-Target Tracking with Radar
Applications. Dedham, MA: Artech House, 1986.
4. http://Wikipedia.com/
5. http://books.google.com/

MULTI TARGET DETECTION USING

4-Mar-16 RADAR
 Thank
YOU
4-Mar-16 MULTI TARGET DETECTION USING RADAR