Seminar presentation

on
“GROUND PENETRATING RADAR”
Contents:
1. Introduction
2. Components of GPR
3. GPR working principle
4. Reflected signal
5. GPR depth determination
6. How deep can GPR go into ground?
7. GPR received signal and graphic profile display
8. Advantages
9. Applications
10. Conclusion
11. References
Introduction:
RADAR → Radio Detection and Ranging.
Detect target in free space
Determine the range
Ground-penetrating radar (GPR) is a geophysical method
that uses radar pulses to image the subsurface.
GPR finding and detecting buried object.
GPR can be used in a variety of media, including rock,
soil, ice, fresh water, pavements and structures. It can
detect objects, changes in material, and voids and cracks.
Probing into soil to detect pipelines and tanks and detect
thickness of soil.
Components of GPR:

1. Transmitting
and receiving
unit
2. Control unit
3. Display unit
4. Power
supplies
GPR Working Principle:
An EM pulse is sent
through an antenna,
penetrating into the
surveyed material.
A portion of the
energy is reflected
back to the antenna
when an interface
between materials of
dissimilar dielectric
constant is
encountered.
Reflected Signal:
The amount of reflected Typical Dielectric Constants:
energy at an interface is
Material Relative
governed by: permittivity
 r1   r 2
1, 2  Air 1
 r1   r 2 Asphalt: dry 2-4
Clay 2-40
where ρ1,2 is the Dry sand 3-5
reflection coefficient
and εr1 and εr2 are the Concrete: dry 4-10
Fresh water 80
dielectric constants.
Metals ∞
GPR Depth Determination:
The reflected signal The depth of a layer is given by:
has information on:
how quickly D = (5.9t)/sqrt. of(Er)
the signal traveled
how much was D = depth of target (inch.)
attenuated t = wave travel time (nanosecond)
These quantities 5.9 = a constant incorporating speed of
depend on spatial light and unit conversions
configuration and
Er = dielectric constant of subsurface
materials. material
 How deep can GPR go into
ground?: Antenna
Maximum
Penetration
Appropriate
It depend upon two Frequency
Depth
Application
condition: Rebar mapping

 The type of soil or rock in 1500 MHz 0.5 m and concrete

evaluation.
the GPR survey area. Pipe and void
detection or
 The frequency of the 900 MHz 1m assessing concrete
antenna used. thickness.

 Low frequency systems are Utility surveys,

pavement
more penetrating but data evaluation, storage
resolution is lower. 400 MHz 4m tank detection and
assessing
 High frequency systems structural integrity
have limited penetration but Utility surveys,
offer a much higher 270 MHz 6m geology and
archaeology
resolution.
GPR Received signal and graphic
profile display:
Advantages:
Extremely accurate
Fast
Not needed to drilling and digging selected area
Real time targeting
Non-destructive
Non-intrusive
Digital media storage
Easy to operate
Safe
Applications:
In the Earth sciences it is used to study bedrock, soils,
groundwater, and ice.
Military uses include detection of mines, unexploded
ordnance, and tunnels.
locating clandestine graves and buried evidence.
the other main applications for ground penetration radars
to locate underground utilities.
Conclusion:
GPR has been developed into a sophisticated
technique that can provide detailed images of the near
surface. As opposed to other locating techniques that are
capable of detecting only metallic or conductive utilities
and underground targets, GPR can locate and characterize
both metallic and non-metallic subsurface features. It is
completely non-intrusive, non-destructive and safe.
References :
vashov, S. I.; Razevig, V. V.; Vasiliev, I. A.; Zhuravlev, A. V.; Bechtel, T. D.;
Capineri, L. (2011). "Holographic Subsurface Radar of RASCAN Type:
Development and Application". IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Applied Earth
Observation and Remote Sensing 4 (4): 763–778.
doi:10.1109/JSTARS.2011.2161755. Retrieved 26 September 2013.
ETSI EG 202 730 V1.1.1 (2009–09), "Electromagnetic compatibility and Radio
spectrum Matters (ERM); Code of Practice in respect of the control, use and
application of Ground Probing Radar (GPR) and Wall Probing Radar (WPR)
systems and equipment
Wilson, M. G. C.; Henry, G.; Marshall, T. R. (2006). "A review of the alluvial
diamond industry and the gravels of the North West Province, South Africa". South
African Journal of Geology (Geological Society of South Africa) 109 (3): 301–314
Daniels DJ (ed.) (2004). Ground Penetrating Radar (2nd ed.). Knoval (Institution of
Engineering and Technology). pp. 1–4. ISBN 978-0-86341-360-5