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CT4001NI Communication Engineering

Artificial Intelligence

Assessment Weightage & Type

30% Individual Coursework

2020 Spring

Student Name: Shahnawaz Alam

London Met ID:19033799
College ID: NP01NT4S200025
Assignment Due Date: 7 Aug 2020
Assignment Submission Date: 6 Aug 2020
Word Count: 3209

I confirm that I understand my coursework needs to be submitted online via Google Classroom under the
relevant module page before the deadline in order for my assignment to be accepted and marked. I am
fully aware that late submissions will be treated as non-submission and a mark of zero will be awarded.

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Table of Contents
Acknowledgement ........................................................................................................... 4
Summary ......................................................................................................................... 5
1. Introduction ............................................................................................................... 6
Artificial Intelligence ..................................................................................................... 6
2. History of Artificial Intelligence. ................................................................................. 8
1. 1950s: The beginnings of Artificial Intelligence (AI) research. ............................... 9
2. 1960s: The middle of Artificial Intelligence (AI) research. ...................................... 9
3. 1980s: The early of Artificial Intelligence (AI) research. ...................................... 10
4. 1990s: Starting solving Problems through Artificial Intelligence. ......................... 10
3. Goal of Artificial Intelligence. .................................................................................. 11
1. Deduction, Reasoning, Problem Solving. ............................................................ 12
2. Knowledge Representation. ................................................................................ 12
3. Planning. ............................................................................................................. 13
4. Natural Language Processing. ............................................................................ 13
5. Motion and Manipulation. .................................................................................... 13
4. Application of Artificial Intelligence.......................................................................... 14
1. Healthcare. .......................................................................................................... 14
2. Industry................................................................................................................ 15
3. Gaming. ............................................................................................................... 15
4. Understanding Natural Language. ....................................................................... 15
5. Speech Recognition. ........................................................................................... 15
5. Future Scope. ......................................................................................................... 16
6. Conclusion .............................................................................................................. 17
7. References. ............................................................................................................ 18

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Table of figures
Figure 1: Artificial Intelligence ......................................................................................... 6
Figure 2: History of AI.(Anon n.d.) ................................................................................... 8
Figure 3: Goal of AI.(Bates n.d.) .................................................................................... 11
Figure 4: Application of AI.(Anon 2018)......................................................................... 14

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Acknowledgement

I have put my efforts in this project but the final outcome could not have been such without
the guidance and support of people who have willing help me with their abilities.
First of all, I would like to extend my sincere thanks to my teacher, Ms. Suman Gupta who
guided me through the project.
Also, my thanks and appreciations go to my fellow batch mates who assisted me even
when it was not their responsibility.
I would like to extend my sincere thanks to all of them because without them the project
could not have come out to be so meaningful and interesting.

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Summary

The Artificial Intelligence (AI) initiative is the deployment. Autonomous intelligence is

provided by an autonomous being, a machine is usually believed to be a device. In
agriculture, science, electronics, military and many other-home computer software
applications, conventional strategy games such as machine chess and other video
games, AI systems are now regular in service.

We have tried to explain AI 's brief ideas and their application in a number of areas. The
definition of abstract and classical divisions was cleared up. In raising issues such as
language comprehension, analysis of natural languages or more, AI is used. It functions
as an artificial brain all over the planet.

Intelligence requires processes, and AI work has demonstrated how machines will
improve some of them, not others. If doing a task requires only mechanisms that are now
well understood, computer programs can perform these tasks very well. It looks "very
clever" to this program. It is related to a similar mission to recognize human talents by
using computer systems.

We should learn at some of the stuff we can use to fix challenges by talking at other
individuals by just adopting our own processes. At the other side, much of AI's research
includes researching the challenges of creativity the universe provides rather than
studying people or livestock. AI researchers can use methods which are no longer
determined in humans or which contain a lot more computing than people can. We spoke
about the requirements for a system to be smart. We argue that you should think about it
intelligently if you want the device to be a human to an educated observer.

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1. Introduction
Artificial Intelligence

Figure 1: Artificial Intelligence

Artificial: The easy definition of artificial is that objects that are produced by using via way
of human beings rather than occurring on naturally.

Intelligence: The easy definition of intelligence is a manner of entail a set of ability of

problem solving. The capacity to research and understand or to deal with new or trying
situations. The potential to apply expertise to manipulate one’s surrounding or to suppose
abstractly as measured with the aid of objective criteria. Mental excellent that consists of
the skills to study from experience, adapt to new situations, understand and copy with
summary ideas.(Anon n.d.)

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Artificial intelligence is the branch of computer science in which we are able to construct
an intelligent machine that can function as a human being, think as a person, understand
speech, translate languages and make decisions. Artificial intelligence is the field in which
computation agents which act intelligently are analyzed and synthesized. AI is a cross-
disciplinary science with a variety of approaches, but the development of machine
learning and deep research in every field of technology companies is that in a paradigm
change.(Anon n.d.)

The intelligence expressed by computer or algorithm is Artificial Intelligence (AI). It is an

area of education for finding out which studies the function of intelligence creation. Major
AI researchers and texts identify the topic as "the analysis and design of intelligent
agents," where an intelligent agent perceives his environment and acts to optimize his
capacity for success. John McCarthy, who coined the word "intelligent machines" much
lower than 1956, described it as "the science and technology".

AI quest is highly sophisticated and detailed and is split into subfields that don't speak to
each other often. Many social and cultural influences contribute to the division: subfields
have been formed around particular organizations and the work of researchers. In
comparison, AI work is separated by specific technological problems. Many of the
subfields concentrate on addressing specific concerns. Others rely on one of a variety of
practicable approaches, the use of a common computer or the discovery of effective
implementations. The main AI challenges include the ability to cross and control objects
such as reasoning, information, planning, thinking, communication and interpretation.
General brain remains long-term targets across the sectors. Currently recognized
approaches include mathematical techniques, artificial intelligence and symbolic common
AI. AI uses a wide number of techniques, including lookup and statistical optimization
models, intuition, approaches solely dependent on chance and economy, among many
others. (Peragine 2013)

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2. History of Artificial Intelligence.

Figure 2: History of AI.(Anon n.d.)

The new term and not the latest science for scientists is not artificial intelligence. It is a
much newer system than you would expect. Among Ancient Greek and Egyptian Stories,
there are also the stories of artificial beings. Human beings have used technologies to
model themselves throughout human history. There is confirmation that the colleges of
this work came from ancient China, Egypt and Greece. Every modern technology, in
addition, has been used to construct responsive sales or mind models. These were
suggested as technical symbols of knowledge and as design tool for concepts, such as
the clockwork, mechanical, phone switching systems, holograms, analog computing and
digital computers.(Anon n.d.)

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Following are the history of AI which defines the journey of Artificial Intelligence:

1. 1950s: The beginnings of Artificial Intelligence (AI) research.

Despite the development of the electronic machine in 1941 and the saved device for the
system in 1949, the circumstances for artificial intelligence work became evident, the
comment was once only not widely noticed until the end of 1950.

The first AI applications to use the Ferranti Mark I device at Manchester College (UK)
were published in 1951: a sketch of a software system developed by Christopher
Strachey and an algorithm for chess playing by Dietrich Prinz.

John McCarthy is the one who has named and treated him as AI 's father as Artificial
Intelligence. In 1956, he designed a convention called "The Dartmouth Artificial
Intelligence Summer Study project" to gather intelligence and knowledge of many people
involved in a month of brainstorming machine system. During the years that proceeded,
AI Research Center started to grow up at the University of Carnegie Mellon as well as the
Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT).:

I. The implementation of programs that can address issues easily by limiting scope.

II. Computer creation and should be evaluated by using itself.

2. 1960s: The middle of Artificial Intelligence (AI) research.

By the mid-1960s, the defense department of science in the US was firmly founded and
laboratories were associated worldwide. Hobert Simon had predicted that "the computer
will be a success for 20 years, any research that can be done," and he acknowledged
that, "in a century," AI's pioneers had been profoundly confident in the potential of the
new sector. In the 1960s, the United States and their federal governments started to
advocate for the development of AI. In order to proceed with advanced soviet technology,
the defense industry funded a range of varieties. The US has since started marketing
robots to a variety of manufacturers and Robert K. Lindsay DENDRAL commercially.

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3. 1980s: The early of Artificial Intelligence (AI) research.

The commercial success of professional systems, a type of AI software simulating the

expertise and the analytical skills of a single or larger individual, revived AI research at
the beginning of the 1980s. In 1985 the AI industry was over $1 billion. In parallel, the US
and British governments were persuaded by Japan 's five-generation computer enterprise
to redress funding for field-based tutorial work. In the 1990s and at the beginning of the
21s. But at the back of the scenes AI achieved its greatest success. For logistics, data
mining, and various sectors in the technology industry, artificial intelligence is used.

4. 1990s: Starting solving Problems through Artificial Intelligence.

From the nineties to the turn of the century, with the advent of a successful desired
marketer, AI has reached a glorious milestone in truth using its environment to overcome
troubles in the most pleasant and high equality environment. In 1997, a world chess
champion was beaten by the first PC (named Dark Blue). In 1995, in addition to some
human intelligence assistance, the VAMP car was a complete 158 km racing vehicle. In
1999 humanoid robots started to gain attention from the top as the one that can freely
move around the sphere. Until then, AI has played a significant role in secure markets for
commercial companies and in the World Wide Web at some point. The Ultra superior IA
ventures have taken a step back from the greatly beneficial industries such as completely
incorporating commonsense information.(Sourabh Sharma 22:03:42 UTC)

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3. Goal of Artificial Intelligence.

Figure 3: Goal of AI.(Bates n.d.)

Artificial intelligence's ultimate research aim is to develop technologies to allow computers
and machines to work intelligently. Sub-problems have broken down into the general
issue of simulating (or creating) intelligence.

It is made up of unique features or capabilities to be shown by a smart device. The

following features earned further coverage.

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1. Deduction, Reasoning, Problem Solving.

For difficult problems, the majority of these algorithms may involve large computational
sources, most suffering with a "combination explosion": if there is a problem which goes
beyond a positive point, the amount of reminiscence or computer time is astronomical.
Excessively high priority is work for AI research in order to find extra efficient problems
solving algorithms. Man's problems are addressed mainly by fast, intuitive judgment as
an alternative to the aware, progressive education that early AI research was able to
model. Incorporated agent methods emphasize how necessary the sensorimotor
capabilities are to allow greater thinking; neural network attempts to simulate the brain
structures that offer these capabilities upwards; mathematical approaches to AI imitate
the probabilistic nature of human abilities to guess; AI does some evolution towards
imitating this type of 'sub-symbolic' problem resolution..(Sourabh Sharma 22:03:42
UTC).(Sourabh Sharma 22:03:42 UTC)

2. Knowledge Representation.

The representation of information and the creation of knowledge are essential to AI study.
Most of the machined problems are supposed to be solved needs vast global knowledge.
Among the subjects AI needs to portray are: artifacts, resources, categories and family
members between artifacts; circumstances, events, states and time; motivations and
effects; knowledge of information (what we know about other people); and a variety of
other, much less well studied fields. An ontology: the set of objects, connections and
values is a description of "what exists." The computer system is aware of this. The higher
ontologies that aim to provide the foundation of everyday knowledge are called the
highest ontologies. (Anon 2017)

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3. Planning.

Smart agents must be able to set and fulfill their goals. They want a way to visualize the
future, represent the country in the world and predict how their actions will trade it, and
they want to be able to make alternatives which maximize the usefulness (or "value") of
useful choices. The agent should expect to be the only method that performs worldwide
in classic planning problems that allows the agent to be optimistic about the impact of his
acts. So, if the agent is not the only player now, the agent must be driven by confusion.
This requires an agent that can not only evaluate its environment, predict but also
estimate its predictions and accommodate them based on its assessment.(Anon 2017)

4. Natural Language Processing.

The analysis of natural languages gives computers the opportunity to learn and
comprehend people's languages. A language processing structure with sufficient
efficiency would allow for natural language consumer interfaces and knowledge
acquisition from man-made sources, such as online text, immediately. A basic application
of natural language analysis involves the selection of information and computer
translation.

A regular processing and extraction method which implies by semantics indexing is taken
from natural language. Higher loading rates and rising data storage costs allow the
indexing of vast amounts of consumer abstractions even more effective.(Sourabh Sharma
22:03:42 UTC).(Sourabh Sharma 22:03:42 UTC)

5. Motion and Manipulation.

AI is strongly related to the area of robotics. Intelligence is necessary for robots to cope
with the problems of location, mapping, motion planning and road planning, such as
object handling or navigation. (Megha Jain 12:21:32 UTC)

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4. Application of Artificial Intelligence.

Figure 4: Application of AI.(Anon 2018)

Across today's world, artificial intelligence has many applications. It has become
important for the ultramodern moment, as in a variety of fields such as healthcare, culture,
banking, education etc. it will address complex challenges in an environmentally
sustainable manner. AI makes our everyday lives easy and relaxed.

1. Healthcare.

In the next five to 10 years, the AI is getting increasingly magnificent and would have a
huge influence on the healthcare sector. Healthcare companies use AI to render a
decision quicker and better than men. AI will help doctors with diagnosis and will warn
people if they get worse so that prior to hospitalization therapeutic assistance will enter
the patient. An artificial intelligence program may support a medical clinic to plan bed
plans, assign a community and include clinical reports and other required tasks..(Anon
n.d.)

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2. Industry.

In many sectors robots have become ubiquitous. They routinely earn jobs that are
considered as dangerous for men. Robots have been approved for very boring
occupations and can additionally result in mistakes or injuries due to a lack in
concentration and other tasks that may also be impaired by humans.(Sourabh Sharma
22:03:42 UTC)

3. Gaming.

For gaming purposes, AI can be used. That thrived in the modern revolution, which led to
the life style of many forms of artificial intelligence. It was mostly adolescents. The place-
computer systems will conceive of a vast amount of potential positions based entirely on
heuristic knowledge in strategic games like chess, poker, tic tac toe, etc..(Anon n.d.)

4. Understanding Natural Language.

Interaction with your machine is feasible, which knows the human language that you
communicate with the assistance of. It no longer suffices to have a series of words inside a
machine. Nor is it enough to read sentences. The machine must be granted an understanding
of the context of the language, and this is actually only available in very restricted
areas.(Sourabh Sharma 22:03:42 UTC)

5. Speech Recognition.

Any cognitive devices can perceive and grasp the language in sentences and their
interpretations as people interact through it. This can tolerate colorful accents, slang
terms, crowd noise, change in human noise because of coolness, etc..(Anon n.d.)

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5. Future Scope.

➢ Artificial Intelligence (AI) is a young field with massive potential for growth.
➢ Robots will keep us safer, specifically from disasters.
➢ We all will emerge as cyborgs.
➢ Very smart computers may additionally remedy our problems, even alternate in the
climate.
➢ Improvement in medical care.
➢ AI will turn us into brilliant humans.
➢ AI should supply us extra time to innovative and to suppose commonly because it
can relieve out from stressful jobs.
➢ Sad phase is, robots will take away most of our jobs.
➢ Artificial Intelligence has already had a giant have an effect on our world, enabling
improvement that had been inconceivable solely a century ago.
➢ The field of artificial intelligence recognition remains in its infancy.(sanket shikher,
vice president at data trained n.d.)

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6. Conclusion

Artificial Intelligence, from online shopping to TV viewing to everything, has slowly but
truly entered every place of our lives. In other terms, the understanding of man-made
computing tools and structures is AI or Artificial Intelligence. Today, AI was a hot subject
everywhere and is joining college. Yet some argue that support is required for students'
disability whilst others claim that AI is revolutionizing and transforming education.

There are other advantages that artificial intelligence provides such as tutoring, training,
personalization of schooling, feedback on the content of the course, instant opinion on
students.

AI easily recognizes the essence of knowledge and provides an impressive selection of

applications in a number of fields. The comprehension of moral thought and the essence
of intellect in general has been sharpened. It has also published the complexity of
modeling human reasoning, which offers new fields and future rich challenges.

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7. References.

Anon. 2017. “Goals of AI.” Artificial Intelligence. Retrieved April 24, 2020
(https://poonam3958.wordpress.com/goals-of-ai/).

Anon. 2018. “Top 10 Real World Artificial Intelligence Applications | AI Applications.”

Edureka. Retrieved April 25, 2020 (https://www.edureka.co/blog/artificial-
intelligence-applications/).

Anon. n.d. “1.2 A Brief History of Artificial Intelligence‣ Chapter 1 Artificial Intelligence
and Agents ‣ Artificial Intelligence: Foundations of Computational Agents, 2nd
Edition.” Retrieved April 21, 2020a
(https://artint.info/2e/html/ArtInt2e.Ch1.S2.html).

Anon. n.d. “Application of AI - Javatpoint.” Www.Javatpoint.Com. Retrieved April 25,

2020b (https://www.javatpoint.com/application-of-ai).

Anon. n.d. “Artificial Intelligence - Overview - Tutorialspoint.” Retrieved April 25, 2020c
(https://www.tutorialspoint.com/artificial_intelligence/artificial_intelligence_overvie
w.htm).

Anon. n.d. “History of Artificial Intelligence - Javatpoint.” Www.Javatpoint.Com.

Retrieved April 21, 2020d (https://www.javatpoint.com/history-of-artificial-
intelligence).

Anon. n.d. “Human Intelligence | Psychology.” Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved April

19, 2020e (https://www.britannica.com/science/human-intelligence-psychology).

Anon. n.d. “What Is Artificial Intelligence? How Does AI Work? | Built In.” Retrieved April
20, 2020f (https://builtin.com/artificial-intelligence).

Bates, Tony. n.d. “Another Perspective on AI in Higher Education | Tony Bates.”

Retrieved April 24, 2020 (https://www.tonybates.ca/2018/12/02/another-
perspective-on-ai-in-higher-education/).

Megha Jain. 12:21:32 UTC.“Artificial Intelligence.”

Peragine, Michael. 2013. The Universal Mind: The Evolution of Machine Intelligence
and Human Psychology. 1 edition. Xiphias Press.

Sourabh Sharma. 22:03:42 UTC.“Artificial Intelligence Report.”

sanket khikher, vice president at data trained, shanket. n.d. “(1) What Is on the Horizon
for A.I. and Robotics? - Quora.” Retrieved April 25, 2020
(https://www.quora.com/What-is-on-the-horizon-for-A-I-and-robotics).

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xiffe, and alexander polyakov, CTO, CO-Founder ofERPScan. 2020. “Top 11 Uses &
Applications of Artificial Intelligence & ML in Business - NewGenApps The
Technology Company with Integrity.” NewGenApps The Technology Company
with Integrity. Retrieved April 25, 2020 (https://www.newgenapps.com/blog/ai-
uses-applications-of-artificial-intelligence-ml-business/).

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