FUNDAMENTALS

OF SURVEYING
CE010

E.G. Escondo
COURSE TOPICS (MIDTERMS)
I. Balancing the traverse
II. Area Computation
III. Curvature and Refraction; Elevation Determination
IV. Leveling
V. The Stadia Theory; Measurement by Stadia for Horizontal Distance
VI. Measurement by Stadia for Inclined Distance; Sources of Error in
Stadia Work
VII.Stadia Interval Factor
Balancing the Traverse
BALANCING THE TRAVERSE
The interior angle traverse is used principally in land surveying. The angles formed
between the adjacent sides of the illustrated closed figure are known as interior
angles.
EXAMPLE 1
1. INTERIOR ANGLE TRAVERSE. The interior angles of a five-sided closed traverse
were measured as follows: Determine the bearing of each line if the bearing of line AB is
N 15 °30E.
A = 118°31’ C = Not Measured E = 140°50’
B = 95°33’ D = 134°10’
EXAMPLE 2

2. Interior Angle Traverse. The observed interior angles of a closed traverse are
as follows: A, 153°30’00’’, B, 58°20’20’’; C, 139°19’00’’; D, 78°21’20’’, and E,
110°28’00’’. Determine the angular closure and adjust the measured angles by
assuming that the angular error is of the same amount at each station. Tabulate
values accordingly.
EXAMPLE 3

3. DEFLECTION ANGLE TRAVERSE. Following are the observed deflection angles of

a closed traverse:
A = 28°25’00’’ (L) E = 108°13’30’’ (L)
B = 68°03’30’’ (L) F = 16°50’00’’ (R)
C = 120°34’00’’ (L) G = 110°00’30’’ (L)
D = 58°30’00’’ (R)

Compute the error of closure and adjust the angular values by assuming that the error
is the same for each angle. Tabulate values accordingly.