Prepared by:

DCIT60– METHODS OF Cereneo S. Santiago

CvSU-Silang
RESEARCH cssantiago@cvsu.edu.ph
INTENDED LEARNING
OUTCOMES
Define research
Explain the importance of research
Differentiate the goals and purposes of research
Explain the characteristics of educational research
Search – to
inquire or to
investigate
RESEARCH

The search for

knowledge and
the search for the
truth
RESEARCH

A scientific
investigation of
phenomena which
includes collection,
presentation, analysis
and interpretation of
facts that links man’s
speculation with
reality.
RESEARCH
A systematic and objective
analysis and recording of
controlled observation that may
lead to the development of
generalizations, principles or
theories, resulting in prediction
and possibly ultimate control of
events.
RESEARCH
Is a method of acquiring
knowledge based on the scientific
method of inquiry to enrich the
system of objective knowledge in
the fields of natural of social
sciences (Almeida, et al).
RESEARCH EXAMPLES
In Art - when it deals with skills that require
dexterity and proficiency
In Natural Science – when it pertains to an
empirical inquiry of natural phenomenon including
biological life.
In social science – when it involves a study of
human behavior and societies. It is “social”
research because its primary interest is human
being, the context of his/her life and environment.
IMPORTANCE OF RESEARCH
Researchers must not simply set
result and recommend actions.
The importance of research
should be measured on the
extend to which they are being
actually carried out (Katigbak,
2008)
IMPORTANCE OF
RESEARCH
To discover new facts about known
phenomena.
To expand or verify existing knowledge.
To improve existing techniques and
develop new instruments and products.
To reduce burden of works.
To solve problems.
To provide basis for decision making.
THE RESEARCH PROBLEM
A problem exists when:
There is an absence of
information.
There are contradictory results.
There is a fact that exists and
you intend to make your study
explain it.
SOURCES OF RESEARCH
PROBLEM
Personal experiences
Professional experiences
Professional trends, issues and
concerns
Societal trends, issues and concerns
Published or unpublished research
Existing theory
CHARACTERISTICS OF A
GOOD PROBLEM
It should be of great interest to you and within
your abilities.
There should be enough information available for
it to be completed.
It should be useful for the concerned people in a
particular field.
It should not carry ethical or moral impediments.
S – M – A – R – T
GOALS OF RESEARCH
Goals In conducting research as cited in
Cristobal (2013) are as follows:
1. To produce evidence-based practice
2. To Establish Credibility on the
Profession
3. To observe accountability for the
profession
4. To promote cost-effectiveness through
documentation
PURPOSE OF RESEARCH
1. Exploratory/formulative research
The researchers goal is to formulate more precise questions that future research can
answer. Exploratory research helps ensure that a more rigorous, more conclusive
future study will not begin with an inadequate understanding of the nature of the
problem.
2. Descriptive research
This research presents a picture of the specific details of a situation, social setting or
relationship. The major purpose of descriptive research is to describe characteristics
of a population or phenomenon, it seeks to determine the answer to who, what,
where, and how questions.
3. Explanatory research
The desire to know “why” to explain, is the purpose of explanatory research. It builds
an exploratory and descriptive research look for causes and reasons. For example,
researchers are interested in learning why some children bully another children.
CHARACTERISTICS OF
RESEARCH
To qualify as research, the process must have certain characteristic: it must
be controlled, rigorous, systematic, valid, verifiable, empirical and critical.
Research is a process of collecting, analyzing and interpreting information to
answer question. But to qualify as research, the process must have certain
characteristics (Kumar, 2009)
1. Controlled
There are many factors that affect an outcome. A particular event is seldom
the result of a one to one relationship. Some relationship are more complex
than others. In a study of cause and effect relationship, it is important to be
able to link the effect(s) with the cause(s) and vice versa.
Control implies that, in exploring causality in relation to two variables, the
study is set up in a way that minimizes the effects of other factors affecting
the relationship.
CHARACTERISTIC OF
RESEARCH
2. Rigorous

This characteristics ensure that procedure followed to find answer to question are relevant, appropriate, and
justified. The degree of rigor varies between the physical and social sciences and within the social sciences.

3. Systematic

The procedures adopted to undertake an investigation follow a certain logic sequence. The different steps
cannot be taken in a haphazard way.

4. Valid and verifiable

This implies that whatever one can conclude on the basic of the findings is correct and can be certified by
others, too.

5. Empirical

Any conclusion drawn is based upon hard evidence gathered from information collected from real life
experience for observation.

6. Critical

Critical scrutiny of the procedures use and the methods employed is important a research inquiry. The
process of investigation must be free from any drawbacks. To process and the procedures used must be able
to withstand critical scrutiny.
CHARACTERISTIC OF
RESEARCH
Kerlinger, (1970) and Bridges, (2006) support the following characteristics of a
good research.
1. Critical
Education research is critical in the sense that it actively seeks to question its
own claims, assumptions and methods, where explanations are offered, the
research process seeks to verify the, generating and testing alternatives.
2. Systematic
Educational research is a deliberate, planned, and intentional activity. It takes a
specific question or questions which provides its focus and direction.
3. Transparent
Educational research its transparent. Its aims, method, assumptions, arguments,
data and claims are stated explicitly and clearly. Results and their supporting
justifications are disclosed fully, taking care to minimize the danger of his
interpretations, and made widely available.
CHARACTERISTICS OF
RESEARCHER
R – RESEARCH-ORIENTED
E – EFFICIENT
S – SCIENTIFIC
E – EFFECTIVE
A – ACTIVE
R – RESOURCEFUL
C – CREATIVE
H – HONEST
E – ECONOMICAL
R – RELIANCE
CHARACTERISTICS OF
RESEARCHER
R – RESOURCEFUL
E – ENERGETIC
P – PATIENT
O – OBSERVATIVE
R – RESPONSIBLE
T – TRUSTWORTHY
E – EVALUATIVE
R – RESPONSIVE
THE USE OF RESEARCH
Some research focus in using research to advance general knowledge,
whereas other use it to solve specific problems.
1. Basic research
Basic research advance fundamental knowledge about the human
world. It focuses on refuting or supporting theories that explain how
this world operates. What makes things happen, why social relations
are a certain way, and why society change.
2. Applied research
Applied researchers try to solve problems or help practitioners
accomplish tasks. Applied research is frequently a descriptive research
and its main strength is its immediate practical use.
TYPES OF APPLIED
RESEARCH
1. Action Research
Is a disciplined process of inquiry conducted by and for those taking action.
The primary reason for engaging in action research is to assist the action in
improving or refining his action.
2. Impact Assessment Research
To estimate the consequence of a planned change. Such assessment is used
for planning and making choices among alternative policies to make an
impact assessment. Ex. To determine changes in housing if a major/new
highway is built.
3. Evaluation Research
The process of establishing value judgement based on evidence about the
achievement of the goals at a proper time.
2 TYPES OF EVALUATION
RESEARCH
1. Formative
Is built-in in monitoring or continuous feedback on a program used
for program management.
2. Summative
Evaluation looks at final program outcomes.
TIME DIMENSION IN
RESEARCH
1. Cross-sectional Research
Researchers observed at one point in time. It is usually the simplest
and at least costly alternative. Its disadvantage is that it cannot
capture the change process. It can be exploratory, descriptive, or
explanatory, but is most consistent in the descriptive approach.

2. Longitudinal Research
This research captures features of people or other unit at a more than
one time. It is usually more complex and costly than cross-sectional
research but is also more powerful, especially when the researches
such as answer to questions about change. Three types of
longitudinal research are time series, panel and cohort.
THANK YOU. 