Module 4 Lighting Calculations

Contents
Determining Average Illuminance

Module 4 Average Illuminance Equation
The Lumen Method
Determining the Illuminance at a
Lighting Calculations Point- Direct Component
Sample Calculations
Module 4 –Lighting Calculations Philippine Efficient Lighting Market Module 4 –Lighting Calculations Philippine Efficient Lighting Market
Transformation Project (PELMATP) Transformation Project (PELMATP)
Determining Average Illuminance Average Illuminance Equation

The standard lumen method formula is also used to calculate General equation for illuminance in space
average illuminance levels when the Coefficient of Utilization (CU’s)
are taken from a utilization curve. Φ(TOTAL) x CU x LLF
Ewp
Awp
Ewp = average maintained illuminance on the work plane

Φ(TOTAL) = total system lamp lumen output
CU = coefficient of utilization
LLF = light loss factor
Awp = area of the work plane
The Lumen Method Total System Lamp Output

Means of determining the average workplane Lamp lumen output is the total initial luminous flux that the
lamps emit as specified by the manufacturer.
illuminance within a space with a given number
of luminaires Example 1:
Components In an office space 3m x 4.6m with a 2.6m ceiling height, there are 2
recessed fluorescent luminaires. Each luminaire has three (3) 32W 48”
Total system lamp lumen output T8 fluorescent lamps. Manufacturer’s data shows that the initial lumen
output of the lamp is 2900 lumens. What is the total lamp lumen output
Coefficient of utilization Φ(TOTAL)?
Loss factor determination
Φ(TOTAL) = 2 luminaires x 3 lamps/luminaire x 2900 lumens/lamp
Calculated illuminance = 17,400 lumens
Spacing criteria
1
Coefficient of Utilization (CU) Coefficients of Utilization (CU)
Factors influencing coefficient of utilization: Coefficient of utilization is based on room cavity ratio
(RCR)
The efficiency of the luminaire RCR is five (5) times the ratio of total vertical surface
The luminaire distribution area to total horizontal surface area within the room
cavity, and therefore indicates the relative space
The geometry of the space proportions.
The reflectances of the room surface
Each luminaire has its own CU table specific to that

luminaire’s light distribution and efficiency. CU values are
listed in tables for different room geometries and room Where, hRC = Room cavity height
L = Length of the room
surface reflectances.
W = Width of the room
Coefficients of Utilization (CU) Coefficients of Utilization (CU)

Cavity ratios : Cross section of a room showing room cavities.
Ceiling cavity ratio – is the space between the ceiling and
luminaire plane computed using the equation below in relation to
room cavity ratio:
Floor cavity ratio – is the space between the workplane and the
floor computed using the equation below in relation to room
cavity ratio:
Coefficients of Utilization (CU) CU Determination

For a given room, the cavity ratios are in direct proportion to their Using Example 1 above, the following steps should be followed in
respective cavity heights. For the case where the luminaires are calculating the coefficient of utilization.
mounted on the surface of the ceiling or are recessed into the
ceiling, the ceiling cavity ratio is zero. Step 1. Determine the room cavity ratio using the equation below
Since the coefficient of utilization is based on the room cavity ratio, it

is necessary to treat this cavity as if there were a ceiling surface at
the luminaire plane and a floor surface at the workplane level.
It is necessary to convert the actual ceiling reflectance into an Room cavity height (hRC) = Luminaire height – Workplane height
effective ceiling cavity reflectance (pCC) and the actual floor Assuming a workplane height of 0.76m (typical desk height)
reflectance must be converted to an effective floor cavity reflectance
(pFC). hRC = 2. 59 m – 0.76m
= 1.83m
2
CU Determination CU Determination
In this example, the luminaires are recessed in the ceiling so the Step 2. Since the Lumen Method considers what occurs only within
luminaire height is the as the ceiling height. Computing the room the room cavity, the ceiling and floor cavities are replaced with their
cavity ratio, we have: effective reflectances.
To find the effective reflectance of a floor or ceiling cavity, find the
RCR = 5 x Room cavity height (Length + Width) floor cavity ratio and ceiling cavity ratio using the equations below
Length x Width
RCR = 5 x 1.83m (3.05m + 4.57m)
3.05m x 4.57m
RCR = 5
Step 3. Find the effective cavity reflectances using cavity surface
reflectances. The surface that is opposite the opening to the cavity is
called the base cavity. The base reflectance, the wall reflectances, and
the cavity ratio determine the effective cavity reflectance. Using the
IESNA Lighting Handbook, look for the cavity reflectances and cavity
ratios.
For the ceiling cavity, the base reflectance is the actual ceiling surface
reflectance while the floor cavity, the base reflectance is the actual floor
surface reflectance.
Step 4. Once all room cavity reflectances and the room CU = 0.50, which means that 50% of the lumens given off by the
cavity ratio are known, the CU value can be determined lamps reach the workplane and the other 50% are absorbed by the
by selecting the appropriate value from the luminaire’s luminaire or the room surfaces and never reach the workplane.
CU table.
Continuing with Example 1, the following assumptions
are made after consulting the IES Lighting Handbook
Table on Effective Reflectances:
Effective Ceiling Cavity Reflectance, ρCC = 0.70
Wall Reflectance, ρW = 0.50
Effective Floor Cavity Reflectance, ρFC = 0.20
RCR = 5 (calculated in Step 1)
3
Coefficients of Utilization for Some Luminaire Light Loss Factor
Two types of Light Loss Factor (LLF)
Recoverable
Non-recoverable
Total Light Loss Factor (LLF) is the product of
the individual light loss factors, recoverable and
non
- recoverable
Light Loss Factor Lamp Lumen Depreciation

Recoverable LLF The lamp lumen depreciation factor is the
Lamp Lumen Depreciation (LLD) fraction of initial lumens at a specific time during
Lamp Burnout Factor (LBO) the life of the lamp
Luminaire Dirt Depreciation Factor (LDD) Lamp lumen depreciation comes from aging and
Room Surface Dirt Depreciation Factor (RSDD) dirt accumulation on lamps, reflectors, lenses
Area of workplane (AWP) and room surfaces.
Most lighting designs base calculations on
“maintained” as opposed to “initial” lamp lumens
Lamp Burnout Factor Room Surface Dirt Depreciation

If lamps are not replaced immediately after Room Surface Dirt Depreciation Factor (RSDD)
burnout, a lamp burnout factor should be applied is influenced by:
to any analysis of the system. The amount of dirt in the environment
Unreplaced burned - out lamps will vary in The room cavity ratio (proportions of the room)
quantity, depending on the kind of lamps and the Type of lighting equipment used
relamping program used.
This factor is simply the ratio of the number of
lamps that would be burning o the total number
of lamps in the system.
4
Room Surface Dirt Depreciation Luminaire Dirt Depreciation
Luminaire Dirt Depreciation Factor (LDD)
depends on three (3) aspects of the situation:
The amount and type of dirt in the environment (a
clean office environment compared to a dirty
manufacturing facility)
The type of luminaire used
The expected cleaning cycle for the equipment
Luminaire Dirt Depreciation Area of Workplane

Is the area of the entire workplane, which is
typically the same as the floor area
Illuminance will be greatest near the center of
the room and slightly less toward the walls for a
given uniform layout of luminaires
Light Loss Factor Luminaire Ambient Temperature

Non
- Recoverable LLF Variations in temperature, above those normally
Luminaire Ambient Temperature Factor encountered in interiors, have little effect on the
Heat Extraction Thermal Factor output of incandescent and high intensity
Voltage to Luminaire Factor discharge (HID) lamps, but can have a
Ballast Factor significant effect on light output of fluorescent
Ballast Lamp Photometer Factor lamps
Equioment operating Factor
Lamp Position (Tilt) Factor
Luminaire Surface Depreciation Factor
5
Heat Extraction Thermal Factor Voltage to Luminaire Factor
Heat extraction factor is the fractional lumen loss High or low voltage at the luminaire will affect
or gain due to airflow the lumen output of lamps
Airflow has an effect on lamp temperature and High voltage condition will increase the lumen
lamp lumens especially those air handling output of lamps over their rated output
fluorescent luminaires which are integrated with Low voltage condition will reduce the lumen
the HVAC system as a means of introducing or output
removing air from the room The rate of change of lumen output with a
voltage change varies with each light source, but
has the greatest effect on incandescent lamps
Ballast Factor Ballast Lamp Photometer Factor

Ballast used for a specific application is usually different Ballast Lamp Photometer Factor adjusts the
from the ballast used to determine the rated lumen lumen output when a different lamp ballast
output for a lamp
combination is used other than the
Ballast factor corrects this difference to maintain the arc
manufacturer’s set- up
within the lamp
Ballast factor is the ratio of the lamp lumens generated Temperature effects within the luminaire may
on commercial ballasts to those generated on the test cause the lamp to operate at less than the rated
quality ballasts . The ballast factor for good quality output and should be considered in the
fluorescent ballast is nominally is 0.95while electronic determination of the luminaire’s coefficient of
ballasts can have ballast factors ranging from 0.70 to utilization
1.28
Equipment Operating Factor Lamp Position Factor

Effects on the lumen output of lamps caused by Lumen output is sensitive to the lamp orientation
the ballast, the lamp operating position and the especially for high intensity discharge (HID)
effect of power reflected from the luminaire back lamps when they are tilted from their rated
onto the lamp are collectively incorporated into horizontal or vertical position
the equipment operating factor Lamp position factor adjusts the lumen output
and is defined as the ratio of luminous flux in the
given operating position to that in the test
position
6
Luminaire Surface Depreciation Loss Factor Determination
Example 2. LLF Determination
Luminaire surface depreciation results from
Detailed description of the determination of the light loss factors can be
adverse changes in metal, paint and plastic found in the IESNA Lighting Handbook. The product of the recoverable
components that result in permanently reduced factors and the non-recoverable factors will give us the total light loss
factor.
light output
Luminaire surface depreciation factor adjusts
Recoverable Factors
light output to original reflectance
Lamp Lumen Depreciation (LDD) 0.90
Lamp Burnout Factor (LBO) 1.00
Luminaire Dirt Depreciation Factor (LDD) 0.94
Room Surface Dirt Depreciation Factor (RSDD) 0.96
Loss Factor Determination Calculated Illuminance

Nonrecoverable Factors At this point it is possible to calculate the illuminance on the workplane:
Ballast Factor 0.93 Φ(TOTAL) x CU x LLF
Other Non Recoverable Factors 1.00 Ewp
Awp
LLFTOTAL = Recoverable Factors x Nonrecoverable Factors
Ewp = average maintained illuminance on the work plane
LLFTOTAL = 0.90 x 1.00 x 0.94 x 0.96 x 0.93 x 1.00
Φ(TOTAL) = total system lamp lumen output
LLFTOTAL = 0.75
CU = coefficient of utilization
Total Light Loss Factor (LLF) is 0.75, which means that 25% (100%-75%)
LLF = light loss factor
of the luminous flux that might otherwise reach the workplane is lost due
to ballast factor, dirty luminaires, room surfaces, and aged lamps. Awp = area of the work plane
Calculated Illuminance Calculated Illuminance

Substituting all the computed values in Example 1and using the An average maintained illuminance of 468 lumens per
equation for average illuminance on the workplane, we have:
square meter will strike the area covered by the
EWP = 17,400 lm x 0.50 x 0.75 workplane in a completely empty space
3.05m x 4.57m Some points on the workplane will have an illuminance
= 468 lm/m2 or 486 lux (Maintained) higher than 468 while others will have an illuminance
The average initial illuminance on the workplane can be determined by lower than this value
substituting only the non-recoverable light loss factors for the total light During first time that this system will be turned on,
loss factor. wherein the lamps are new and the surfaces are clean,
EWP = 17,400 lm x 0.50 x 0.0.93 the average initial illuminance will be greater than the
3.05m x 4.57m maintained value, which is computed as 582 lumens per
square meter (lux)
= 581 lm/m2 or 581 lux (Initial)
7
Example 2. Find the number of luminaires needed in a room given the
By rearranging the Lumen Method equation, it is following:
possible to find the number of luminaires required to
meet a specific average illuminance level: Room dimensions: 9.15m by 9.15m by 3.5m
Target Illuminance: 300 lux average maintained
(lumens/lamp) x (lamps/luminaire) x (no. of luminaires)
x CU x LLFTOTAL Working Plane Height: 0.76m
EWP = Luminaire: Recessed round
AWP
Lamp: 70 watt metal halide, 5600 lumen initial output
AWP x EWP Reflectances (ρ): Ceiling cavity 0.70
No. of =
luminaires (lumens/lamp) x (lamps/luminaires) Walls 0.30
x CU x LLFTOTAL Floor Cavity 0.20
Assume LLFTOTAL = 0.75

Step 1. Calculate RCR Using the equation below, and substituting all the known values:
Using the equation for RCR, we get 3 as the answer.

Number of luminaires = AWP x EWP
Step 2. Determine Cavity ratios for ceiling and floor lumens/lamp x lamps/luminaires x CU x LLFTOTAL
Step 3. Obtain Effective Ceiling Cavity Reflectance (ρCC) using Tables in
CU determination for metal halide lamps Number of luminaires = 9.15m by 9.15m by 3.5m x 300 lux
Step 4. Obtain Effective Floor Cavity Reflectance (ρFC) using Tables in 5600 lumen x 1 x 0.55 x 0.75
CU determination for metal halide lamps
Number of luminaires = 10.9
Step 5. Obtain Coefficient of Utilization (CU) from Manufacturer’s Data In this example, 12 fixtures can be spaced uniformly in a 3 by 4 pattern.
Although 12 is more than the calculated value of 10.9 fixtures, results within a
The CU based on calculated value of RCR and the given reflectances, we 10% margin is generally acceptable for meeting this target criterion
get 0.55 as the answer.
Spacing Criteria Spacing Criteria

For luminaires using essentially point sources of light, such as
Spacing Criteria is the maximum ratio of spacing to incandescent or HID lamps, the number of luminaires per row should
mounting height of the luminaire above the workplane be in proportion to the width-to-length ratio of the room
that provides reasonable uniformity of illumination
within the space
Spacing ratios for specific luminaires are given in the
data sheets published by each manufacturer. This
number, usually between 0.5 to 1.5, when multiplied
with the mounting height, gives the maximum distance
that the luminaires maybe separated and provide
uniform illuminance on the workplane
8
Spacing Criteria Spacing Criteria
For fluorescent luminaires, it is necessary to first establish the
The exact spacing between rows is calculated by dividing the room
maximum number that can be installed in one row. the maximum number
width by the number of rows
is calculated by subtracting at least 0.3 meter from the room length and
then dividing by the length of the luminaire. Spacing between luminaires in each row is calculated by dividing
the room length by the number of luminaires per row.
spacing between the outer luminaires and the adjacent wall is one-
half of the luminaire spacing
If desks or other work areas are to be located alongside the walls,
then the wall-to-luminaires spacing should be reduced to one-third of
the luminaire spacing
Spacing Criteria Illuminance at a Point-

Point-Direct Component
Examples:
What is the illuminance on a wall display from a
spotlight aimed at the display?
How much light is striking a point on the façade of a
building or in a parking lot from a floodlight?
Factors to consider
Luminous intensity
Distance
Orientation of the surface
Luminous Intensity Luminous Intensity

Luminous Flux in
a certain
Rotational symmetrical
direction, radiated
Light distribution same
per unit of solid in all planes
I
angle
Usually Circular or ‘Bowl
shaped’ luminaire
w Unit : Candela
Symbol : I
I = Luminous flux
=
φd
Solid Angle w
9
Luminous Intensity Luminous Intensity
Planar symmetrical
Luminaire distribution is Asymmetrical
confined to two vertical
planes separately Asymmetry present in one of
the Planes of measurement.
Typical distribution for
Fluorescent Lamp
luminaires and Road
Lighting
Distance Distance
Distance between a surface and the source affects the illuminance Light Source
(luminous flux per unit of area) striking that surface
Surface of a given area that is closer to the source captures a larger
D
portion of the flux in the cone than a surface of the same given area
i
that is further away E = I/ d2 s
Considering the luminous intensity as the luminous flux (lumens) t
Solid Angle w
leaving a source in a cone traveling in a specific direction, as the a
area increases the iluminance decreases while the luminous flux n
remains the same c
I e
Inverse Square Law states that the cross-sectional area of the cone
increases with the square of the distance from the source.
Therefore, the illuminance on this surface varies inversely with the
square of the distance from the source
Plane A P d
Distance Orientation of the Surface

Inverse Square Law Surface orientation is included in the Inverse Square
Law by adding a cos θ term:
E = I/ d2
E = I/ d2 cos θ
Where:
E = Illuminance on the surface
θ is the angle between the light ray coming from the
I = Luminous intensity of the source in the direction
source to the point, and a line that is perpendicular
of the surface (normal) to the plane or surface on which the illuminance
is being measured or calculated
d = Distance from the source to the surface
10
Orientation of the Surface Illuminance at a Point-
Example 1. This example will consider the illuminance at a single

point on a horizontal surface from a single luminaire straight down. An
Cosine
CosineLaw assumed LLF of 0.85 will be used.
Light Source θ Law
Distance, d
D = 2.13 m
θ = 15°
cosθθ
EE == II//dd22 cos LLF = 0.85
I
I = 2200 candelas
The luminous intensity (I) is determined using the photometric data for
the specific luminaire used and the angular relationship between the
luminaire aiming direction and the direction from the luminaire to the
Plane P calculation point.
Illuminance at a Point-
Point-Direct Component Illuminance at a Point-
Using the equation; Example 2. This example will consider the illuminance at a single point
on a horizontal surface from two luminaires aimed straight down. An
assumed LLF of 0.85 will be used and Luminaire #1 is the same in
E = I/ d2 x cos θ x LLFTOTAL Example 1.
E = 2200 cd x cos 15° x 0.85 D1 = 2.13m θ1 = 15°
2.13 m2 D2 = 2.29m θ2 = 25°
E = 398 lux (maintained) β1 = 15° I1 = 2200 cd
β2 = 25° I2 = 2000 cd
This tells us that 398 lux will strike the point in question directly from
the luminaire and no reflected light is calculated. The answer is a E1 = 398 lux (from previous calculation)
maintained illuminance level since a light loss factor of 0.85 was
E2 = 291 lux (from calculations)
included to account for the loss of light over time due to reduced lumen
output of the lamp and dirt on the luminaire surfaces. ETOTAL = E1 + E2 = 689 lux
Illuminance at a Point-
Point-Direct Component Illuminance at a Point-Direct Component
Example 3. This example will consider the illuminance at multiple points In Table 1, illuminance at point 2 is greater than at point
on a vertical surface from a luminaire aimed at the surface. An assumed 1 and illuminance at point 3 is the least. This is because
LLF of 0.85 will be used. the distance at point 2 is less than point 1 and the angle
Table 1. Components of Example 3 theta (θ ) at point 2 is less than at point 1, despite the fact
Point Distance, m θ°C β°C I LLF Emaintained
that the intensity in that direction is less.
1 1.74 45 0 2300 0.85 463 lux
2 1.37 27 18 2225 0.85 893 lux
Similar reasoning can be used with regard to point 3.
3 2.29 56 11 2100 0.85 194 lux
These two factors cause the illuminance at point 2 to be
The luminaire is now aimed at the vertical surface so β is no longer greater than the illuminance at point 3.
measured from straight down, and β and θ are no longer equal.
Illuminance is calculated using the same equation as the prior
examples.
11
Sample Calculations Sample Calculations
Sample Calculation 1:
The room to be lighted is as follows:
The calculations presented using various tables and figures
are only meant to give the user of this module a general Type of building : Commercial
overview of the design of lighting system, showing individual Area/activity : Drafting/tracing paper, low contrast
steps from the selection of the recommended luminance Average age of worker : 35 years
level, to the design of lighting layout.
Demand for speed and/or accuracy : Important
Task background reflectance : 75%
Size of room : 10.0 by 13.25 meters; 2.91 m ceiling
Height of work plane : 0.91 m

Solution:
Reflectance factors : Ceiling 80%, walls 50%, and floor 30%
Luminaire type : Type 2, IES Lighting Handbook Table ; 300 mm
Step 1: Determine the recommended illuminance level:
wide with two lamps
From Illuminance Table (IES Lighting Handbook) , the
Lamps : 430 mA, 40 W, 1200 mm, warm white, rapid start tubular illuminance category is F.
fluorescent lamps From the IES Lighting Handbook Table, the recommended level
Atmosphere : Clean is 1000 lux
Interval between cleaning : 12 months

Step 2: Draw a cross section of the room and determine cavity
heights. Note there is no ceiling cavity.
12
Step 4: Determine the effective floor cavity reflectance (pFC) from IES
Step 3: Calculate the cavity ratios using Equations and indicate
Lighting Handbook Table. Note that the effective ceiling cavity
dimensions.
reflectance is the same as the actual ceiling reflectance.

Step 5: Determine the coefficient of utilization:
30% 1.070 (from above)
It is necessary to interpolate for RCR = 1.75
28% (interpolate) 1.056
For luminaire 2, ñCC= 80% and ñW = 50%
20% 1.00
- Multiply by factor 0.9 as per note on IES Lighting

Handbook Table for luminaire 2, 300 mm wide using two
lamps.
Final Coefficient of Utilization

(CU) = 0.61 x 1.056 x 0.9 = 0.58

Step 6: Calculate the light loss factor (LLF):
- Ballast factor = 0.95
- LLD from IES Lighting Handbook Table is 84% (use 0.84)
- From IES Lighting Handbook Table, luminaire 2 is category V.
- LDD is 0.88
- RSDD: the light output is all down (direct distribution) the
luminaire is direct. From the graph in IES Lighting Handbook
Table , for a clean atmosphere at 12 months, the percent
expected dirt depreciation is 12%(use10%) and RSDD is 0.98.
LLF = 0.95 x 0.84 x 0.88 x 0.98 = 0.69 (two figure accuracy is
acceptable)
13
Step 7: Calculate the total initial lamp lumens (TILL) using the Step 8: Calculate the required number of luminaires using equation
equation below: below. From IES Lighting Handbook Table, the initial lumens
are 3175 and there are two lamps per luminaire.

Step 9: Select a practical layout for the luminaire:
- Assume continuous rows are required
- Calculate the maximum number per row lengthwise in the
room as in figure below for 1200-mm long luminaires.
- Number of rows required is 52/10 = 5

- Select 5 rows of 10 = 50

Step 10: Calculate the luminaire spacing using the figure below:
Sw = 10/5 = 2.0 m
Total length of each row = 10 x 1.2 = 12.0 m
14
Step 11: Check the maximum spacing allowed between rows: Step 12: Draw plan of the room and indicate the locations of
- From the IES Lighting Handbook Table, for luminaire 2, SC luminaires
is 1.4 for crosswise spacing.
- Maximum spacing = 1.4 x hRC = 1.4 x 2.0 = 2.8 m
- 2.0 m is within the limits

Step 13: Calculate the actual minimum maintained lighting level: Step 14: Calculate the unit power density (UPD); From the IES
Lighting Handbook table, the power input to the ballast for
each luminaire (two 430 mA, 1200 mm lamps) is 95 watts.
(within 4% of target value)

Sample Calculation 2. Illustrations in calculating illumination levels
The unit power density (UPD) of 35.85 W/m2 (3.33 watts per
(Lux) on certain lighting layout configurations:
square foot) is high. Before the advent of the energy shortage, this
value was accepted as normal. Today’s practices, however dictate
that the lighting load be kept as low as possible by using energy- Illumination of a conference room with OSRAM DULUX CARRÉ EL/D
saving lamps and ballast. 2 x 24 W, with two DULUX L 24 W compact fluorescent lamps.
In this example, the designer should start over with F32T8 or Room dimensions:
F36T8 lamps operated with electronic ballasts and go through the
calculations again to reduce the UPD. L = 15.00 m (length)
W = 8.00 m (width)
H = 3.40 m (ceiling-to-floor height)
h = 2.55 m (luminaire-to-work plane height)
15
Required quality of light: Lighting design data is available in EULUMDAT format
Conference room: Light color ww or nw, Ra group 2A for most OSRAM luminaires. EULUMDAT data can be
Illuminance read by a wide range of programs for lighting design,
E = 300 lux
including DIALUX (Version 2.0 and higher), RELUX,
SPECTRAL ƒn LUMAGIC and RADEMACHER BELWIN.
Selected lamp:
The table below shows the room utilization factor for
2 DULUX L 24 W, numerous combinations of room factors and reflectances
Light color LUMILUX Warm (always assuming ideal dispersion).
(LF 31/830), Ra group 1B, The illuminance E required in a room of area L x W is
Luminous flux per lamp achieved with n luminaires that have an efficiency çLB
and with lamps with a luminous flux φ.
ƒn= 1800 lumen

Luminaire efficiency and light
distribution:
OSRAM DULUX CARRÉ EL/D 2 X 24 W
Light distribution A40.2 hLB = 0.58
Reflectances:
ñ Ceiling = 0.8
ñ Wall = 0.5
ñ Work surface = 0.3
Room utilization factor:
From the LiTG Table
For A40.2 (Table 1)
çR = 0.91

Calculation:
Result:
24 luminaires (ç is rounded up)
Recommended arrangement:
3 rows of 8 luminaries
16
Sample Calculation 3. Given are the following :
General Information:
Project Identification: Shopping Mall
Width = 15 m
Average maintained Illuminance: 400 lux or 400 lux /1lux x 10.76fc
Length = 100 m
= 37.17 fc
Ceiling height = 3.5 m
Lamp data: 26W TC-D (compact fluorescent lamp)
Desired Illumination = 400 lux
Lamp flux: 1800 lumen (as per manufacturer’s data)
Type of Luminaire = 200mf Downlight w/ 26W TC-D Lamp
Luminaire data:
Manufacturer: Zumtobel Staff (Fumaco)
Model No: Panos HG 2/26W TC-D VVG 200
ñw = 50%

Selection of Coefficient of Utilization:
Step 2: Determine Cavity Ratio
Step 1: Fill in all information in sketch If from manufacturer’s data, CU table are given based on
Room Cavity Ratio
L (Length) = 100 m
W (width) = 15 m
h (height) = 3.5 m

If from manufacturer's data, CU table are given based on Step 3: Obtain effective cavity reflectance:
Room Index
Ceiling : cc = 70%
where:
Wall : w = 50%
Floor : fc = 20%
17
Step 4: Obtain Coefficient of Utilization from manufacturer's data:
by interpolation CU @ 1.34:
Based on Fig. 9-28 of IESNA Handbook @ RCR 1.34 @
70/50/20 reflectance
RCR = 0.64

Step 5: Compute for the Light Loss Factor (LLF)
LLF = Ballast factor x LLD x LDD x RSDD
Ballast Factor = 0.95
LLD (as per Figure 6.3 of IESNA Handbook) = Lumen maintenance
(LLD) of compact fluorescent lamp double Biax (TC-D) is LLD =
85%
LDD under luminaire maintenance category I @ very clean room using by Interpolation, x = 0.976 (RSDD)
Table 6-2 where maintenance frequency is every 12 months LDD = 0.96
Since luminaire is Direct downlight (as per Figure 6.4 of ELI handbook) LLF = 0.95 x 0.85 x 0.96 x 0.976
% Room Surface Dirt Depreciation (RSDDF) is = 12%
LLF = 0.76

Step 6: Compute for Initial Lamp Lumens (TILL) using equation below: Step 7: Calculate the required no. of luminaries using equation below.
From table lamp manufacturer’s data, the initial lamp lumens of 26W
TC-D lamp = 1,800 lumens
18
Step 8: Select a practical lay out for the luminaire. Step 9: Calculate Luminaire Spacing
Spacing Criterion, SC = spacing distance/mounting height
As per Figure 9-28 of IESNA Handbook, for 8" open reflector Number of luminaires per row = (15m-5.25m)/5.25 = ~ 2
using 2-26 CFL, SC = 1.5
Number of luminaires per column = 343/2 = 172 luminaires x 5.25
Spacing distance = 1.5 x 3.5 m = 5.25 m m (spacing) = 903 m which exceeded 150 m.
Spacing criterion with this case is not applicable
For this distance, 343 luminaires required to achieve 400 lux Assuming spacing at end rows = 1 m
illumination cannot be placed for the given area.
Number of luminaires/row = 15-2(1)/2 = 6.5 ~ 7 luminaires/row
Transverse spacing = 15-2(l)/6= 2.17 m

Step 10: Draw plan of the room and indicate the locations of
Total length at each row = 6 x 2.17 m = 13 m luminaries:
Space at end rows = 15-13/2 = 1 m
Number of luminaires/column = 343/7 = 49 luminaires/column
Longitudinal spacing = 100-2(1)/48 = 2.04 m
Total length at each column = 48 x 2.04 m = 98 m
Space at end rows = 100m-98m/2 = 1 m
Total luminaires = 7 x 49 = 343 luminaires

Step 11: Calculate the actual minimum maintained lighting level: Step 12: Calculate the power density (UPD) or connected load.
From manufacturers data, the power consumption of 2 x 26W TC-D
lamp using conventional ballast = 90watts, in using electronic ballast
E = 343/343 x 400 lux = 400 lux (within the target value) = 70 watts
19
Sample Calculation 4. Given the following data:
Width = 15 m
Length = 100 m
Ceiling height = 3.5 m
Desired Illumination = 400 lux
Type of Luminaire = 200mf Downlight w/ 26W TC-D Lamp
Luminaire : 8" Downlight with 70W Metal Halide Lamp
Lamp Flux : 6600 lumens (from manufacturer’s data) from Table
(Figure 9-28) of IESNA handbook CU of metal halide downlight #10
@ 70/50/20 reflectance & RCR of 1.34

Compute for the Light Loss Factor (LLF) Compute for the the total initial lamp lumens (TILL)
LLF = Ballast factor x LLD x LDD x RSDD

Ballast factor = 0.95
LLD of metal halide lamp = 0.85
LDD = 0.96
RSDDF = 0.976
LLF = 0.95 x 0.85 x 0.96 x 0.976
LLF = 0.76

Compute for the number of luminaires Compute for the number of luminaires/row
Spacing Criterion = 1.2, does not apply since total of 179
luminaires cannot be placed on the given area.
Assuming spacing criterion = 0.9
Spacing distance between luminaries = MH x SC
Spacing (Longitudinal) = 3.5 m x 0.9 = 3.15
Number of luminaires/column = 100/3.15 = 31 luminaires
Total length of column = 31 x 3.15 = 97.65 m
Space at end of column = (100-97.65)/2 = 1.175 m
Total luminaires at each row = 179/31 = 5.7 ~ 6 luminaires
20
Transverse spacing = 15m - 2(1.175m)/5 Draw plan of the room and indicate the locations of luminaries.
= 2.53 m
Total length of each row = 5 x 2.53m

= 12.65 m
Space at ends of row = (15 - 12.65)/2

= 1.175m
Total number of luminaries = 6 x 31

= 186 luminaires

Calculate the actual maintained lighting level. Calculate the unit power density (connected load), from lamp
manufacturer’s data, the power input of 70W metal halide lamp
= 81.5 Watts.
21

Module 4 Lighting Calculations

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Module 4 Lighting Calculations

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Contents

Determining Average Illuminance

Determining Average Illuminance Average Illuminance Equation

Ewp = average maintained illuminance on the work plane

The Lumen Method Total System Lamp Output

Each luminaire has its own CU table specific to that

Coefficients of Utilization (CU) Coefficients of Utilization (CU)

Coefficients of Utilization (CU) CU Determination

Since the coefficient of utilization is based on the room cavity ratio, it

Light Loss Factor Lamp Lumen Depreciation

Lamp Burnout Factor Room Surface Dirt Depreciation

Luminaire Dirt Depreciation Area of Workplane

Light Loss Factor Luminaire Ambient Temperature

Ballast Factor Ballast Lamp Photometer Factor

Equipment Operating Factor Lamp Position Factor

Loss Factor Determination Calculated Illuminance

Calculated Illuminance Calculated Illuminance

Calculated Illuminance Calculated Illuminance

Using the equation for RCR, we get 3 as the answer.

Spacing Criteria Spacing Criteria

Spacing Criteria Illuminance at a Point-

Luminous Intensity Luminous Intensity

Distance Orientation of the Surface

Example 1. This example will consider the illuminance at a single

Sample Calculations Sample Calculations

Interval between cleaning : 12 months

Sample Calculations Sample Calculations

Sample Calculations Sample Calculations

- Multiply by factor 0.9 as per note on IES Lighting

Final Coefficient of Utilization

Sample Calculations Sample Calculations

Sample Calculations Sample Calculations

- Number of rows required is 52/10 = 5

Sample Calculations Sample Calculations

Total length of each row = 10 x 1.2 = 12.0 m

Sample Calculations Sample Calculations

(within 4% of target value)

Sample Calculations Sample Calculations

Sample Calculations Sample Calculations

Sample Calculations Sample Calculations

Sample Calculations Sample Calculations

Sample Calculations Sample Calculations

Sample Calculations Sample Calculations

Sample Calculations Sample Calculations

Sample Calculations Sample Calculations

Sample Calculations Sample Calculations

Sample Calculations Sample Calculations

LLF = Ballast factor x LLD x LDD x RSDD

Sample Calculations Sample Calculations

Total length of each row = 5 x 2.53m

Space at ends of row = (15 - 12.65)/2

Total number of luminaries = 6 x 31

Sample Calculations Sample Calculations

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