PIROMETALURGI

Aglomeration, Drying,
Calcination, Roasting
PERTEMUAN 10
Aglomeration

Pengumpulan material halus  lebih kasar/besar

lebih porous
memudahkan untuk proses selanjutnya

Cara :
- Sintering
- Nudulizing
- Briqueting
- pelletizing
Raw Materials for Pyrometallurgy

• Fuels
– Coal, Coke, Natural Gas etc
– Electricity
• Ores
– Lump/Fines/Concentrate
• Fluxes

Need to be Prepared
Preparation of Raw Materials
• Form not Ideal
– Fines/Concentrate
– Make Sinter/Pellets

• Chemistry not ideal

– Sulphide can’t reduce
– Roast to oxide/sulphate
– Can combine with sintering

• Heat balance disrupted

– Moisture
– Carbonate
– May also be chemistry issues
– Dry/Calcine
 Drying
• Must Supply Heat
– Raise to drying temperature
– Heat of vaporization
• Hot gases normally available from main
process, if not can use cheap fuel
• Number of furnace options
– Rotary Kiln, Fixed/Fluidized Bed, low
tempertures minimize problems
Calcination

• Removal of chemically bound gasses

– CO2, carbonates
– H2O, hydrates
1
Roasting of Sulphides

• Oxidation of Sulphides
– 2ZnS +3O2=2ZnO+2SO2
– 2FeS2+5.5O2=Fe2O3+ 4SO2

• Can have side reactions to form sulphates

or complex oxides
– ZnFe2O4

• Usually below mpt, Can be used as part of

sintering
Thermodynamics of Roasting

Metal-Sulphur-Oxygen
Phase Rule
Maximum of five phases
Gas plus four
Gas Phase Equilibria
• S2+2O2=2SO2
• 2SO2+O2=2SO3
• For a given temperature, gas phase
defined by any two components
2
3
Predominance Area Diagram

• Shows the stable phase under different

conditions (gas pressures)
• Different sulphides roast to metal/oxide
under different conditions
• Predict possible processing routes
• Provides a processing “Map”
– Cannot move with complete freedom!
4
 Copper Roasting

• Can Roast Directly to Metal

– not normally “roasted”--- use matte smelting
• Can Remove the Major Impurity as Oxide
– Do this before converting to Cu.
 Roasting

• To Oxide (normal for subsequent reduction or leaching)

• To Metal (basis of matte smelting / converting)
• Chloride or Sulphate (readily leached)
5
 Zinc Sulphide Ores
• Cannot Roast to Metal
• Iron Content Critical to Product
– High Fe --- form Ferrite (harder to leach)
• High pO2 /High SO2 can form sulphate
– Easier to leach
Roasting of Sulphides

• Several Possibilities
– Oxide, Sulphate, Metal
• Depends on
– Thermodynamics of System
– Major Impurities
– Subsequent Process Steps
 What Have We Learned
• Drying
– Relatively low temp---- removing un-bound water.
– Need to heat to drying temp and vapourize water
• Calcination
– Higher temperature--- dissociate hydrates and carbonates
– Heat intensive but can use “cheap-fuel”

• Roasting Used to Pre-Process Ore

– Thermodynamics dictate approach,
– May need fuel/ May be AUTOGENOUS
• Predominance (Kellog) Diagrams Used as Process Maps
– Must obey constraints
– Must remember solution thermodynamics