Dionisio, Veniece An 1 Psych-2

Earthquake Concept Map

EARTHQUAKES

Cause: Earthquakes are the result of sudden movement along faults within the Earth
Earthquakes are caused by a
sudden release of stress along
faults in the earth's crust. The that releases stored up elastic strain energy in the form of seismic waves that
continuous motion of tectonic
plates causes a steady build-
up of pressure in the rock propagate through the Earth and cause the ground surface to shake.
strata on both sides of a fault
until the stress is sufficiently
great that it is released in a
sudden, jerky movement.
Earthquake Waves and Their Descriptions

P-waves S-waves Shear Waves

Travels Through:
Movement: Speed: Shear wav es
transverse waves that trav el at about half They can propagate
Travels Through: travel at the the speed of
travel slower than P - through solid
greatest velocity through the compressional waves
waves. In this case, rocks because these
Earth. When they travel (e.g., in iron, 3,200 rocks have enough
Speed: travel at the speed through air, they take the particle motion
metres per shear strength.
of sound (330 ms-1) form of sound waves. is perpendicular to second compared
through air but may the direction of wave with 5,200 metres
travel at 5000 ms- propagation. per second).
1
in granite.
Travels Through: slower
than the P wav e and
Movement:
Movement: Because of S-wav es are shear
their speed, they are the arriv es next, shaking wav es, which move
Speed: 3.8 the ground up and particles
first waves to be down and back and
kilometers (2.4 perpendicular to their
recorded by f orth perpendicular to
miles) per second direction of
a seismograph during an the direction it is
propagation.
trav eling.
earthquake.
Things to Do Before, During, and After Earthquake
BEFORE
 Develop a family earthquake plan. Prepare
yourself and your home by completing the
activities on this checklist.
 Decide how and where your family will
reunite if separated.
 Choose an out-of-area friend or relative
who separated family members can call
after the quake to report their whereabouts
and condition.
 Know the safe spots in each room: under
sturdy tables, desks, or against inside
walls.
 Know the danger spots: windows, mirrors,
hanging objects, fireplaces and tall,
unsecured furniture.
 Conduct practice drills. Physically place
yourself in safe locations.
 Learn first aid and CPR (cardiopulmonary
resuscitation) from your local American
Red Cross chapter or other community
organization.
 Keep a list of emergency phone numbers.
DURING
 If indoors, stay there and take cover under
a table, desk, or other sturdy furniture.
 Face away from windows and glass doors.
 A doorway without a door is an acceptable
location in which to stand.
 Lie, kneel or sit near a structurally sound
interior wall or corner away from windows,
brick fireplaces, glass walls, etc.
 Protect your head and body from falling or
flying objects.
 Remain where you are until shaking stops.
Think out your plan of action first, then
move.
 Know exit routes if in a commercial
building. Take cover and don't move until
the shaking stops.
 If outside, get into an open area away from
trees, buildings, walls and power lines.
 Lie down or crouch low to maintain
balance.
 Get to the best available shelter if there is
no open area available.
AFTER
 Check for injuries. Render first aid. Do not
move seriously injured victims unless they
are in immediate danger. Do not use the
telephone immediately unless there is a
serious injury, fire or other emergency.
Hunt for hazards.
 Check for other hazards and control them
(fire, chemical spills, toxic fumes and
possible collapse).
 Check utilities (water, gas, electric). If there
is damage, turn the utility off at the source.
 Check for other hazards and control them
(fire, chemical spills, toxic fumes and
possible collapse).
 Check building for cracks and damage,
including roof, chimneys, and foundation.
 Check food and water supplies.
 Emergency water can be obtained from
water heaters, melted ice cubes, canned
vegetables, and toilet tanks.
 Never use matches, lighters or candles
inside.
 Turn on the radio and listen for emergency
broadcasts/announcements, news reports,
and instructions. Cooperate with public
safety officials.