DRRR RECITATION PREP

WEEK 1

Hello, my name is Yong-kyun Kim, working for the Ministry of Interior and Safety of Korea. 
20 years ago, I embarked on a personal and professional journey to find the answer to a
fundamental question, how can a nation be resilient to disaster? To answer this question for
you, I will connect four fundamental parts into whole. The concept of disaster, the evolution of
disaster risk management, disaster policies of Korea, and our resilient feature. I hope by the end
of this lecture, you will have a better understanding of not only what is disaster risk
management, but also what should be done for our disaster resilient feature. This lecture is
composed of five sections. The first part is designed to help you develop a conceptual framework
of disaster risk management through understanding the concepts of disaster, disaster
categorization, and leading disaster theories. This part also describes the evolutionary trajectory
of disaster risk management. The second one will address the statistical characteristics of Korean
disasters, and identify focusing event that triggered the policy change. The third part will explain
sound disaster policies of Korea, through four phases of disaster management:
mitigation, preparedness, response, and recovery. The first part is science and technology for
disaster risk management. Finally, in the last part, I will propose 10 principles for disaster
resilient nation. It targets policy improvements for Korea. However, the 10 principles can also
be applied to other countries once it is tailored to their social, economic, and cultural
environment.

There has been ongoing debate on defining and conceptualizing a term for human caused and
naturally occurring calamities. A commonly used English word is disaster. The concept of
disaster has been understood and defined in various ways, depending on the era and the purpose
of users such as national government, UN agencies, and scholars. So, what is the etymology of
disaster? The commonly used English word disaster originated from the Latin words 'Dis +
Astro.' Meaning, Ominous Star. Disaster as reflected in this origin, had been historically used to
lifo or messy and sudden calamity due to the unfavourable position of our planet or
star. Implying impossible to control because it was caused by God's will. In other words, disaster
had been mostly considered as a naturally occurring event resulting from natural hazards such as
typhoons and earthquakes. Currently, it has matured to include the disasters triggered by
technological and social hazard, reflecting the evolutionary circumstances of contemporary
society. In Korean, the word disaster is translated as Jae-nan or Jae-hae. To conceptualize
disaster more clearly, I will examine the terms related to disaster, which are safety, security, risk,
and crisis. First, the English word safe originated from the old French word 'sauf' meaning free
from danger. Which is derived from the Latin word 'salvus' meaning in good health. Its accepted
depiction is nothing dangerous or harmful. Since the 19th century, it has been commonly used to
sort out industrial accident. The word safety is translated in Korean as An-jeon. An-jeon is
composed of two characters, 'An' meaning uncomfortable state, and 'jeon' meaning a whole and
entire state. Second, the term security ordinate from a combination of the Latin word, 'se'
meaning without, and 'cura' meaning concern or care. Therefore, it originally indicates no
anxiety. Its accepted definition is the state of being protected or safe from harm. In Korea, the
term security in the UN Charter of 1947 was translated as An-bo. Third, the term risk originated
from Spanish nautical word meaning penetrating into the reefs. As a term risk became widely
used, its meaning expanded to mean a hardship that must be injured to obtain wealth. In modern
times, researchers and government officials have developed diverse definitions about risk to
reflect the nature of his variety. The United Nations developed program defines the risk as the
probability of a harmful consequences or expected loss resulting from interactions
between nature or human induced nature and vulnerable conditions. In the national infrastructure
protection plan, Department of Homeland Security considered risk element as threat to nature
and magnitude, vulnerability to a threat, and consequence that could result. Hado in 2014 noticed
that that risk is composed of three elements. First one, the probability and frequency of hazard
occurring. Second, the level of exposure of people and property to the hazard, and three, the
effect or costs both direct and indirect over this exposure. Finally, the origin of the word
crisis comes from the Greek word 'Krinein' meaning separate, and it is used as the medical term
of a turning point of life and death. Quarantelli in 1998, viewed that a crisis of a certain
organization appears in the three following interrelated conditions. A type of threat including
organizational value, sudden occurrence of one unexpected event, and a need to resDisasterpond
collectively as the outcome may seem more negative otherwise. The acceptable definition of the
term crisis is a difficult or dangerous situation that needs serious attention. The Korean word for
risk is 'Wi-gi'. 'Wi' meaning danger and 'gi' meaning opportunity. In Korea, the Framework Act
on the Management of the Disasters and Safety defines disaster as what causes or is likely to
cause any harm to the lives, bodies, and properties of citizens and the state. When it was enacted
in 2004, the act categorized the disaster into three types. Disasters triggered by nature hazard,
human-caused disasters, and social disasters caused by the parallelization of the state's political
systems. In 2013, the revised version of the act combined human cause of disasters and social
disasters into one word, social disaster. The currently used definition of disaster in Korea is any
of the following which actually causes or is likely to cause any harm to their lives, physical
safety, and property of citizens and the state, with the two categorization, natural disaster and
social disaster. The first appearance of the definition of disaster in Korean law was in the 1967
countermeasure against the Typhoons and Floods Act, where the Korean word for disaster Jae-
hae was defined as damages caused by a flood, downpour, heavy snow fall, storm, or tidal wave
and other natural phenomena. Which means, disaster triggered by climatological, hydrological,
and meteorological hazards. With regard to human-caused disasters, the disaster Control Act
enacted on July 18th,1995. In the wake of the sample department store collapse defined the
Korean word Jae-nan as accidents that may cause any harm to their lives and properties of
citizens and the state such as fire, collapse, explosure, surface substance, 
chemical, biological, and radioactive accident. An environmental pollution incidents excluding
natural disasters. In this act, disaster was interpreted to be the Korean word Jae nan, meaning the
disaster triggered by technological hazard or man-made hazard. Therefore, this act brought about
confusion over the concept of disaster in Korea until it was abolished in 2004, leveling the single
English word disaster with the two different terms, Jae-hae and Jae-nan. Moving to how other
nations perceive and define disaster. First, the United States of America distinguished major
disaster from emergency in the Robbert T. Stafford, Disaster Relief and Emergency Assistance
Act. In the Stafford act, emergency means any occasion or instance for which in the
determination of the president, federal assistance is needed to supplement state and local
efforts and capabilities to save lives and to protect property, public health, and safety. Or to
lessen the threat of a catastrophe in any part of the United States. In contrast, major disaster
mean any natural catastrophe or regardless of cause, any fire, flood, or explosion in any part of
the USA, which in the determination of the president causes damage of a sufficient severety and
magnitude to warrant major disaster assistance under the act. The purpose of the major disaster
declaration is to supplement the effort and available resources of state and local
governments, and disaster relief organizations in alleviating the damages, loss, hardship, or
suffering. In Japan, disaster is defined as damages caused by Typhoon, downpour, heavy
snowfall, flood, tidal wave, earthquake, tsunami, volcanic eruption, other natural phenomena, or
massive fire explosion, and other causes in The Basic Disaster Countermeasure Act. All three
countries have commonly referred to disaster as what is triggered by natural, technological, or
social hazard. The United Nations Office for Disaster Risk Reduction perceives disaster as a
serious disruption of the functioning of a community or a society involving widespread human
material, economic, or environmental losses and impacts. In general, when disaster occurs the
impact exceeds the ability of the affected community or society to cope using its own
resources. Normally, in which way disaster is perceived, they are essentially the same. In
particular, I wanted to emphasize that Stafford Act is not just a technical issue, but should be
understood as a social, economic, and environmental issue. Also, how each person or
organization perceive and react to the risk is getting more important in the disaster risk
management.

WEEK 2

Now, let's look at how disasters are categorized in Korea. Currently, disasters fall into two main
categories, natural and social disasters. The first being natural are composed of pungsu-hae,
earthquakes, volcanic activity and other disasters triggered by natural hazards such as a low
dosed and red tide. More specifically, pungsu-hae means disasters triggered by hydrolyzed
hazard. Examples of these are typhoons, frost, heavy rain fall, strong winds, wind waves, sea
waves, tidal water, heavy snow fall or other natural phenomena associated with the hydrological
hazard. A damage caused by an earthquake includes a direct damage by ground vibrations such
as building collapse and the following fire and explosion. The second disaster category is social
disaster, which includes chemical accidents, building collapse, infectious disease and other
disasters triggered by technological hazard or social phenomenon such as water pollution, large
scale fires and domestic animal diseases. So, we can now turn our attention to defining and
giving purpose to disaster management in general. The purpose of disaster management is to
improve the quality of life of  citizens by predicting and preventing catastrophic events,  by
minimizing and mitigating the impact,  by preparing for and responding to emergencies and by
recovering from the damage.  It is composed of two types of countermeasures.  One the structural
measures such as constructing levees and dams,  reinforcing buildings against earthquake and
other hardware countermeasures.  The other is non-structural countermeasures which include
education,  training, planning and other activities of building a safety culture.  An American
scholar categorized disaster management as four phases in 1948. Since then, the four phases
became popular to explain the disaster management system and evaluate it in various ways. Let's
look at the mitigation phase first. Mitigation is a strategy to eliminate or reduce risk before it
happens. This is done through various activities such as retrofitting property against earthquake
damaging, building flood ways to move water away from areas sensitive to damage or
developing for shelters. It also include development of a risk maps, insurance, land use planning
or re-engineering disaster prone areas. Preparedness is a strategy to have equipment and
procedures available when disaster strikes. It includes developing emergency operation plants,
establishing all systems, setting up risk communication systems in advance and
preparing emergency resources in order to quickly mobilize and activate them during
emergencies. 
The response is the phase of  disaster management that is the most advisable by the public.  This
phase is composed of activating emergency operation plans,  evacuating and rescue
citizens,  search and rescue efforts and implementing emergency support functions.  It
fundamentally tries to bring normalcy to the affected area as expediently as possible.  The last
phase is the long-term recovery. It looks at the disaster from many perspectives figuring out what
is right or wrong and what can be learned from it. The main focus is to find out the root cause of
the damages and to develop and implement long-term recovery plans.
 WEEK 2 (2.0)

In ancient and Medieval times, disasters were considered the divine wrath of God. Ancient
human societies considered praying to God as the only way to ward off disaster. When the first
major did occur it was seen as God's punishment for sinful or disrespectful behavior. During
such historical catastrophe epics like Noah's Great Flood, the Great Fire of Rome in AD 64,
and the Black Death in Medieval Europe tens of thousands of people perished. However, neither
the government nor the people contemplate that the root causes of the disaster.

There's no reason to ponder the root causes, as prayer was the only prescription to overcome
disaster because catastrophe was a way of God's punishing sinners. It is noteworthy however that
there were efforts during the ancient and Medieval times to put counter measures against God's
method of punishment, and preparations to overcome the result of God's disasters. From my
research, the initial ordinance of disaster management began in 86, when the Roman Emperor
Augustus organized a professional fire brigade, as well as vigilantes to monitor different areas of
Rome. The 1000-strong vigilantes were responsible for seven quadrants of the city, being placed
in seven groups to handle the 14 administrative districts of Rome. These seven groups were
responsible for preventing, monitoring and extinguishing threatening fires within their
designated area of responsibility. In AD 64 a massive conflagration broke out, known later as the
Great Fire of Rome. In the wake of the disaster, the ruling emperor Nero instituted a series of
building codes to prevent yearly occurrence over disastrous fires. Which included the use of
geometric architectural forms and open spaces to prevent the rapid spread of fire if one broke out
again. The most infamous disaster that had occurred, during the European Medieval ages is the
14th Black Death.

It was known as the Black Death, decimating one-third of the population. At the time of the
outbreak of the plague, the authorities, citizens, and even medical doctors were ignorant of the
cause of the disease. And thus implemented inappropriate response methods, which resulted in
the spread and mutation of the pathogen. However, it is notable that the authorities made some
efforts to reduce the impact of the disease with the Black Death as an impetus. A policy to isolate
people who were possibly carrying the virus for 40 days from entering cities was
introduced. And it is interpreted as the starting point of the public health policies.

It took another century to pass and a catastrophic event to occur before the to adopt the scientific
method. In Lisbon, Portugal on November first, 1755, on All Saints Day a catastrophic
earthquake called the great Lisbon earthquake rocked the just waking up city with the magnitude
of around nine on the Richter magnitude scale. It resulted in huge death tolls ranging from
10,000 to 100,000, and it is considered as one of the deadliest earthquakes in history. After the
earthquake, society, government, and disaster management companies including insurance
companies started to look at disasters from a wider perspective. Research into earthquakes using
scientific methods began in earnest. And preparations for future disasters were implemented by
conducting damage investigation and reconstructing the damage the city using a work
plan. Hereby, people began to move away from the geocenter disaster management toward
people-centered disaster management. Furthermore, after to the Great Lisbon Earthquake,
academic majors to disaster relief, seismology and earthquake engineering became available for
study.

In the USA, the modern disaster management started with the 1803 Great Conflagration that
broke out in Portsmouth, New Hampshire. Which was followed by the 1803 US Congress Act
for the federal government to support the disaster recovery and relief for New Hampshire. This
act is regarded as the first legal support for disaster affected state and local government by the
US federal government. However, after this exact month it took another century for the US
federal government to provide comprehensive disaster relief to state governments damaged by a
catastrophe or natural disaster.

In the 19th century disaster response and relief in the United States was very ad hoc and was
provided only by local groups. Noticing the severe limitations of these local groups had disaster
relief, the US federal government, specifically the US Congress, assigned the American National
Red Cross as the official organization for the federal government for disaster relief in 95. Since
then, the Red Cross has served as the primary organization for disaster relief in the United
States. Just in time to provide relief for catastrophic events, such as the 1906 fire in San
Francisco and 1926 hurricane in Miami, and 1927 flood of the Mississippi River downstream in
the United States. At the start of the 20th century, government scholars started to look into the
vulnerability of societies by disasters, focusing on the embedded risk in this society. As these
perspectives matured on in-depth exploration started on new risks occurring in modern
society, was conducted by European scholars such as. In the late 1900s and early 20th century,
the war-based approach, or Consumer model grew out of the ideological confrontation that swept
through Europe. The approach adopted war research methodologies to disaster studies, and
matured during the Cold War between the USSR and the United States. The approach adopting
military logistical precision helped to improve disaster response and resource allocation during
crisis situations. However, it was limited as it ignored citizenry participation by putting too much
focus on external effects, like war. After the Cold War ended, these approaches seemed
antiquated and took another major event to see its demerit.
and follow transcript7:54Though in 1995, Kobe earthquake was the worst earthquake to
hit Japan in the 20th century, and forced the Japanese prevention authorities to reevaluate every
aspect of their disaster management system. In response to the widespread damages to
transportation, infrastructure, and the resulting effect on the emergency response times in the
disaster area. The Ministry of land, infrastructure, and transport began designating
especially prevention roads and reinforcing the roads in surrounding buildings so as to keep them
as intact as possible in the event of another earthquake. In summary the way humans have
responded to disasters has evolved starting from praying to God for countermeasures to
understanding hazard to research on natural phenomena such as earthquake and hurricanes. And
the reducing the vulnerability of disease causing factor embedded in a society through human
endeavor. The development of science and technology and increase interest in human society
has made disaster shift from God's domain to natural and social science areas. In addition,
increased citizen’s right made the government become actively engaged in disaster management.

Now, let's look at the characteristics of disasters in contemporary society. Uncertainty,

cumulativity, complexity. In modern society, it's getting harder to know when, where, and how
disaster will occur.
Now, let's look at the characteristics of disasters in contemporary society. Uncertainty,
cumulativity, and complexity. In modern society, it is getting harder to know when, where and
how disaster will occur. The recent catastrophic events in various nations, such as MERS in
Korea in 2011, earthquake and tsunami, and the subsequent Fukushima Daiichi nuclear power
plant accident in Japan. Shows that authorities failed to increase the predictability major of
uncertainty, relying on past data, or disaster's precedent to build disaster countermeasures. The
other characteristics of a modern disaster is the cumulativity risk. The 2014 Sewol ferry sinking
Korean incident shows that accumulated risk can cause catastrophic emergencies.

Finally, the increasing interconnectivity and network system make the world more complex and
much harder to build resilience. For example, the Ebola virus that struck sub-Saharan
Africa occurred mainly in isolated villages before 2013. However, after a significant increase of
activity between the United States, Europe, and the Africa, the Ebola virus that struck West
Africa in 2014 was easily transmitted from its origin source to Europe and the United States.
Another threat of disasters that take place with unexpected cause is an unexpected place of
emergence, which is one of the characteristics of complexity theory. The risk to society, and
Charles theory share a similar understanding with complexity theory in that the emerging risk in
modern society is closely related with this increased complexity, including high-risk
facilities. Thus we need to think about what are the appropriate measures to cultivate the
complexity emerges and interconnectivity in the contemporary society.
 WEEK 2 (3.0)
Heinrich, an American scholar who was very interested in safety developed a law stating
that, cumulative risk can cause a catastrophic event. Through a scientific statistical approach on
various industrial accident that were once believed to take place unexpectedly. Heinrich found
massive disasters are coded to the negligence of minor defections. His law is called the law
1:29:300 law, which means that before or catastrophic event happen 29 minor injuries and 300
insignificant injuries occur. Originally, Heinrich's law was applied to investigate industrial
accidents, but it is now extended to rules related to accident, disasters, and failures throughout all
kinds of areas in contemporary society. The 1:29:300 rule is meaningful for disaster risk
management in that it is set rule to explain quantitatively to process or one evolutionarily instant
starting from a small extent and resulting in our catastrophic event. Heinrich also supplied the
domino theory to disaster areas, and indicated that in order for the disaster to take place on
inappropriate directional flow occurs sequentially. That is, in order for a disease to occur, a
number factors operate in a complex manner. The consequences of a sequential influences or
such causes leader to a series of flows in the wrong direction. The theory emphasizes
fundamental elements before accidents take place. To explains, there are three potential elements
as follows: the first condition, is human genetic component or socially undesirable
phenomena. The second condition is flows caused by the first condition. The third one is unsafe
actions mechanical and physical, caused by the second condition. Among the three conditions
that cause a disaster. The first condition of inherited element or social environment, and the
second condition of inherited or acquired the human effect are hard to be rectified. Contrastively,
the risk by third condition can be significantly reduced through safety education and strengths or
safety devices. Therefore, Heinrich insisted that, if the third condition is effectively eliminated
disasters can be prevented before they occur. The Sampoong Department to Store collapse
accident in Korea is a typical example of a Heinrich's law. The accident happened because no
countermeasures hadn't been taken, even though there are many signals before the accident. The
Department Store open this business with the inborn structural problems during the construction
process. Around 76 tons of equipment was installed on the rooftop which are four times more
than its original design load and reinforcing bars were taken out of place. Along with the
problematic construction, the poor management was another cause of the accident, staff and
maintenance crews overlooked minor symptoms such as cracks in the ceilings, and damage to
the floor of the rooftop, which are the Heinrich 300 potential elements. In addition, although
customers and employees raised several concepts about the general hazard of the building such
as vibrating sound from an air conditioner, and many cracks in the walls, no corrective measures
were taken even after receiving evaluations from experts which are part of the 29 small
accident. Neglecting potential elements eventually led to a massive accident with more than
1,000 casualties. Around the 1980's, an in-depth exploration on new risks that occurred in
modern society was conducted by Europeans scholars such as Ulrick Beck Ulrich Beck a
German sociologist suggested The concept of the Risk Society as a solution to and technical
safety issues. and technical staff teachers. Beck defined the risk society as a society were
socially produced the risk is inherently accompanied by socially produced wealth. He also
instituted that industrial society should it be addressed through our comprehensive
perspective, which includes social, historical, and technological views. He noted that the increase
of risk is an inevitable byproduct of rapid industrialization, and thus the disaster occurrence in
modern times becomes more difficult to predict. In his book World Risk Society, Beck argued
that modern society is a risk society replete with the risks throughout, and emphasize that
multiplication of cross- border risks and international dangers, that no single nation can take care
on his own. Also, during his lecture at Seoul National University in 2008, Beck pointed out those
similarities between the Asian financial crisis in the 1990's, and the Chernobyl nuclear accident
in 1986 stressing the importance that all nations must work together to reduce global risk on the
basis of our common understanding that they are facing the global risk. According to the Beck
this emerging risk is a result of what the pounding over traditional relational boundaries in the
spatial, temporal, and social dimensions. Beck also emphasized the ambivalence of risk in
modern society. He noted that, the emergence of a global scale catastrophic event, and at the
same time he also emphasized that there are increasing opportunities of international cooperation
coping it global risk. As noted earlier, Becks´ risk society and Perrow’s normal accident theory
share a similar understanding with complexity theory. In depth, the emerging risk modern
society is closely related with this increased complexity. The next disaster theory is the Normal
Accident Theory proposed in the book titled Normal Accident by Charles Perrow in
1984. Perrow, a professor of sociology at Yale University insisted that, complex systems such as
nuclear power plants hold risk of accidents. There are some unavoidable accidents called normal
accident that have a high probability of occurring, regardless of safety measures and devices. His
Normal Accident theory is based on the Three Mile Island nuclear power plant accident in
Pennsylvania in 1979, the first nuclear power plant crisis. He refers to a system accident as an
event that involves the unanticipated interaction of multiple failures deflecting the characteristics
of high-risk systems in which multiple and unexpected interactions of failures are
inevitable. Perrow's theory insist that accidents in today's cutting-edge technological societies are
closely related with the complexity technological and mechanical structures with built-in
risks, and those risks are therefore are normal part of our lives. In the extremely complex system
individual technologies interact closely, and inseparably throughout on Heinrich's law. This
complex system is prone to catastrophe, whenever one of the interwoven elements begins to
dysfunction. Also, in tightly coupled systems, disaster can be caused by complex interactions in
which a ripple effect spreads as a whole due to a string of errors when a single element
fails. Some scholars criticize the normal accident theory in that it overemphasize the
vulnerability of a high-risk facilities. The high reliability theory is a typical example over the
critics. Professors from UC Berkley and organizational theorists proposed the high reliability
theory based on research of various organizations fraught with disaster risk, such as NASA the
nuclear industry, aviation, and massive or petrochemical facilities in the United States. They
insisted that sophisticated quality controls are settle the safety culture and continuous education
and training can prevent disaster at high-risk facilities. However, really spective all those critics
Perrow's normal accidental theory provides a beneficial lens through which we may view and
analyze the risks in contemporary society. Since the theory explains the risk as a matter
of organizational characteristics imbedded in associative system, it overcomes the short comings
of the size and the canal is centered approach. It provides sociological explanations for
organizational risks that are likely to cause massive collateral damage at high-risk facilities such
as, in petrol chemical factories and nuclear power plant. Though disaster incubation and theory is
a theory or by accident and it draws the attention to the causes of the disasters. It was derived
from Barry Turners critic against the high reliability theory which is critic over the normal
accident theory. Turner presented a sequence model of intelligence a failure to describe the
manifestation of incubated disaster. The incubation theory is based on Simon's Rationalized
Boundary framework, and tries to overcome the shortcomings of the technological the session
risking. Turner insists that major accidents or disasters would occur after an incubation period as
a result of missing or overlooked persistent signs. The Rasmussen's dynamics safety model
illustrate, how a system can operate safely inside the boundaries of an envelope. But is always
under constant threat of drifting towards the boundary to performance failure. He advocates a
shift our focus from the error, to the dynamic interactions and mechanism leading up to the
error. Rasmussen's illustrate these with his dynamic safety model, consisting of three boundaries
forming our safety envelope that constitute the work space within which the system can work
safely. The three boundaries are: the boundary to economic failure, the boundary to unacceptable
oil growth, and the boundary of a functionally acceptable performance or the boundary of
performance failure. The model also consists of an error margin towards a performance of failure
resulting in an inner perceived the boundary to performance of failure. In 1997, Rasmussen
created the action map which he graphically describes specific accident scenarios and
illustrates the causal flow of events including the acts and decisions, within system hierarchical
levers as Rasmussen described in the risk management framework. In 2004, they presented the
STAMP model. System-Theoretic Accident Model and Processes. The model describes systems
as a hierarchy of control based on adaptive feedback mechanisms and explains how a failure of
control system safety produces accident when it comes to design and operation. Also in 2004,
[inaudible] introduces the FRAM model, the Functional Resonance Analysis Method which
graphically shows the system as a collection of interrelated self systems and functions that
perform at variant degrees. When those variance resonation methodology they produce an order
of variation that is uncontrollable, with the end result of being in an accident.

WEEK 2 (4.0)

The Republic of Korea is known as the miracle of the Han River, because it is one of the most
successful countries in economic growth after World War II. Its gross national income in 2013
was US $26,205 compared to US $77 of gross national income in 1964. It is the 9th country in
the world to achieve a trading volume of one trillion US dollars. It is also the seventh member to
join the 2050 club, which means a per capita income of about US $20,000 with a population of
50 million. However, it also has obstacles with the recurring preventable disasters. Around
28,000 lives were lost in 2015 due to accidents, which is 78 deaths per day. It also recorded the
highest fatality rate by accident among the 19 OECD member countries, which is 12.8 %
compared to the 6.6 % OECD average. As I mentioned previously, Korea is considered to be one
of the quickest modernized economies which means, a rapidly develop from a poor nation to a
leading OECD nation within 50 years. However, in the same period, it experienced the typical
disaster trajectory types and also complexity disaster types. The Korean people have suffered
many casualties, uncountable political damage, and severe economic loss caused by various
disasters, in the vehicle large-scale disasters which I label as a focusing events. Korea has
successfully improved its disaster response ways, and strengthened its resilient to disasters with a
strong political will and effective public policy. In other words, Korea has a well experienced
building resilience and achieving institutional reforms with repeated economic growth while
coping into various natural, technological and social disasters, and also new types of disasters,
consecutively or even simultaneously within the last few decades. Korea has continuously
improved the way it reduced the disaster risk where it gets its impact and prepare for and respond
to disaster for a resilient future. Persisting endeavor to build back better and to enhance
resilience. Now, let's see in more detail how the Korean Government has improved its own
disaster risk management system. First, disaster management start with the establishment of what
are utilized in the region and the firefighting division under the Ministry of Interior in 1948, and
the coast guard in 1953. Even after the organizations were established, the level of the response
to disaster was not professional. When a Typhoon or heavy rain triggered a disaster, most
government relief measures, relied on international assistance. That is possibility for dealing
with a natural disaster specifically water-related disasters like floods was transferred from the
Ministry of interior to the Ministry of Construction in 1961. This means that the Korean
Government started to invest structural countermeasures against natural disasters by constructing
dams and levees. During that time, water-related disasters were a significant threat to the society
and so the countermeasures against Typhoons and Floods Act was enacted in 1967. It was the
first institutional law providing our definition of disaster and constituting the overall water-
related disaster management system in Korea. At that time, there was no legal definition or
perception about social disaster except for fire. The milestone regarding the Natural Disaster
Management system occurred in 1990, following the collapse of a levee in the Eastern
region. The collapse was due to the development of a rain front that stayed over the Central
region for three days. The collapse caused 126 deaths and 187,265 displaced people. The
triggering event served as a momentum that forced the Korean government to shift it's disaster
response policy from structure oriented measures to a balanced approach between structural and
non-structural measures, and to emphasize the cooperation between National and Local
Governments for an effective disaster response. The second evolutionary step took place in the
wake of the collapse of Seongu bridge in 1994 and also, the collapse of Sampoong Department
Store in 1995. On October 21, 1994, at 07:38 AM, the Seongu Bridge collapsed and caused 49
casualties, 32 deaths and 17 injuries. A multiple of reasons lead to the accident, poor
construction techniques in welding, safety related effect, inefficient regular checkups, diagnosis
and repairs and careless repairs of the heavy vicar Lane and floor beams. A year after on January
5, 1995, the Special Act on the Safety Control of Public Structures was established to improve
the utility of public structures through safety inspections and proper maintenance. However, the
Sampoong Departments Store collapse happened just several months after the accident
enactment of the special act on the safety control of public structure. The department collapse
accident caused a total of 1,439 casualties and 34 billion Korean Won in property damage. The
frequent design change, the irresponsible extension of the construction works after
completion, the out-of-control maintenance office, and the catalogues regard to safety
protocols were the direct and indirect causes of the accident. In the wake of the accident, the
Disaster Control Act was established on July 18th, 1995. The Act included government tasks
about response recovery and relive about human-caused disasters. Also, a national 119 rescue
service team was established on October 19th, 1995. In November of the same year, the Disaster
Control Department to deal with the human caused disasters was established in the Ministry of
Home Affairs. Disaster Risk Management Agency are established in local areas. Whereby,
starting or stand out systematically, managing human-caused disasters. On December 6th,
1995, the Countermeasure Against Typhoon and Flood Act was amended to the Countermeasure
Against Natural Disaster Act. As the act was the revised, earthquakes and droughts were added
to the category of natural disasters. Also, a disaster countermeasure committee was established
under the Ministry of Interior. The Center and Local Disaster Countermeasure headquarters were
installed and operated as emergency operating institutions. With the two Acts; the
Countermeasure Against Natural Disaster Act and the Disaster Control Act, Korea started to
manage disasters in a comprehensive way. The third triggering events occurred in 2002 and
2003. In August 2002, Typhoon Rusa grew to be a mega typhoon causing 213 deaths with 33
missing, and made 63,085 homeless. Also around 10 trillion Korean Won was spent on long-
term recovery project. In September 2003, Typhoon Maemi, another massive typhoon formed
and landed on the peninsula. It caused 117 death and made six 61,844 people homeless. Also, it
caused 4.22 trillion Korean Won in property damage. The Daegu Subway fire occurred at
Jungang station along the Daegu subway line number one. 

This accident was caused by a man with a strong disability Grade 2, who set the fire to his
clothes and ventures in the 1079 subway train. The accident resulting in a total of about 339
casualties. The Roo Moo-hyun administration adopted the improvement of National Disaster
Management System as one of the top priorities. At the first cabinet meeting after his
inauguration, the President ordered to establish an independent disaster management agency to
effectively manage all types of disasters. As a result, the National Emergency Management
Agency, the first independent disaster management agency in Korea was established in June
2004. In addition, the Framework Act on Disasters and Safety Management integrated the legal
systems that had been dualized by the Natural Disaster Countermeasure Act and the Disaster
Control Act. Also, social disasters such as the collapse of our national critical infrastructure, was
added to the concept of the disaster. NEMA is meaningful as the first independent agency to
cope with natural and human-caused disasters in Korea. Although, it had admitted the
coordinating power due to its status as a vice ministerial level agency. NEMA accomplished
noticeable achievements in the improvement of disaster risk management by enacting of retro
acts for each phase of disaster management from 2004 to 2014. After its establishment in
2004, NEMA accomplished a noticeable institutional development. For example, it revised the
Countermeasure against Natural Disaster Act in 2005, which introduced the prevention central
systems like the preliminary disaster inspection system and the comprehensive plans for the
reduction of damages from storm and flood. Also, the Storm and Flood Insurance Act in 2006
was enacted to strengthen the private function of voluntary disaster preservation measures. These
institutional improvements were governmental activated to meet the increased needs for safety
by the public. During the same period, the MoGAHA kept changing its name partly to reflect the
demand from the city annually, and patently only as a showcase to the Ministry of Public
Administration and Security and the Ministry of Security and Public administration in 2013. The
Sewol ferry sinking incident occurred on April 16th, 2014, where the ship with 6,825 tons was
en route from Incheon city to Jeju Island. 

The ship went down carrying 476 people and resulting in 304 casualties. The 2014 audit report
indicated the several direct indirect causes of the catastrophe event. The ship company disagreed
to overloading the vessel only thinking about profit. Negligence of duty by the captain and his
crew escaping without alarming the passengers of the danger of the situation. Poor safety checks
were reported and improper response of emergency organizations during the crisis. In the wake
of the tragic event of Sewol ferry sinking incident in April 2014, BOPAS and NEMA were
integrated into the Ministry of Public Safety and Security in November of the same year. The
Ministry of Public Safety and Security major tasks were safety management and social disaster
management in most part. Natural Disaster Management and firefighting NEMA, and maritime
security and prevention of coastal and marine pollution in the national post guard. After it's
establishment, MPSS set up a vision of a safe country happy people. 
[inaudible] , practicing safety in their daily lives embodying a cultural of safety and policies
prioritizing safety. It also developed a Safety Innovation Master Plan proposing the strategic
direction for the improvement of the Korean Disaster and Safety Management System. Although,
MPSS is a great sounding acronym, it started with insufficient professionals with poor
understanding of coordination and resilience. It did not successfully meet the high demands of
society and was criticized for not performing well or copying with catastrophic events. As a
result, it was integrated into the Ministry of Interior and Safety in 2017. The Ministry of Interior
and Safety performs a general coordination of all types of disasters and strengthen co-operation
with the local government. Also, the Korean Fire Agency and Korea Coast Guard were
established as an Independent agency.
 WEEK 2 (5.0)
Hello, my name is Hong-Gyoo Sohn. I am a Professor at Yonsei University in Korea, in the field
of Geospatial Information Science and Remote Sensing. Through my discipline, I've been
utilizing geospatial information and remote sensing data to improve disaster
management. Recently, my focus has been on making 3D information map for a smart city. I was
a senior research associate for a NASA sponsored Radarsat Antarctic Mapping Project, so-called
RAMP, at the Byrd Polar and Climate Research Center of Ohio State University in the USA
from 1996 to 2000. For the successful accomplishment of RAMP, I received NASA Group
Achievement Award. Since then, I've been involved in various GIS and remote sensing
project regarding natural disaster modelling techniques utilizing national databases, damage
identification techniques, using geospatial image information, and much more, since I joined
Yonsei University in 2000. I am now a full professor in the Department of Civil and
Environmental Engineering at Yonsei University. I've worked closely with the local
governments and international organizations including UNISDR and the UNESCO. Currently,
I'm working as an expert in the open-ended inter-government expert working group on targets
and indicators relating to disaster risk reduction as I follow up to my work on Sendai
Framework, 2015-2030. By encircling the fundamental part of my lecture, I hope by the end of
it, you will have a better understanding of, not only how science and geospatial information
technology can be used for disaster risk management, but also what should be done to move
forward on disaster resilient future. With that, let's start the lecture. But before we get into the
finer details, let me overview what I already talked about. My lecture is composed of two
parts, the first part is, how disaster can be modeled by using power-law distribution. The second
part is the application of geospatial information for disaster monitoring or moving platform for
onsite disaster monitoring, and the practice of SFDRR indicators. First, we'll talk about the
Gaussian distribution or a normal distribution proposed by Gaus. This is one of the most basic
probability models used in various field nowadays. The Gaussian distribution is a probability
model determine by a mean mu and standard deviation sigma as shown in the equation one. In
this Gaussian model, the most frequent events are concentrated near the mean. The probability of
occurrence is lowered as the distance from the mean increases. However, not all natural
phenomena occur with the greatest frequency at/or around the mean as the Gaussian distribution
would predict. It means that some events do not occur near the average. For example, as shown
in the following figures, the distribution of social property and the size of city have a very high
variation of scale. In these cases, small scale phenomena have a very high probability, and
largest scale events occur low probability. Auerbach unveiled the fact that the sizes and the
frequencies of urban population bear a linear relation on the log-log scale. The two variables bear
a linear relation on log-log scale can be expressed like equation two. Removing the logs from the
linear equation, we obtain a power law relation expressed in equation three. Here, you use the
minus sign to clearly indicate the graph is decreasing in general. Power law has been widely used
in many fields. The following graph shows the difference of shape between Gaussian and the
power law distribution. We can see that power law distribution more rapidly change or decrease
than a Gaussian distribution. It has been shown by many scholars that the phenomena
occurring in a complex system can be explained by a power law distribution. For example, in the
case of earthquake, when the energy is a doubled, the frequencies quadrupled followed by power
law pattern as shown on the right-hand side of the following figure. Another example is the
relation between area and the frequency of forest fires. When a wildfire occurs, while the
damage area doubles, the frequency of such a wildfire become about 2.4 times smaller as in the
case of China, Japan, and USA. As shown in the following figures, one major difference between
normal distribution and the power law distribution is, for normal distribution, the highest
frequency occurs near the mean. But for power law distribution, the highest frequency occurs
near the minimum value. With this background in mind, let's look more carefully at the
characteristics of power law distribution. First, events following our power law distribution are
independent from scale. Second, it is very hard to find the typical characteristic size. Third, a
power law distribution includes many small events, slightly larger, and the bigger events, and the
extremely severe event in some cases. Accordingly, power law distribution has characteristic of a
fat tail. Thus, for events that do not occur frequently, hazard explained by a power law, are more
important than those explained by Gaussian distribution in terms of risk analysis as disaster has
been triggered by various causes and each aspect has been complicated. Research on disaster
using power law distribution becomes important.
In this lecture, one application of power distribution will be explained. Any audience member
can try to utilize similar approaches for his or her own country if the data is available. The target
disaster in these studies include; natural disaster and associate disaster provided in Article Three
of Disaster and Safety Act of Korea. Thusly, we tried to identify the relation between occurrence
frequency and disaster damage in Korea. To do that, we obtained data from three different
sources. First, the Yearbook of Natural Disaster, YND from 1979 to 2015. Second, the Yearbook
of Social Disaster, YSD from 1995 to 2015 provided by Ministry of Interior and Safety. Third,
from a book titled 60 Year History of Disaster Management published by NEMA in 2009. The
book contained data from 1948 to 2008. The number of deaths and the economy loss due
to natural disaster and social disaster from YND, YSD, and from the book 60 Year History of
Disaster Management were used in order to examine the relation between occurrence frequency
of disaster and their damage, restore and the common laws by using a power-law
distribution. The death toll l and economy loss due to natural disaster provided by YND includes
most natural disaster in Korea. However, YSD does not provide detailed data about all types of
social disaster. In addition, the data in YSD is incompatible between disaster and minor
extent. The booklet is the primary data source of social disaster and YSD supplements it. The
number of disasters collected and analyzed through the method above is 851 and the thereof
social disasters is 172. As the data is collected based on the number of deaths, the disasters of
which relation with casualty does not appear in the official records, such as drought or yellow
dust is excluded from this research. In order to stand out rise the damage amount into a value at a
specific time point, it was converted based on 2015 price index announced by the Bank of
Korea. The equation for the conversion is shown in equation four. Value equivalent index equals
price index of reference year divided by price index of relevant year. Thus, converted amount
becomes value equivalent index times value in Korean currency in one. Our target is to identify
the relation between occurrence probability and the scale of disaster. The occurrence probability
of disaster can be expressed as shown in equation five as the probability function to scale. In
equation five, large X means lend them variable or disaster. Smaller x damages scale of relevant
disaster. N greater than large X then, small x becomes number of disaster which scale exceeds
small x. Large N is total number of disasters. The disaster occurrence probability function used
in equation five is not the occurrence probability of disaster of a certain size, is the occurrence
probability of disaster over a certain size. Thus, this is cumulative probability function that
calculates the cumulative occurrence probability of each a over relevant to size. The occurrence
probability and the size of disaster calculated through equation five was assumed to be power-
law distribution. The probability density function indication five can be expressed using power-
law distribution P of X equals minus C X over minus A. Where P of X decreases as X
increases and alpha is your coefficient indicating the narrow decrease. C is a constant to make
maximum value of cumulative probability function to be one. Once again, you are to identify the
relation between occurrence frequency and the disaster damage by using a statistical model. A
case study of Korea with data setup, YND, YSD, 16 Hero booklet we are to utilize a power-law
distribution. With that, we got the following result. Here, x_min and alpha indicates the
minimum value objection which began to follow the power-law and the level of decrease
respectively. As I mentioned early, C is a constant to make a maximum value of cumulative
probability function to be one. The result table lists of value of x_min alpha and the C that
has been estimated for naturaldisasters and social disasters in Korea.

This figure chart the relation between estimate the probability and the actual probability of
disasters of varying size using the estimated variables. The blue circle in the following figure
indicates the probability of actual disaster. While dotted line represents the estimate probability
of disasters. Figure A and figure V indicates the probability of property damage and the death
toll ensuing natural disaster respectively. Figure C indicates the probability of death toll ensuring
social disasters. In most cases, estimate and the actual probability remained close to each other of
forming the law of power-law distribution. However, in the case of property damage caused by
natural disaster, the model in this chart tended to overestimate the probability of major scale
natural disaster occurrence than that of reality. The collection of overestimated event
showed linear relation on two sections of low graph, thus showing the pattern of double power-
law distribution. To summarize the result, the larger the alpha value, the less is likely disaster of
a given size is to occur. The alpha value therefore also represent how vulnerable we are to
disasters on a major scale. In Korea, the alpha value in power-law function of death toll and the
probability of occurrence of natural disaster was 1.97, which is quite a little bit higher than the
alpha values of other regions and countries listed by Becerra in 2006. Look at the
numbers. World average 1.73, North America 2.13, South America 1.68, Asia Oceania
1.69, Africa 1.66 and the European Union 1.73. According to Becerra and others result, most
upper value lie between 1.6 and 1.75. The high upper value of 2.13 of North America is inferred
due to the relatively low number of observations for North America or higher incomes while low
population density. Korea has a relative high alpha value 1.97 despite the fact that that
population density is relatively high. Although, it is arguable that the higher value of Korea is
caused by more exact disaster data that Korea has that other countries. Our indication is that this
high alpha value is caused by the fact that since the 1990's, Korea has continues to invest in early
warning systems and in strengthening the just the compabilities against natural disasters. As a
result, the number of casualties due to natural disaster has been rapidly decreasing.
 WEEK 3 (1.0)
As an introduction to the sound of DRM policies of Korea, I would like to start with the local
safety diagnosis system. The system aims to help local governments understand their safety
level, and strengthen resilience autonomously. The system publicizes our local safety
index, which is composed of several sectors, and includes all safety ranging from one to five, one
being best, and five in worst. The seven sectors are fire, traffic accident, natural disaster, crime,
safety accidents, suicide, and infectious disease. The Ministry of Interior and Safety is
supporting the provincial and local governments by providing consulting and financial
support. The consulting is composed of identifying the vulnerable sectors, analyzing the safety
situation, and setting up a risk reduction targets and policies. In addition, the Korean government
made available the safety information in the form of a map showing risk factors in eight
categories, such as transportation, health, and industry. The map is accessible through the
Internet and mobile devices. The map also shows customized service for vulnerable groups, such
as children, women, and seniors. The safety E-report is a system that any citizen can report
dangerous elements found in their daily life. Tornado safety reporting system, porter or mobile
application. On receiving the report via citizen, the administrative agencies fix the situation
promptly. As of May 2017, a total of 309,000 cases have been reported, and among them,
257,000 cases have been solved or improved. As you can see in the before and after pictures, the
road had collapsed. A citizen reported the defect, and the road management agency restored the
road promptly. By fixing numerous symptoms and minor accident, we are preventing large scale
disasters. The Korean government is promoting public safety education, based on the human life
cycle, or the different stages of life. For this, the National Safety Education Basic Laws were
enacted in May 2016, which regulates the safety education basic plan, including mandatory
safety education in school. More specifically, life-cycle safety education is implemented to
provide education suitable for their age and environment. For infants and preschool children, the
curriculum will include education on preventing, being lost or being kidnapped. Traffic safety,
such as crosswalk safety, and how to be saved with the toys and in playgrounds. For adolescent,
the curriculum will include the prevention of incident in school and safe outdoor activities. For
young adults, and middle-aged people, the education will focus on office and workplace
safety. Improving safety in construction places, such as wearing protective gear, 
and via education drills. Finally, for senescence, education will be composed of a course on
indoor and outdoor safety, to enhance a safe and healthy lifestyle.

WEEK 3 (2.0)
 
In Korea, the Ministry of Interior and Safety is responsible for the overall coordination of the
nationwide disaster response on the basis of the Disaster and Safety Act. The Korean
government has developed its disaster response system, for the normal times and emergency
situations in national and local levels. The two tiers of the national response framework in Korea
are manual, and functional action plans. The disaster response manual in Korea consist of the
three parts, the standard risk management, working-level manual for risk response, and manuals
for actions-at-scenes. As of December 2017, there were three kinds of standard risk management
manual. 329 working-level manuals for risk response. And 6,844 kinds of manuals for actions as
scenes have been neutralized. The standard risk management manual Prepare by the to adjust
management for region agency. Delineate rules and responsibilities of related agencies in the
disasters at the national level, which should be the guideline for preparing the working level
manual for risk response. For example, the Ministry of Territory and Construction is responsible
for airplane accident, express train accident, and building collapses. The Ministry of
Environment is responsible for environmental pollution accident. And the Ministry of
Employment and Labor is responsible for large scale human accident occurring in places of
work. The Working-level Manual for Risk Response is a document stipulating the measures
and procedures necessary for responding to actual disasters. In accordance with the functions and
roles of the disaster management for regional agency and support agencies, which are stipulated
in the Standard Risk Management Manual. While the manual delineates rules and responsibilities
over to disaster management to support regional agency. Related to support agencies and
implementing agencies. The operational functions of disaster response of each agency are
delineated by the action plans by function on the DA enforcement degree of the Disasters and
Safety Act. Similar to the emergency or for the function of national response framework in the
United States, it is composed of 13 essential functions. Ranging from, managing disaster
situations to the publicity of disaster management. In summary, the two axis of disaster response
plan in Korea are manual, and action plans by function. Manual describes the rules
and responsibilities of primary response ministries and related agencies. And action plans by
function describes how each agency performs its key response functions in line with its rules and
responsibilities. In 2015, the Korean government set a task force, to integrate around 20
emergency phone numbers into three call numbers. All type of calls for public service that is not
urgent was integrated into 110. All type of crimes such as school violence, suicide, and other
crimes is integrated into 112. All types of emergency or disaster calls were integrated into
119. And also the 119 number is being operated in cooperation with 122 for emergencies as
seen. Since the establishment of the integrated call center, the information of the emergency
situation has been shared among the first responders, such as the firefighters and police
officers. And decision making has enhanced based on a better understanding of the current
situation. The Ministry of Interior and Safety is operating on national disaster and safety status
control center, 24 hours, 365 days a year. The center is to monitor emergency situations all
around the world. To coordinate the disaster safety and crisis management. And to keep people
abreast of potential threat through real time situational awareness. The center is equipped with 50
management systems. 17 computer networks, 20 imaging networks, two military intelligence
networks, seven diffusion systems, and the four videoconferencing systems. Additionally, the
center transmit the related situation information to the related agencies. And provide to citizens
with an emergency S&S service. For integrated command and control during a crisis situation, it
is very essential to use the nationwide Consolidated National Disaster and Safety
Communication Network. Which enables disaster management organizations to communicate
through our unified communication network. In 2014, the Korean government initiated a project
to establish a unified long-term evolution network called Korea Safe-Net. The project aims to
develop and integrate the command and control system among various agencies during a crisis
situation, which is composed of short, middle, and long term objectives. The first one will be
finished by 2020 when the public safety network will be completed. And it will be expanded to
the military and local organizations by 2022, and to mobile government by 2026. The national
government is reinforcing relief capacities by mobilizing private resources during times of
disaster. However, it's not to cause a disturbance to private entities. Joint relief exercises are
conducted to make everyone aware of the expectations. Also, the government introduced an
obligatory insurance system for a disaster vulnerable facility. These vulnerable facilities include,
but are not limited to library, gas station, ferry terminal, funeral ceremony facility, and
underground shopping mall.
 WEEK 4
In this section, we are going to explain how Geospatial Information Technology can be utilized
for disaster damage estimation. This is an actual case study done by a lecturer. I hope members
of audience can practice similar research for their own countries. The Sendai Framework for
Disaster Risk Reduction, SFDRR from 2015-2030 was adapted by UN member states in March
of 2015. SFDRR outlines seven clear targets for priorities for action to prevent new and reduce
existing disaster risk. The SFDRR emphasized the importance of role of science and technology
in disaster risk reduction. The scientific and technological advising group also stressed the
importance of technology innovation for disaster risk reduction. Technological innovation is
necessary to periodically measure and monitor disaster risk, and apply the findings to disaster
risk reduction. The technological innovation may include: satellite observation data and
crowdsourcing data. The following diagrams indicates the relation between data, information,
knowledge, and decision-making, and each from the information and engineering perspective
view to make sure data is affect or description of the world. Information is captured data and
knowledge. Knowledge is our personal map or model of the world. So, knowledge can be
obtained from information or data such as big data. In this lecture, I'm going to give you some
examples of how Geospatial data can be transformed into information after applying several
processing algorithms. The first example is the estimation of damaged area caused by a forest
fire. Gangwon-do is a province. Korean province is frequently hit by forest fires. For example, a
forest fire in 2000, 2005, and March and May of 2017. But before going to the application of
remote sensing data in a forest fire, we need to know the characteristic of vegetation in the
imagery. The following graph shows the spectral response characteristic of a green vegetation in
remote sensing data. The higher the reflectivity, the brighter the image appears. Chlorophyll
absorbs light and has a low reflectivity in the blue and the red bands. The infrared band is highly
sensitive to the vitality of vegetation and high reflectivity. Using the above two
characteristics, vegetation indices, for example, NDVI have been widely use for the extraction of
vegetation. The following two images show the different opinions between true color and false
color over a vegetated area. The left images are true color image that combines red, green, and
blue in the same way as human vision. The right images are false color image combining the
vegetation sensitive, near infrared band instead of blue. As can be seen in the right side of the
image, the vegetated areas highlight in the color red. The playground in the center of the image is
artificial turf. It is a true color image. It is very difficult to differentiate between artificial turf
and the true vegetation since both of them look the same green color. But, in the first color
image, it is easy to identify the artificial turf in the middle of the vegetated area. This
characteristic can be used to estimate a vegetation area using remote sensing imagery. The
following image represents the result of extracting the damaged area pseudo vegetation
index. The first image shows the vegetation index before the forest fire. The second image shows
the vegetation index after the forest fire. By differencing two index maps, we can get a pseudo
image. In the pseudo image, the damaged area caused by the forest fire can be easily
estimated. We compared the damage area estimation between remote sensing approach and
actual field of survey done by Korean Forest Service. The vegetation index analysis result was
898 hectare. The near infrared image analysis result was 1,046.45 hectare. The Korean Forest
Service investigation result was 973 hectare. The remote sensing approach gave less than eight
percent error compared to the field survey since the result of field survey itself was also
approximation. With nano, which one gives the exact damaged area? The remote sensing
approach gives a result within a week, but the field of survey approach took almost a year to give
a result. The practice of using remote sensing imagery makes it very handy to estimate damaged
area.

WEEK 4 (2.0)

The second example is how to estimate Economic Loss by Forest Fire. The method of estimating
economic loss by forest fire is as follows. The standard volume of the damaged area was
estimated. The economic loss was estimated based on the market price of a tree. The most
important factor of calculating economic loss is tree height. In our research, we accurately
estimated the tree height by using airborne and terrestrial LiDAR. LiDAR is the state of art
instrument that can directly observe the 3-dimensional position of a subject using Leddar
technology. When using airborne LiDAR, it is advantageous to observe a large area, but the
spatial resolution becomes low due to distance from the object. When using Terrestrial
LiDAR, the spatial resolution is high and the tree height can be accurately measured. But we can
only utilize Terrestrial LiDAR over a small area. A model was developed to estimate the forest
height over a large area using airborne LiDAR, and then calibration was performed using a
terrestrial LiDAR. Canopy model was created to estimate the height of trees using airborne
LiDAR. DTM, Digital Terrain Model, is the data describing the height of a terrain. DSM, Digital
Surface Model, is data describing not only typography, but also, elevation including object on
the terrain such as trees. The height of trees can be estimated by subtracting the DTM from
DSM. The height of trees estimated from the airborne LiDAR was corrected. The correction was
done by calculating the height difference between a height of trees observed by the terrestrial
LiDAR and the airborne LiDAR. A value of plus 0.65 meters was determined for the
correctional estimated height with airborne LiDAR. The following table summarized a canopy
height correction using terrestrial LiDAR. Over the four research area, canopy height was
estimated from the airborne LiDAR, was corrected by 0.65 meter. The standard value of
equation which is a function of canopy height and canopy density to estimate markup price was
utilized. The estimated losses were estimated using the standard value calculation. The economic
loss using the geo-spatial information approach was about $3.8 million. The amount of economic
loss estimated by the field of survey was $3.5 million. Again, this result indicates deficiency of
geospatial information technology. One height versus one year. The third example is for the
estimation of flooded area using satellite imagery. The first figure shows the spectral
characteristic of water, vegetation, soil, and the optical images. The second figure in this
gate, the reflection characteristics, radar signals in the flooded soil. Water has low deflection
values in both optical and SAR images. The image on the left is an image taken from optical
sensor, SPOT-5. The figure on the right image is then taken from SAR sensor, RADARSTAT-
1. The schematic diagram for the estimation of flooded area using satellite imagery can be done
as follows. First, the flooded area, check it through difference of images before and after
flood. The status of flooded area can be identified by overlapping land use and land cover
map, and then the cost of damages is estimated. Between August 1th and 3th, 2005, 192
millimeters of heavy rain fell over Jeong-Eup province in Korea. The left side of the image is a
SAR image taken during the flood. The right side of the image is SAR image taken after
flood. As you can see, there is a clear difference between two images over the flooded area. To
make SAR image map or and also image, a geometric correction is performed so that each pixel
of the image has a position value X, Y using our ground reference point. After that, we
performed a mosaic process to combine multiple images using digital elevation model. Using the
SAR image mosaic, before and after flood, the flood area was extracted by differencing two
mosaics. After this process, the flooded area can be identified. The next step is to identify the
status of flood plane. This was done by overlaying the flood area, identifying SAR mosaics. We
do know the administrative area map, land cover map, and other data. The following figure
shows the assumed portion of the flood area. The red area is the flooded area identified from the
SAR image overlaid with land use and land cover map. This example shows how a SAR image
can be utilized to create a flood map over wide area. The next example is estimation of flood
plain using UAV or direct drawn images. A video image of 30 frames per second can be taken
using a UAV. Image location process is very similar to satellite imagery. The advantage of using
a UAV is that it is possible to take images over the desired area at a relatively low cost. The
following UAV video imagery is taken right after the flood. As can be seen, the resolution of the
image is good to identify the flood and flood damage area. To identify the flooded area, the
similar approach that we did for SAR image needs to be done. The first step is the geometric
correction to make the image taken from the UAV into Ortho image using ground control
points. The following image of example of flooded area taken from UAV. A landslide is visible
in the first image cell. Serious flood damage along the river can be clearly identified from other
sets of images. Each geometric crafted image is merged to create one big Mosaic. The following
example shows how each image can be merged into one big image. Through a mosaic process, a
map of a final flooded area was generated. Using the merged images here, the evaluation of
flooded area can be carried out. As shown in the example, the area containing collapsed
roads, destroyed banks, and agricultural damage can be identified.
 WEEK 4 (3.0)

More examples for acquiring on site disaster information will be shown in this

chapter, especially a multi sense approach based on ground vehicles will be explained. Korea’s
NDMI, National Digest Management Institute, developed a system called MFOS, Moving Field
Operating System, in 2015. MFOS contains several sensors, including optical cameras, infrared
cameras, terrestrial LiDAR, and the portal AWS, automatic weather system. The optical camera
system consists of four two megapixel camera for capturing panoramic images and a 16M
camera capable of capturing high resolution images. Image data acquired using a special vehicle
can be simultaneously shield on the general station loom inside NDMI. Within MFOS, the
terrestrial LiDAR system is equipped for acquiring fast 3D point clouds in our disaster site. 3D
disaster analysis can be performed using the acquired point cloud data. The infrared camera is
used for acquiring information when it is difficult to extract information using a optical image
only. The infrared images are very useful especially during the night. Or during a fire as can be
seen in the example images. The portable AWS can acquire read information such as
temperature, precipitation, wind direction and humidity right on the field of site. This weather
information provides additional information about the disaster site. MFOS also contains UAV in
case it is difficult to access our disaster site by ground based vehicle. The UAV provides another
point of view as we could see in the previous example of flood mapping.3D point cloud data can
be obtained by using multiple UAV images. By using this CCTV point cloud data on all
three image can be generated over a disaster site. The following example shows an alter image
3D point cloud and 3D digital terrain model generated by UAV images. Since each sensor give a
different perspective view, and perspective investigation site, as shown in the slide, a technique
called to integrate different sensor is required. In this slide, IFOV means instantaneous filed of
view. This is an example of integrating two different sensors. This is a result before an image
and terrestrial LiDARs merged. This is the result after the UAV images and the
terrestrial LiDAR data are merged using the merging algorithm developed in our lab.By
combining two data sets, more information on the site can be obtained.

WEEK 4 (4.0)
 
In this class, I want to show the following activity of Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk
Reduction, so called SFDRR. Especially for SFDRR indicators using Korean statistical data. At
the end of 2015, the HFA, Hyogo Framework for Action, ended reducing disaster risk and the
vulnerability for our society came to an end. Since then, SFDRR has been established with the
goals of complementing the limitation of HFA and reducing the risk of all disasters. Here in this
lecture, we're going to sure the practice we did by using statistics available in Korea. The
ultimate goal of SFDRR is to strengthen national resilience by reducing the risk of disasters
across all sector of society. The SFDRR consists of four priorities for action, seven global
targets, and 13 guiding principles. Among the seven global targets, four of them are reducing,
three of them are increasing. To summarize, reduce first, mortality, second, number of affected
people, third, economic loss, fourth, damage to critical infrastructure. Strategies, second,
international cooperation. Third, early warning systems and risk information. There are a total of
38 indicators for the seven targets of SFDRR. 38 indicators provide a quantitative and a
qualitative assessment of disaster risk reduction for the nation. This figure shows indicators from
target A to D. This figure shows indicators from target E to G. Now analyzed the disaster data
related to SFDRR indicators in Korea. We used statistical data in the annual report by
MOIS, Ministry of the Interior and Safety. Data from 1985 to 2015 were used at local district
levels. We analyzed eight data supporting indicators from target A to D using Korean statistical
data. First, for target A, two vulnerability maps were created for indicators, A-2 and A-3, using
GIS approach. As shown in the red circle, three places are identified as a vulnerable area
for target A during 1985 to 2015. Similar approaches were done for other targets and indicators.
For target B, one vulnerability map was created for indicator B-2, as shown in the red circle, one
place is identified as vulnerable area for target B. Fore, Target C, one vulnerability map was also
created for indicator C-2. As shown in the red circle, one region is identified as vulnerable area
for Target C. For target D, four vulnerability maps were created for indicators D-3, D-4, D-13,
and D-14. As shown in the red circles, five regions were identified as vulnerable areas for target
D. The created vulnerability maps can be useful information for policy-makers to implement
local policy for disaster risk reduction. I do hope, you listeners, make a similar practice for the
area you are interested in and identify which target and indicators can be strengthened. I would
like to thank you for listening to my lecture. I hope you were able to see by connecting
disaster, disaster management, and resilience policy, Korea's future can be resilient. Once again,
my name is Hong Song and I am a professor at Yonsei University, Korea, thank you for
listening.

WEEK 5
Everyone hopes to enjoy a safe life. A life free from turmoil and disaster. In addition,
government and political leaders are no different that they too pursue this illustrious goal through
laws, policies, and organizations. Look at most political elections, some of the main reasons the
electorate vote for a certain candidate, is their belief in that person will be able to make an
economy free from turmoil or a nation safe from large scale disasters, domestically and
internationally. However, whereas most people try to be proactive in preventing disaster from
touching their lives, governments have been historically reactionary when it comes to disaster
management response. Jeong Yak-yong, a renowned Korean scholar and government official in
the late Joseon dynasty said, always prepare for a disaster because an ounce of prevention is
worth a pound of cure. This notion is very wise and poignant. However, it seems difficult to
follow, as society is becoming more complex, interconnected and ripe for new types of disasters
with intricate and devastating ripple effects. However, I would like to talk about some things we
can start doing now that would monumentally change Korea's disaster resilience. The first
recommendation is to focus on the intensive risk aligned with the power law distribution. The
statistical analyst of the disasters from 1948 to 2015 in Korea, shows that their distribution
follows the power law, which means catastrophic events causing severe human or physical
damage can occur at any time. If an event follows a normal distribution, the occurrence
probability of the event becomes smaller as the event that gets further from the average
converging zero for the extreme event. However, if an event follows the power-law
distribution, the occurrence probability of the event located in the long tail does not converge
into zero even though the probability is low. It means, this event can happen at any time  and
may have an impact that has never been witnessed before,  as it does not adhere to the average
scale. Therefore, the national disaster risk management system should consider those extreme
event based on a clear understanding of such characteristics. Most of the public policy
concerning social issues such as welfare and education, it’s developed by focusing on average
events, because those average events reflect most of the needs. But, dealing with a catastrophic
disaster requires a different approach from most social areas. Extreme events, sometimes being
considered outliers, is more important than average events because those events such as say for
instance, impact society severely. The Perrow's Normal Excellent Theory and Risk Society’s
Beck. The theory in power law distribution and Complexity Theory, show that the massive
catastrophe can happen at any time. The event, such as Seongsu Bridge collapse in 1994, the
Sampoong Department Store collapse in 1995, Typhoon Rusa in 2002, the Daegu subway fire in
2003, the Sewol ferry sinking accident in 2014 and Misako in 2015 are the typical
examples. Government and society should prepare for the focusing events located in the long tail
of the power-law distribution, low frequency and high impact. For this purpose, those
responsible for safety at high-risk facilities should reduce the probability of disaster
by thoroughly performing safety checks and diagnostics.  Also, the initial response capacity
should be strengthened so that  even though an accident occurs it does not evolve into a national
emergency.  Rapid identification of risky situations, prompt reporting, and appropriate action
by first responding agencies are essential capacities for this purpose. Finally, it is necessary to
develop a national catastrophe scenario in preparation for a national emergency that can occur
with very little probability, and to establish our system in which all related stakeholders form a
collaborative network for an efficient response. The future of the disaster risk-management
system should aim to the principle of comprehensible disaster risk management. Which means
dealing with all types of disaster risks, facilitating a unitary approach of all stakeholders, such as
central government, local government and civic groups, and covering the entire cycle of disaster
management processes. Organizations in developed countries such as FEMA and DHS in the
United States, CCA in the UK, aim to develop an integrated emergency management system
based on the oriented approach. Integrated emergency management principles proposed
by McLaughlin and other professionals having their rationale for those systems. Korea has also
tried to integrate all disaster management through the establishment of national disaster
management in 2014, as the first independent Emergency Management Agency under the
Ministry of Public Safety and Security in 2014, as the first ministerial level disaster response
institution, and the Ministry of Interior and Safety in 2017 for strengthening the cooperation
between national and local government. A balanced investment in the entire phases of disaster
management, prevention, preparedness, response, and recovery. On unity of efforts by all
stakeholders are also required to secure effectively disaster risk management. In particular, the
investment for disaster prevention and preparedness should be strengthened at all levels:
national, regional and local levels. Most government investment for disaster preservation
and preparedness has increased after the shock of catastrophic disasters. However, the
investment started to decrease after no major disaster struck. Therefore, political leaders should
note that, the investment for prevention and preparedness is a critical step toward a safe
society. The United States has been putting priority on strengthening the capacity of national
disaster management preparedness after the failure of responding to Hurricane
Katrina. Likewise, the Korean government should put more stress on improving preparedness at
local levels. Howitt and Leonard insisted that effective response modes should be developed
and exercised to peak the two types of emergencies; routine and crisis. For routine emergency
that have been experienced in the past, a detailed response plan, field training, and exercise. The
joint exercise among response agencies are essential for an effective future response. For the
crisis emergencies that are generally new types of disaster, it is important to develop an adaptive
response capacity throughout all responding organizations, so that they can cope with any
unforeseen or unexpected circumstances. In the event of a disaster, the accountable agencies in
Korea included a side response agencies, local provincial disaster agencies of the country
headquarters, all ministries in the central accident response headquarters, and the central disaster
and safety management headquarters. Those agencies should efficiently mobilize all resources in
accordance with the principles of standardization.  They should also work together in  a very
flexible way for an effective response: to rescue victims,  to support the survivors,  to restore
damaged facilities,  and to prevent the diffusion of the disaster damage.  For disaster recovery, it
is critical to establish a system to find  the root cause of the event and fundamentally eliminate
the cause of the damage.  In particular, it is very important to accurately analyze the cause of the
disaster and to prevent the recurrence rather than to punish that responsible personal people after
various disasters or accidents.
The national government role in disaster risk management should be shifted from a direct service
provider to a facilitator. So, putting or stakeholders for developing their capacities in copying
with disasters. As suggested by Alexander in 2002, it's necessary to shift from civil defense and
to civil protection. To this end, our collective network in which each player in various sectors
voluntarily participate should be established.  Business sectors should aim to cope with the crisis
by  themselves through business continuity management contingency plan.  The case of the
Morgan Stanley just after September 11,  a terror attack in the United States,  is an excellent
example of how a company can successfully  overcome the shock of a catastrophe using business
continuity management. After the Morgan Stanley success and following other successful
cases, interests in disaster mitigation action plans has increased. In 2012, the International
Organization for Standards published the ISO 22301 certificate as a proposal for an international
standard for business continuity. Additionally, in 2007, the Korean government passed a
legislation to support the businesses that implemented a business continuity management scheme
into their business practices providing education and financial support for companies. Finally,
each citizen should remove the risk factors around his or her daily life, establish a safety culture
that keeps safety rules in the course of daily activities, and raise their response capability
through training and exercise to cope with emergency situations.
The Korean government should develop a check and balance system in the field of disaster and
safety management based on the principle of the third party inspection. It also should nurture
professional officials to implement the check and balance system in all relevant ministries and
agencies. As of March, 2018, among the 33 types of disaster regulated the by crisis management
standard manual, the Ministry of Internal Safety is primarily responsible for only five types of
disaster. Other mysteries such as the Ministry of Land Infrastructure and Transport, the Ministry
of Trade Industry and energy, and Ministry of Oceans and Fisheries, are handling 20 types of
disaster. In other words, disaster prevention and responsive responsibilities in various areas such
as facility safety, industrial safety and modest safety, are assigned to relevant mysteries in
accordance with individual laws and regulations. The problem is that these Ministries are also in
charge of promoting the same industry that they are in charge of monitoring. Industry promotion
aims to generate economic profit according to market principles, but disaster and safety
management should aim to secure safety through the regulation in the area with high market
failure, which will cause a lot of contradictions between industry promotion and disaster and
safety management. Therefore, the government should consider the transfer of the disaster and
safety management duties over the industry promotion ministries to the disaster management
coordination ministries such as Ministry of Interior and Safety, or to establish a major to
ensure the independence and transparency of the disaster and safety management duties. This
principle can also be applied to other nations, a check and balance system must be
urgently secured based on third-party inspection principles. At the same time, the important thing
is to train professional officials who can implement a check and balance system. Actually, there
are few Korean universities or colleges that have a specialized program in disaster risk
management. Engineering departments dealing with floods, earthquake and facility
collapse, firefighting departments dealing with the fire and risk service, and business
management dealing with the process management are covering their own areas of disaster risk
management. However, interdisciplinary study over the disaster risk management is still in its
early stages. The Korean government should proactively support universities or colleges
establishing graduate or undergraduate courses majoring in the disaster risk management. In
addition, the recruitment process of government officials in specialized disaster risk management
fields should be set up and strengthened by linking their government with academia.
Risk analysis has recently become an important discipline in disaster risk management which
provides a user per basis for developing mitigation policies, emergency preparedness, and
response and recovery plans. In fact, FEMA in the United States called for emergency measures
to use sound risk management principles when assigning priorities and resources. The Korean
government should also develop a regional policy prioritization and resource allocation system
based on risk analysis at the national level, and should support the local government to
improve  disaster management capacities following  voluntary Hazard Identification and
vulnerability assessment. Additionally, though national disaster management strategies
must include risk informed decision to further disaster resilience. In order to improve disaster
resilience, it is essential to have a sound tool to closely investigate the capabilities required by
the whole country in all phases of prevention, preparedness, response and recovery. The THIRA,
the Threat and Hazard Identification and Risk Assessment in the United States, and the NRA,
Nation Risk Assessment in the United Kingdoms, are typical examples of such tools. Both
systems aim to assess the risks of the country or the community, to measure whether they can
cope with their current response capabilities and to increase their capacity. In Korea, there have
been efforts to predict the damage and analyze the risk in some types, such as flood, drought and
earthquake. However, these analysis technologies are in the early stage of development. It will
take time to put them into practical usage. Moreover, the development of a system for assessing
the risk of  disasters across the country or community has not been yet attempt. It is imperative to
establish a disaster capacity enhancement system, collect accurate data on existing or potential
threat. Analyze onward disaster risk, calculate the capacities to cope with the risk, find the gaps
between the capacity level and the disaster risk level. Establish a plan to supplement the capacity
gap, allocate resources for implementation, training, and exercise. Upgrade the capacity and get
their benefit by reducing the disaster risk.
Risk governance should be improved in order to strengthen the accountability of all sectors and
to enhance the cooperation among all stakeholders. The Korean government has focused on
improving organizations and laws to deal with increasing Disaster-risk. However, just
strengthening disaster response organizations and laws is not enough to deal with disasters in a
contemporary society, because the disaster in a contemporary society is becoming more complex
and intensified. Therefore, all stakeholders need to be engaged in building resilience at all
levels, and good governance should be embedded into the social safety system. Institutional and
policy systems for  disaster risk management are important components of good governance,  and
should be guided by the same basic principles,  that is accountability, participation,  rule of law,
effectiveness, and sustainability.  Also, it should be set up through the norms of disaster risk
management policies. In order to improve risk management, sound public-private partnerships
are needed. However, risk governance can only be found at the national level in earnest. There
are few examples at the local level that involves stakeholders but they still remain in pilot stages
due to insufficient resources and limited links to national strategies. To get these examples
beyond the pilot stage, the Ministry of Internal Safety needs to emphasize three things, group
practices need to be documented and replicated, strong partnerships between all stakeholders
need to be built, and specialized funds for nationwide risk governance needs to be popularized
and obtainable.

WEEK 5 (2.0)
In order to promptly respond to the unexpected disaster, the most important thing is to quickly
identify the situation of the site and to make an appropriate decision. To do this, the current
situation awareness system which just simply collect, report, and propagate situation information
should change into the accurate situation awareness and smarter decision-making system. On
December 21st, 2017, a fire occurred at fitness and spat building Jecheon City, North
Chungcheong Province. It was terrible catastrophe that the important situation awareness has
once again brought; 37 people were injured, and 29 people were killed due to this accident. At
that time, the official commander was unable to obtain critical information about the site, such as
the availability of parking fire cars, building plans, and the evacuation routes in advance or on
time. All these caused the initial action to be delayed resulting on massive casualties. We learned
a lesson from this accident again. What is the best way not to repeat this kind of catastrophe
again? We identified that it is necessary to gather and analyze information using the state act
technology. For this, we should build a situation awareness system that accurately spot situation
and decision-making. We suggest four steps to build a problem-solving situation awareness
system. First, we need to build platform similar to C4I system used in military, which is
Commanded, Controlled, Communicated by high-tech system and make decision rapidly based
on accurate Information. Of course, this platform should be supported by computers for
mobilization and the input of resources.
Also, it is necessary that information such as videos and audios collected at disaster site should
be gathered in the command center. And the activities such as situation understanding, risk
analysis, decision-making and disaster site spot should be performed interactively.
Second, command operation system should be established. As of now, it is difficult to share
information in real time because each Emergency Response agents has its own operation
system. Therefore, it is necessary to develop and operate a common operations system that
supports the coordination and the control of emergency situations.
This figure shows an example of common operation picture, that is called COP, based on
Geospatial Information System. The COP can monitor and record disaster site in real-time and
provide the various information to help decision-makers to grasp the information of the site. In
addition, the COP has a system which can access and show the information among disaster
respondents.
Third, ICM based scientific on-site situation information collecting, displaying system should be
established. ICBM means IoT, Cloud, Big data, and Mobile. For this, not only linking a site
information in real-time using the body cam, CCTVs, and the UAVs but also collecting mobile
data such as images and videos offered by the general public. Furthermore, establishing disaster
awareness sharing platform is needed for systematic quality control.
This is example of ICM based scientific on-site situation information collecting/displaying
system. To generate 3D information of the disaster site, mobile mapping system, MMS and
UAVs were used as data sources. MMS can get detailed 3D information and UAV can get real
time information of disaster site. In this case, two pieces of information are mutually
complementary.
This video shows the merging of MMS data and UAV data. It is possible to acquire three-
dimensional information of various areas including buildings and to obtain information of
blocked areas, such as under the bridge.
Finally, it is important that developing disaster response and situation awareness technology
based on AI, Artificial Intelligence as a long-term task, we should present the optimal course of
action based on learning, success, and failure cases and enhance the web-based system, such as
Smart Big Board, SBB. In addition, site situation monitoring and disaster analysis technology
using UAV, unmanned robot, and spatial vehicle, should also be developed.
This example shows how we can extract road information using AI technology, using the lidar
data and videos taken from the moving vehicle, the user can extract road related information. In
this case, we automatically extract road signs and the human faces by using AI technology.
This shows the extraction of human faces from videos obtained from the mobile vehicle. You
can see that the pedestrian faces are displayed in red square box, regardless of the perspective. It
is possible to detect not only a motorcycle driving, wearing a helmet but also a person inside the
car.
This video shows automatically extracting the location of road signs and their specific
coordinates. Even lanes and roadway markers can be detected. These are example of recent
researches of our lab and shows the possibility of getting situation awareness information from
various sources using AI technology. I hope this kind of state-of-the-art technology can be
applied to the disaster site and can provide accurate and smart information of the site in the near
future. Thanks for listening my lecture.

WEEK 5 (3.0)
On effectively disaster response system should be developed on the basis of the field-based
approach, which means that answer to the all occurring problems can be found in the field and
the problem-solving process of all disasters must not interfere. Through the lessons learned from
the catastrophe event, we found that correcting a small mishap during the early stages can
prevent a major disaster from occurring or becoming a national Crisis. The Heinrich's law of the
1:29:300, shows this principle very well. In particular, strengthening the disaster response
capabilities of local government officials is one of the most urgent tasks because their response
capacities are still weak compared to those of the first responders such as firefighters and
police. The disaster response capacity of local government officials is surprisingly
low, considering their importance and laws for an effective disaster response. In the event of a
disaster, local government officials should take care of most of the functions except certain
risks, which consists of the evacuation of dangerous areas, emergency recovery of damaged
facilities, communication with bereaved families, and funeral support. However, a lack of
expertise due to a job rotation, insufficient education training, and talented officials
avoiding disaster risk management task because they'll be punished once the disaster occurs, are
the key obstacles against transiting the disaster response capacity of local public
officials. Therefore, it is urgently required to establish  the penalty exemption system for the
people who actively  worked on the disaster response but failed to prevent the damage.  Also, to
expand the recruitment of  disaster specialist for the improvement of  local government disaster
response capabilities. In addition, it is necessary to establish network governance among on-site
response agencies such as local government officials, firefighters, coast guard, police, and
military. Unlike the United States, the United Kingdom, and Japan in which firefighters and
police belong to the local government, Korea has a system where the police and fire fighters
are under the provincial or the national government. It is controversial which system is good for
disaster response, but what is important according to Moynihan? Instead, these organizations
should build a network that governs the functions during the event of a disaster and carry out the
two tasks of mutual collaboration and coherent response that are seemingly contradictory to each
other. Under the current Korean system, the most feasible means is to set up a system by
which response agencies work together in case of emergencies, based on the principle of disaster
response and cooperation regulated in the Disaster and Safety Act. In accordance with this
objective, all related organizations in the region should jointly identify hazard and assess the
vulnerability and intensive risk and then work together to establish a collective network through
joint training and exercise. The participation of volunteer groups should also be secured to these
collateral team of network. The Korean government should actively utilize the science
and technology to enhance its disaster risk management system. In what is being touted as the
upcoming fourth industrial evolution, science, technology, and innovation may provide enhanced
disaster risk management tools such as real time hetero-detection using multi-sensor or
intelligent closed-circuit television monitors, big-data analysis to accurately predict and
minimize damage and enhance the unmanned error figures and imaging equipment as effect one-
sided response and recovery aids. Science, technology, and innovation was also emphasized as
the third UN components for disaster risk reduction in Sendai, Japan in March of 2015 by the
UNHCR for its future role in disaster risk management. In accordance with this trend, Japan is
focusing on the development of robot capable of operating in extreme environments such as the
Fukushima nuclear accident. The United States and Europe are using core technology for ICBM
through IoT, cloud, big data, mobile, and also, artificial intelligence for effective disaster
response. This global trend reflects each nation's willingness to effectively promote decision-
making and resource allocation based on evidence. Korea should also work together with other
nations to achieve common goals in line with the Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk
Reduction, Sustainable Development Goals, and climate change negotiations and also other
international agendas. Korea should contribute in establishing a joint response system against the
global risk. The paradigm of disaster management is beyond  the age in which one nation can
sort out its own problem and survive. Due to the increasing inter-connectivity of each nation, it is
being witnessed in many situations that the shock of a disaster in one nation affect other
countries, which in turn affects the global economy. In the era of the global risk, global co-
operation should be developed and stressed among many countries including developed
countries, developing countries, and least least-developed countries. In particular, developed
countries have to move away from the concept of developed aid that has helped least or least-
developed countries invest in own economic growth toward the Disaster Vigilant Growth in line
with the Sustenance Development Goals. In accordance with this objective, the Korean
government should keep pace with other developed countries in achieving the target of
Sustainable Development and the Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction, that all
countries should jointly address by 2030. It is important to recognize those significance of the
global agent and note that international community lives in an important age in which disaster
risk management should work as a medium for a safer and sustainable world.
We should prepare for the New Normal era. When what were once considered extreme
events, become a possibility of the norm in the New Normal. The National Policy framework
should recognize the importance of disaster risk management as an important tool in the
achievement of the strategic national growth core. Sustainable and regional international growth
is not achievable without securing safety from disasters. Therefore, an innovative approach
for an effective disaster response should be the priority of national policy, which is towards
integrated organizations, comprehensive planning, and all hazard approach. In accordance with
this, the Minister of Interior and Safety in Korea, need to stress to developers the importance
of implementing sustainable development based on disaster risk reduction, the national risk
assessment, and climate change adaptation, as a viable national concern that all must
consider. The last recommendation is the enhancement of inclusiveness. The 2018 Korean
summer was very hot and long. The number of days of extreme heat reached the highest
recorded since 1973, and what is worse is that most people affected by the extreme heat were
those over 60's. In the fall on November 19th, a severe fire occurred in a dormitory type
accommodation for the poor, and because of a lack of hospital system 6 people perished. A few
days before the accident, a fire broke out in a studio type apartment in Kimia, Kilisonamdo, and
a child of Uzbekistan nationality died, because he could not understand the evacuation ordered in
Korean, which caused many people to feel sorry for those afflicted by the tragedy. Disaster can
happen to anyone regardless of time and place. However, disaster affect victims
disproportionately. Although anyone suffering during and after a disaster deserves a sympathy
and aid, it is the children, the elderly, and those of low income that suffer severely during these
times. Safety issues are directly linked to saving lives, which is a basic human right. Thus, no
one should be discriminated with regards to safety. When a country guarantees all citizens safety
regardless of age, sex, and nationality. We can say that the country is truly inclusive. All citizens
should be guaranteed to be safe during their daily lives to this end. The whole community
including the government, the business sector, and citizens should work together to
strengthen safety repair and build a social safety network. First, safety laws and ordinances
should be reformed and improved to keep the spirit of the times and be in-line with the basic
right of a city generally safety. The relevant systems should be improved to protect national
security in a practical manner, and to ensure the proactive role of the state. In addition, the dead
zones where safety standards avoidance should be brought up to proper standards. Second,
national and local government should share safety information such as where are the critical
factors and risky areas with the relevant agencies. This information should be transparent so
that the public can become an active group purveyor of the knowledge. The disclosed
information would include the safety diagnostic chart of all buildings including public and
private facilities, and their reinforcement status. Due to this, it is necessary to introduce the
inspection of the real name system while diagnosing national security, and open the inspection
results to the public in order to improve the effectiveness and accountability of the diagnosis
policy. In addition, a database to manage the whole process should be constructed and the result
of the diagnosis should be thoroughly managed. Third, it is necessary to drastically improve the
residential safety environment for low-income families. In particular, proper counter measures
should be taken to provide a safe residential environment against extreme climate events such
as heat waves and cold spells as well as against structural fires. Finally, it is necessary to build a
safety system that ensures the participation and inclusion of all people. Government-driven
policies to cope with the increasingly large and complex feature disasters are not likely to
succeed. On top of this, a safety culture that facilitates all citizens to immediately report any
signs of danger or disaster occurrence in their lives, as well as a way for the public to
communicate such events to the responsible authority must be developed and vigilantly
maintained. In addition, ‘safety sheriffs’ should be extended so that the public can participate in
the surveillance of safety practices, and a transparent punitive safety violation policy should be
introduced against improper negligence practices such as illegal parking or the blocking of an
emergency exit. The new policy paradigm of an inclusive nation and creating a safety society for
all has such a close relationship that they cannot be separated. A social safety net should be
built so that all citizens including those such as visitors, non-Korean speakers, the elderly living
alone, pregnant women, children, and other vulnerable persons can live a life in a safe
environment. In addition, the public should be able to understand the disaster risks and cope with
such situations properly. If these steps are met, we can get closer to be a safe society, where
every citizen has a sense of living safely and cares for the disaster vulnerable people around us. I
would like to thank you for listening to my lecture. I hope you were able to see by connecting
disaster, disaster management, and resilience policy, Korea's future can be risk resilient. I hope
by answering the five fundamental questions guiding my lecture today, you will be able to
develop your own concept of how complex, but important disaster risk management is to the
health and well-being of you, me and everyone around you. Once again, my name is Yangon
Guin, and I'm the director of the disaster response policy division for the Ministry of Interior and
Safety in Korea. Thank you for listening.