lOMoARcPSD|9787092

ADDIS ABABA SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY UNIVERSITY

COLLEGE OF ELECTRICAL AND MECHANICAL

ENGINEERING

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

MACHINE DESIGN PROJECT 2

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 lOMoARcPSD|9787092

DESIGN OF MECHANICAL (HYDRAULIC) SCISSOR JACK

COMPILED BY NAME AND ID NUMBER

DEMEKE ZEBENE ETS0387/10

DESALEGN MAMO ETS0392/10

MACHINE DESIGN PROJECT

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

COLLEGE OF ELECTRICAL AND MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
ADDIS ABABA SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY UNIVERSITY

ADDIS ABABA ETHIOPIA

MARCH 26, 2021

SUBMITTED TO: MR. BESUFIKAD
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Acknowledgment
First of all, we would like to thank almighty God for helping us to start and finish this project.
A beholden is also going to our family for their financial support and making us to feel
togetherness with them even though we are too apart .Our gratitude is also to our instructor Mr.
Besufikad Getachew for giving, inspiring and commenting on each worked progress of the
project for best finish.
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Table of Contents
CHAPTER 1............................................................................................................................................1
BACKGROUND OVERVIEW.................................................................................................................1
1.1 INTRODUCTION.......................................................................................................................1
1.1.1 Types of jacks.............................................................................................................................1
1.1.1.1 Types of scissor jacks...........................................................................................................5
1.1.1.2 How Scissor jacks are Powered...........................................................................................6
1.1.1.3 How a Scissor Lift Works....................................................................................................8
1.1.1.4 Components of hydraulic scissor jack..................................................................................9
1.2 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM..........................................................................................10
1.3 OBJECTIVE..............................................................................................................................11
1.3.1 General objective......................................................................................................................11
1.3.1 Specific objective...................................................................................................................11
1.4 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE PROJECT.......................................................................................11
1.5 METHODOLOGY....................................................................................................................11
1.5.1 Method...................................................................................................................................11
1.5.2 Procedure................................................................................................................................12
CHAPTER 2..........................................................................................................................................13
LITERATURE REREVIEW..................................................................................................................13
2.1 INTRODUCTION...........................................................................................................................13
2.2 RELATED WORKS........................................................................................................................14
CHAPTER 3..........................................................................................................................................16
DETAIL DESIGN....................................................................................................................................16
3.1 MATERIAL SELECTION...............................................................................................................16
3.2 DETERMINING THE DIMENSIONS OF COMPONENTS..........................................................17
3.3 FORCE ANALYSIS........................................................................................................................21
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3.4 STRESS ANALYSIS.......................................................................................................................26

Conclusion................................................................................................................................................27

References................................................................................................................................................28
List of figures

Figure 1:Typical hydraulic scissor jack.......................................................................................................5

Figure 2: typical manual scissor jack...........................................................................................................6
Figure 3: hydraulic scissor jack...................................................................................................................7
Figure 4:pneumatic lift................................................................................................................................7
Figure 5: working of hydraulic scissor lift...................................................................................................8
Figure 6:parts of scissor lift.........................................................................................................................9
Figure 7: hydraulic assembly..................................................................................................................27
Figure 8: base...........................................................................................................................................27
Figure 9:arm............................................................................................................................................27
Figure 10: parts.......................................................................................................................................28

List of table

Table 1: Physical property of mild steel......................................................................................................17

Table 2: Mechanical property of mild steel................................................................................................17
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Abstract
A Scissor Jack is a mechanical device used to easily lift a vehicle off the ground to gain access
to sections underneath the vehicles or to change the wheel. The most important fact of a jack is
that it gives the user a mechanical advantage by changing the rotational force on power screw
into linear motion, allowing user to lift a heavy car to the required height. It is called a scissor
jack as the structure consists of diagonal metal components that expand and contract in the same
way as a pair of scissors. This project is mainly focused on force acting on the hydraulic scissor
lift (mechanical) when it is extended and contracted. Generally, a hydraulic scissor lift is used for
lifting and holding heavy weight components. Material selection plays a key role in designing a
machine and also influence on several factor such as durability, reliability, strength, resistance
which finally leads to increase the life of scissor lift. The design is performed by considering
hydraulic scissor lift as a portable, compact and much suitable for medium type of load
application. Drafting & drawing of hydraulic system scissor lift is done using CATIA with
suitable modeling.
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CHAPTER 1

BACKGROUND OVERVIEW

1.1 INTRODUCTION

Jack is a mechanical device used to lift heavy loads or apply great forces. A mechanical jack
employs a square thread for lifting heavy equipment. The most common form of jack is a car
jack, floor jack or garage jack which lifts vehicles so that maintenance can be performed.
Mechanical jacks are usually rated for a maximum lifting capacity (for example 1.5 tons to 3
tons).
Lifting jacks are used for leveling or positioning heavy equipment, lifting automobiles and for
supporting structures. They typically use screw or cylinder-based actuators and are powered by
hydraulic, mechanical, electric, or manual methods. The lifting element is described as either a
shoe or a saddle. A shoe is usually specially designed to match a lifting point while a saddle is a
plate that is made to lift on many places.

Lifting jacks are a basic tool of industry and are especially common in automotive applications.
Lifting a car with its stock lifting jack to change a tire is the most common application. Other
uses include:

• Raising and leveling steel girders on their footings or vertical columns

• Leveling and positioning heavy machinery in a machine shop or manufacturing facility
• Lifting and positioning heavy pieces of metal stock or other materials

There are multitudes of uses where heavy objects have to be raised using some basic mechanic
principle such as hydraulic, pneumatic, inclined plane or mechanical screw. This is where long
distance acting on a light force translates into lifting up a heavy force up a short distance.

1.1.1 Types of jacks

There are many different types of lifting jacks including bottle jacks, floor jacks, ratchet jacks,
scissor jacks, screw jacks, transmission jacks and others.
Bottle Jacks
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Easy to use hydraulic jacks mean effortless lifting of heavy machinery and equipment, high
enough to slide a set of Hillman Rollers underneath to move it wherever you want to go. These
are simple hydraulic lever jacks that use a mechanical advantage of high-pressure small diameter
piston, or the master, pumping fluid into a large diameter piston’s chamber or the slave cylinder.
The two are mounted next to each other on the base. The master is usually pumped up and down
by a simple lever that often doubles as the wrench that operates the release valve. They have a
simple round saddle on top and a rectangular cast iron base. They are used mainly for vehicles
but they have many applications otherwise, being so simple and small. The main disadvantage is
that they must be used standing upright, not on its side or the pumping action won’t work
correctly.

House Jacks

House jacks, as per its name, are super heavy-duty jacks that are used to raise or stabilize a
whole house or heavy beams. They usually employ the screw or bottle jack lifting principle and
can be provided with or without thrust bearings.

Inflatable Jacks

These are air powered jacks that are run off of a shop compressed air system. They have the
advantage of a very low minimum height and high lifting capacity. Disadvantages include being
more prone to air leakage and thus have to have a safety system built in to prevent rapid
unwanted lowering due to bag failure.

Ratchet Jacks

Ratchet jacks use the ratchet and pawl mechanism that cause a rotary gear to move up or down
a linear track. The ratchet pawls keep the gear from slipping back down under load and causing
the jack to fail. The old traditional bumper jack in older American cars was a ratchet style jack.
But they are not very safe and are heavy. So, for those reasons they have been superseded by
scissor jacks as standard equipment on most vehicles. They are still used in industry for lifting
lighter pieces.

Screw Jacks once 5-ton worm gear machine screw jacks lift and precisely position loads.
Upright or inverted, these jacks operate at full capacity in tension or compression and are
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available in Translating, Keyed for non-rotation and KFTN designs. This is a very common and
simple sort of jack. It operates under the principle of using the mechanical advantage of the basic
screw thread to convert the rotary motion of the wrench or lever into the linear motion of the top
of the jack. The mechanical advantage is directly related to the pitch of the screw. Most
refrigerators and freestanding stoves have simple screw jacks as the floor pads of the unit. The
user can easily level the unit off by using a simple open-end wrench. More complicated versions
of screw jacks are found in machine shops to level out heavy machine tools. Often a locator hole
is drilled in the floor or table to keep the jack’s bottom in position and from slipping. More
advanced versions have ball bearings between the screw and its tapped hole to reduce friction.

Service or Floor Jacks

These are the workhorses of the vehicle repair world, noted and prized for their safety,
strength, convenience and capacity. They work on a similar principle as a bottle jack, but they
are mounted on 4 or 6 wheeled carriages that have swivel castors in the rear and fixed cast
wheels in the front. They have a large round saddle that can be removed easily and replaced with
different sizes or custom saddles and shoes. The pump lever is also the way you pull and move
the jack around. The lever also acts as its release valve actuator by rotating the handle. Floor
jacks have a low initial clearance so they can get under a low car then safely jack it up.

Transmission Jacks

These are specialty jacks used to raise and lower a vehicle’s transmission from the bottom of
the vehicle. They are similar to a floor jack but have a large cradle with tie downs to secure the
transmission and a way to tilt the transmission cradle so it can match the angle of the engine it
will be bolted to. This allows the mechanic to raises the transmission into place for securing to
the engine.
Wheel and Shop Bumper Jacks

These are large roll around floor jacks that can lift a whole vehicle up by the front or the rear by
cradling the wheels or pushing up on the front of the frame. They have a floor carriage and a
large vertical gantry that holds the piston. They are usually hydraulic powered and are popular in
small repair shops where a built-in lift is too expensive.
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Scissor Jacks

These are simple jacks that have four linked vertical arms. Between each of the two pairs of
vertical arms there is a female threaded piece where the jack’s screw goes through. The jack is
raised or lowered by rotating the operating screw. These are usually found in a car trunk as a tire
changing tool due to its compact size. Scissor jacks provide by automobile manufacturers
generally have a shoe to mate to a lifting point in the vehicle’s frame, while the universal
aftermarket versions have a generic saddle instead

The car jack in our project is generally termed as Scissor Jack because of its shape which is
much like scissors.

A scissor lift or mechanism is a device used to extend or position a platform by mechanical

means. The term “scissor” comes from the mechanic which has folding supports in cross “X”
pattern. The extension or displacement motion is achieved by the application of force to one or
more supports, resulting in an elongation of the cross pattern. The force applied to extend the
scissors mechanism may by hydraulic, pneumatic or mechanical (via a lead screw or rack and
pinion system).

The need for the use of lift is very paramount and it runs across labs, workshops, factories,
residential/commercial buildings to repair street lights, fixing of bill boards, electric bulbs etc.
expanded and less-efficient, the engineers may run into one or more problems when in use.

The name scissors lift originated from the ability of the device to open (expand) and close
(contract) just like a scissors. Considering the need for this kind of mechanism, estimating as
well the cost of expanding energy more that result gotten as well the maintenance etc. it is better
to adopt this design concept to the production of the machine.
The initial idea of design considered was the design of a single hydraulic ram for heavy duty
vehicles and putting it underneath, but this has limitations as to the height and stability, and
someone will be beneath controlling it. It was rather found out that; there is a possibility of the
individual ascending/descending, to be controlling the device himself. Therefore, further
research was made to see how to achieve this aim.

A scissors lift is attached to a piece of equipment having a work station known as scissors lift
table that houses the pump, the reservoir, the generator, control valves and connections and the
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motor. A scissors lift does not go as high as a boom lift; it sacrifices heights for a large work
station. Where more height is needed, a boom lift can be used.

1.1.1.1 Types of scissor jacks

There are two main types of scissor jacks:

• Hydraulic or Electronic Scissor Jacks – these are the ones often found in automobile
shops, vehicle service centers, and related businesses. These jacks lift vehicles up off the
ground to perform certain tasks, including maintenance, repairs, and diagnostics. These
are definitely the right choice for more professional car inspections and repairs.
Hydraulic scissor jacks are necessary to have when performing complex procedures on
the vehicle.

Figure 1:Typical hydraulic scissor jack

• Manual Jacks – these are the more common type of scissor jacks. Laymen are familiar
with this kind of scissor jack. It is much smaller and often comes with both used and new
vehicles, along with a spare tire. It can easily fit inside the trunk of a car.

It is a necessary tool to always have with you because you can easily use it in case you have a flat
tire situation while on the road. If you are buying a used car, be sure to check the trunk and make
sure this jack is also included, together with the owner’s manual.
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Figure 2: typical manual scissor jack

1.1.1.2 How Scissor jacks are powered

Scissor lifts can be classified according to energy used as hydraulic, pneumatic or mechanical.
Each of these mechanisms has its pros and cons, which are studied and modified according to its
application in various industries.
Scissor lift design is preferred over other heavy lifting devices available in the market because of
its ergonomics. The frame is very sturdy & strong enough with an increase in structural integrity.
Types of scissor lifts are as:

1. Hydraulic Lifts

Hydraulic scissor lifts are operated using the fluid pressure that raises the platform via power
through the use of pressurized hydraulic oil. Slight speed variation is possible owing to
temperature fluctuations that can alter the viscosity of the hydraulic oil.

Figure 3: hydraulic scissor jack

Hydraulic scissor lifts use a hydraulic liquid in the cylinders to power their lifting mechanism.
They’re easy to use and operators don’t typically need much training. These are best used for
simple projects where speed and horsepower are not priorities.
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2. Pneumatic Lifts

The pneumatic lifts are operated using air pressure and they are very efficient because the
power supply is carried out by compressing the atmospheric air. Most of the units don’t require
electricity and thus can be used at any place where the air is available.

Figure 4:pneumatic lift

3. Mechanical Lifts

The mechanical lifts are extended through a rack and pinion system or power screw, both of
which can convert rotational motion. All the electric lifts are mechanical. The benefit of
mechanical lift is that the teeth of its gear system prevent from slippage essentially.

4. Diesel
Diesel scissor lifts are powered by diesel fuel. They’re very powerful and both carry more
weight and employ a larger platform. However, these are best used for outdoor sites or areas with
ventilation due to the emitted fumes and loud noise.

5. Electric
Electric scissor lifts use a silent, powered mechanism. They are quiet, do not emit fumes and are
normally less bulky in comparison to more powerful scissor lifts. They are great for use in tight
spaces.

1.1.1.3 How a Scissor Lift Works

The way a scissor lift works depends on its power source, but the resulting movement is the
same.
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Figure 5: working of hydraulic scissor lift

Here are the steps to how a scissor lift works:

1. The power source is turned on and begins to fill the cylinder(s) with hydraulic fluid or
compressed air.
2. Hydraulic fluid or compressed air is pushed from one area to another.
3. The cylinder is pushed outwards and causes the legs to push apart.
4. The platform is raised.

When the operator wants to lower the scissor lift, they will release the pressure or fluid in the
scissor lift to reverse the above process and begin the descent.
The speed it descends depends on how powerful the scissor lift is and how much weight the
platform is carrying. If you expect to lift heavy materials, you should consider a more powerful
scissor lift. For example, heavyweight makes it difficult for the engine to press liquid or air
against the cylinder to push outward.

1.1.1.4 Components of hydraulic scissor jack

The main parts of scissor jack are

• Platform: This is the top of the lift table where lifted heavy work pieces. It can be
available in a variety of sizes. This component is subjected to the weight of the work
piece and his equipment; hence strength is required.

• Base platform: This is the bottom of the structure that rests on the ground. It contains the
track the scissor legs travel in his component is subjected to the load of the top platform
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and the scissors arms. It is also liable for the stability of the whole assembly, therefore
strength. Hardness and stiffness are needed mechanical properties for the scissor lift.

• Scissor legs: These are the vertical members that allow the platform to vary elevation.
This component is subjected to buckling load and also bending load causes breaking or
cause bending of the components. Hence based on strength, stiffness, plasticity, and
hardness requirement the recommended material is stainless steel or mild steel. The
longer the scissors legs are, the harder it is to control bending under heavy load.
Increased leg strength via increased leg material height also improves resistance to
deflection.

• Hydraulic cylinder: Industrial scissors lifts are mostly operated by one, two, or three
single-acting hydraulic cylinders. These allow the scissor lift table to lift and lower the
load to the required height. This component is called a strut with both ends pinned. So
they are subjected to direct compressive force which would cause bending stress which
can cause buckling of the component. It is subjected to internal compressive pressure
which generates circumferential stresses and longitudinal stresses all around the wall
thickness. Hence necessary material property must be including strength, ductility,
toughness, and hardnes.
1. Platform
2. hydraulic cylinder
3. scissor legs
4. base platform

Figure 6:parts of scissor lift

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• Motor or Power Source: Generally hydraulic scissor lifts are powered by an electric motor
or air motor. These provide power to the hydraulic pump which actuates the lift table to
move upward or downward.

1.2 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

Nowadays in this country, most of the cars were equipped with the hydraulic scissor jack. We
found that the scissor jack was very difficult to be used because this type of jack needed more
strength and energy to operate this jack by hydraulic. Thus, we want to develop a product based
from the problem faced by the users who drive a car regarding to this issue. To overcome this
problem, a research has been conducted to find the solution on how to design a hydraulic scissor
jack for the car using the simplest and cheapest way while it is energy saved. Hydraulic scissor
jack present difficulties for the elderly, women and are especially.

Disadvantageous under adverse weather conditions. Furthermore, require the operator to remain
in prolonged bent or squatting position to operate the jack. Doing work in a bent or squatting
position for a period of time is not ergonomic to human body. It will give back problem in due of
time. This is for the safety precaution in case if the screw broke. Furthermore, available jacks are
typically large, heavy and also difficult to store, transport, carry or move into the proper position
under an automobile. Suppose car jacks must be easy to use for pregnant women or whoever
have problem with the tire in the middle of nowhere. The purpose of this project is to encounter
these problems.

1.3 OBJECTIVE
1.3.1 General objective

The general objective of our project is to design the hydraulic scissors jack to lift up to a height
of 0.232 meters and with the carrying capacity of 1.5 tones. The driving mechanism of the lift
must be a mechanical hydraulic cylinder. Calculations of the inner stresses must be done and a
3D model must be created. It is also necessary to choose the material.

1.3.1 Specific objective

To design each and every part of a hydraulic scissor jack which is safe and reliable to raise and
lower the load easily.
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1.4 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE PROJECT

Comfortably and safely to a required working height not easily accessible. It may be used
without a necessary external assistance or assistance from a second party due to the concept of
the design. This project will be an important engineering tool or device used in maintenance
jobs. Changing 4 of street lights, painting of high buildings and walls. Also, in workshops or
factories. The design of a hydraulic scissors lift is to lift a worker together with the working
equipment

• It would convey or give some important knowledge for other peoples who are
intended to study about it as a reference.
• In the calculation and design of pressure vessel many errors would be known and
identified.

• identification of those error is very important for the manufacturers to take corrective
measure.

• And after finishing the designing process of Scissor hydraulic lift we will be able
cheek whether the selecting material and other factors are preferable to resist the load
exerted on the plates or not.

1.5 METHODOLOGY
1.5.1 Method

• Preliminary survey to determine which type of car jack is preferred.

• Determining the number of components which are going to be bought and which are
going to be manufactured.

• Application of CATIA software for providing a detailed 2D and 3D drawings, material

selection and simulation for the car jack.

• Manufacturing all needed components at the workshop.

• Testing the project so is to check it.
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1.5.2 Procedure

We have followed the following procedures when we accomplish our works.

END
YES

CHAPTER 2
LITERATURE REREVIEW

START

PARTS MODELING

DYNAMIC MOTION MODIFY MODELING OR

ANALYSIS PARAMETERS OF
ANALYSIS

MODIFY
MODELING IS THE MOTIONNO
ANALYSIS
RIGHT?

YES

STRUCTURAL
ANALYSIS

NO IS STRUCTURAL
ANALYSIS
RIGHT?
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2.1 INTRODUCTION

The improvement for every mechanical machine has never been satisfied. The drive towards
better and greater scientific and technological outcome has made the world dynamic. Before
now, several scientists and engineers have done a lot of work as regards the scissors lift in
general. A review of some of that work gives the design and construction of a hydraulic scissors
lift a platform.

Upright’s Scissor Lift:

In Selma California, there is a manufacturer of aerial platforms by name “UPRIGHT”, this

world – wide company was founded in 1946, and now it manufactures and distributes its
product.

Upright was founded by an engineer, Walkce Johnson who created and sold the first platform
which was called a “scissors lift” due to the steel cross bricking that supported the platform
giving it the product name “magic carpet”. The magic carpet was able to provide instant revenue
for the young company due to its quick popularity among its companies.
Wikipedia further explained that the company constructed innovating and by early 1930s their
product included the X – series scissors lift. By 1986, they had introduced their first sigma arm
lift, model SL20. In 1990, they improved upon their product line by introducing the sigma arm
speed level. This feature continued to be unique to be upright product and allow self-leveling of
the platform on rough terrains.

Upright introduced an equal innovative family of boom lift in 1990s. In 1995 they produced their
first trailer mounted boom. The 8P37 (known as AS38) in 1996. This truly innovated company
has left their mark with the other products including compact scissors design and modular alloy
bridging, as well as 7 expanding the versatility of instant span towers with aircraft docking and
faced system, you will find upright products, especially the scissors lift, as standard equipment
for a variety of application it is now a visual application in numerous fields and locations.
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2.2 RELATED WORKS

Wubshet Yimer, et al made a conclusion in this paper that the design and fabrication of a
portable work platform of the lift which is elevated by one hydraulic cylinder were carried out
effectively and meeting the necessary design criteria. The double type of scissors lift is elevated
by one hydraulic cylinder and it is operated by the foot pedal. This scissor lift is design for
average load purposes, because the higher the load more the effort required for raising the load
from ground level. The hydraulic scissor lift is easy to use and does not require continuous
repairs and maintenance. It can also lift heavier loads. For the given dimensions of the scissor lift
can raise a load up to 280 kg up to the height of 1000mm. Hence, its extensive application in
industries, hydraulic pressure system, for the lifting of a vehicle in garages, maintenance of huge
machines, and for staking purpose.

Gaffar G Momin, et al found that design as well as analysis of a hydraulic scissor lift.
Conventionally a scissor lift or jack is employed for lifting a vehicle to change a tire, to gain
access to travel to the underside of the vehicle, to lift the body of the vehicle to appropriate
height, and lots of other applications also such lifts can be used for various purposes like
maintenance and many material handling operations. The lift can be of mechanical, pneumatic,
or hydraulic type. The design of the lift described within the paper is developed in such a way
that the lift is operated by mechanically means by using a pantograph such that the overall cost
of the scissor lift is reduced to some extent. In our case, we required the lift is portable and also
works without consuming any electric power source so they decided to use a hydraulic hand
pump to power the hydraulic cylinder Also a such design can make the lift more compact and
much suitable for medium scale work. Finally, the analysis of the scissor lift was done in
ANSYS and also all responsible parameters were analyzed to check the design of the lift.

N. Pandit, et al studied the design, analysis, and safety requirements of the scissor lift. It is a
versatile material handling equipment that can use hydraulic, pneumatic, or mechanical energy as
input for its working. For designing, forces can be calculated by considering the equilibrium of
the system at both the positions, closed and open. The various attachments can be added to the
equipment which ensures the safety of the worker operating it and gives the guidelines for
handling the unit.
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Uttam Panwar, et al stated that operating mechanism and study of hydraulic lift. This research
paper solves material handling and provides comfort to the operator. This paper shows the study
and also the design of hydraulic scissor lift components. It can lift up 300kg of load with a raise
of 3.5ft. The main aim of this research paper is to study the hydraulic scissor lift also design and
fabrication of hydraulic scissor lift. In this case, lift has to be movable and portable so rollers or
wheels are provided for motion at the bottom side of the lift and also, we can’t use electric power
in this lift so they use a hydraulic pump. Hydraulic generate more and accurate pressure. By use
of this mechanism and design hydraulic lift became more efficient and can operate in industries.

The purpose of this research is to use all components effectively gives good results.

CHAPTER 3
DETAIL DESIGN

3.1 MATERIAL SELECTION

Selection of the material is most important factor for designing the system which depends on a
component and tasks that the component performs. Different parts of the mechanism take
different load and stress because they carry out different functions. Individual approach is
necessary to select a material for every part. The detailed study impacts on total efficiency and
benefits from it help to decide best properties which can give different materials. Thus, main
parts of the design are allocated and features of each and every part are explained separately.

The selection of the materials is done according to their mechanical properties (Strength,
stiffness, elasticity, hardness and toughness) based on the particular working conditions.

The main interest is made by the Scissor arms of the lift, the greatest part of the loading is shared
between them and they are a basic element of the assembly. This part is subjected to a normal
force which can cause buckling and shear force cause bending.
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Thus, there can be bending deformation or breaking of the part. Properties such as strength,
hardness, and stiffness are needed. the appropriate material for the purpose is mild steel

The second basic element is the design of the hydraulic cylinder. According to the system the
cylinder is subjected to direct compressive force which leads to the bending and buckling load in
the rod and also due to the internal pressure of the fluid, there are circumferential and
longitudinal stresses all around the wall thickness, thereby the cylinder must have properties such
as strength, toughness, ductility and hardness. An appropriate material is a mild steel.

The third components are top platform and base support frame. The top platform takes the load
caused by a weight of lifting the material. The main needed property here is strength and the
selected material is mild steel. The base support frame is subjected to the weight of the load
scissors mechanism itself -cylinder and Scissor arms, hence, hardness and stiffness are required.
Mild steel is appropriate.

Based on the given specification and the mechanical properties of the material we have selected
mild steel with the following property.

Physical properties

Table 1:physical property of mild steel

Physical properties Value(metric)

Density 7.87 g/cc

Mechanical properties
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Table 2: mechanical property of mild steel

Mechanical properties Value(metric)

Hardness, Brinell 126

Hardness, Rockwell B (converted from Brinell) 71

Tensile strength, ultimate 440 MPa

Tensile strength, yield 370 MPa

Modulus of elasticity (typical for steel) 205 GPa

Bulk modulus (typical for steel) 140 GPa

Poisson’s ratio (typical for steel) 0.290

Shear modulus (typical for steel) 80.0 GPa

3.2 DETERMINING THE DIMENSIONS OF COMPONENTS

1.At lower position

Let, θ - the angle from the horizontal to the arm

β- the angle from horizontal to the lifting
arm x- height of the base hmin- height of the
jack at lower position

La- length of the lifting arm L 1-

length of the arm
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The length of the leg is determined by:

sinθ= h max−(x+x) 2La h

max−2x 232−2x 232−20
sinθ= = =
2 La 2 La 2 La

But,
−1<sinθ<1
212 La hmax − 2 x
−1<sinθ= <1
2 La 212<2La 2

La>106mm θ
Hence, we have taken the length of the arm
as 120mm because we made an
approximation for the case of effect of loading.

Now,

h min−2x 157−20
sinθ= =
2 La 240

sinθ=0.57
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then, θ=sin−1(0.57)

θ=34.8° .

The angle β is determined by:

a 2a
sinθ==
L1/2 L1 sinθ ×L 1 120×0.57

a¿ = ==34.25mm
2 2a
tan θ=
b

a 34.25
b¿ = =49.26mm tanθ
tan34.8° c=(hmin−2x)−a
c=(157−20)−34.5=103mm

Hence,
c 103
tan β= = =2.09 b 49.26

β=tan−1(2.09 ) β=64.45°
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By Pythagoras theorem we can find the length of the arm La

La2=c2+b2

La=√c2+b2

La=110 mm

2. At higher position

Since the lengths of lifting arms and arms are fixed, we

can calculate the angles ' θ' and
' β'

sinθ= h max−2 x 2 L1

sinθ= =0.883

θ=sin−1(0.883) θ=62.04°
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The angle β can be also calculated as:

c
cosθ=
L1/2 c=cosθ×L1/2 c=cos 62.04°×120/2 c=28.16mm

Therefore,
c
cosβ=
La

β=cos−1 ( c)
La

β=cos−1 ( )
β=75.16°

3.3 FORCE ANALYSIS

1. For the arms and lifting arms

The free body diagram for each arm is:

Now we can find each reaction force:

W=m×g m=1.5tone
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W=1500 kg×9.81 m=1.5×1000kg=1500

kg
W=14715 N

Link 1: from the free body diagram

∑F y =0 (at equilibrium)

W 2 −R
a=0

W 14715 Ra= 2
=2N

Ra=7357.5 N

Link 2: this link is the same with link 1 and have the same amount of load. So,

Rb=7357.5 N

Link 3: with the free body diagram below,

•
∑ F =0
x

θ−Ra cosθ−¿ R0sin( β+θ)=0 Rd cos¿

•
∑F =0
y
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θ−Ra sinθ−¿ R0cos( β+θ)=0 Rd sin¿

•
∑ M =0
O

•
At higher position We have: θ=62.04° β=75.16°

θ−R a cosθ−R¿d cosR0sin¿ ( β+θ)=0

(62.04°)−Ra cos(62.04°)−¿ R0sin(75.16°+62.04°)=0 Rd cos¿

0.47 Rd−0.679 R0=3449.6 ---------------------------1

θ−Ra sinθ−¿ R0cos( β+θ)=0 Rd sin¿

(62.04°)−Ra sin(62.04°)−¿ R0cos(75.16°+62.04°)=0

Rd sin¿

0.88 Rd+0.733 R0=6498.69 ---------------------------2

From equation 1 and 2 by solving the simultaneous equation, we get:

Rd=7368.2N

R0=19.88 N 
At higher position
From lower position we have: θ=34.8°

β=64.5°

θ−Ra cosθ−¿ R0sin( β+θ)=0 Rd cos¿

(34.8°)−7357.5N cos(34.8°)−¿R0sin(64.5°+34.8°)=0
Rd cos¿

0.82Rd−0.98R0=6041.6 ---------------------------1

θ−Ra sinθ−¿ R0cos( β+θ)=0 Rd sin¿

(34.8°)−7357.5N sin(34.8°)−¿ R0cos(64.5°+34.8°)=0 Rd sin¿

θ−Ra sinθ−¿ R0cos( β+θ)=0 Rd sin¿

 lOMoARcPSD|9787092

0.57 Rd−0.16 R0=4199.02 ----------------------------2 Solving

equations 1 and 2 above simultaneously, gives:

Rd=7366.91N

R0=10.7474 N

Link 4: since it is symmetric with link 3, the it has the same value.
Link 5: with the free body diagram below:

FP

R0

•
∑F y =0

FP−R0sin β=0

•
At lower position

FP−10.74° sin(64.5°)=0

FP=10.74° sin(64.5°)

FP=9.7N

•
At higher position
FP−R0sin β=0
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FP−10.74 sin(75°)=0

FP=10.74 sin(75°)

FP=10.37 N ; the maximum is taken.

FOR THE PISTON

From Pascal’s Law:

F1 F2 =
A1 A2

F2=F P

•
Diameter of the piston

D1=20mm , A1=

D12=100π mm2

D2=40mm

A2= D22=400π mm2

The force required to lift the load is:

F2
F1=A1× A2

F1= =2.585 N
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3.4 STRESS ANALYSIS

Stress calculation

Allowable normal stress for mild steel:

Factor of safety is taken as 3 according to the safety standard)

From the standard value yield strength is =355N/mm2

And allowable normal stress δ=355/3=118.3N/mm2

and from the standard relation of stress shear

stress is about 0.85 of normal stress

then € =0.85*118.3=68.6N/mm2
After having all those values let’s check for the design is safe or not normal stress at point
where small area is very high those areas are at point where hydraulic piston is acting a
force δ =F/A where F=py=3490.61 and A =area =15*2 normal stress
=3490.61/30=116N/mm2 and this value is less than above standard

i.e. 116N/mm2<118.3 N/mm2

Therefore, in normal region the design is safe.

And the shear stress is given by

F/A where F =2760.62N and A= 2*2*15=60mm2

€ =2760.62/60=46.01N/mm2

Since the value is less than the standard value

 lOMoARcPSD|9787092

i.e 46.01N/mm2<68.6N/mm2

Therefore, in shear region the design is safe.

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Figure 7: hydraulic assembly

Figure 8: base Figure 9:arm

lOMoARcPSD|9787092

Figure 10: parts

lOMoARcPSD|9787092
 lOMoARcPSD|9787092

Conclusion
The project was carried out successfully according to the project plan. The outcome of the
hydraulic scissors lift design meets the objective of the project. As a result, the project designed
the electro-hydraulic parallelogram lift. The general section described the classification, purpose
and technical characteristics of the lift, and the mechanism and operation principle of the
designed lift.

In the design section, the lift calculation is done, where the forces acting in the cylinder and
emerging stresses in the system were calculated. A 3D model was created.

After completed this project, we have gained some skills and knowledge in this field. I have
learnt many things in terms of utilizing engineering mechanisms in a proper manner. Finally, the
experience we have obtained throughout this project will certainly help me to be a creative
engineer in the future.
 lOMoARcPSD|9787092

References
Engineers Edge 2012. Scissor Lift Jack Review and Equations.
http://www.engineersedge.com/mechanics_machines/scissor-lift.htm. Accessed on 1 March
2016.

Eco lifts 2016. Scissor Lifts. Http://www.ecoalifts.com/category/ScissorLifts/. Accessed on 1

March 2016.

Hydraulics online 2013. Pascal's Law.

http://www.hydraulicsonline.com/hydraulic-principles. Accessed on 1
March 2016.

Garant-techservice.ru 2016. Operating instructions.

http://www.garanttechservice.ru/instructions/download/doc/47 Accessed on 1 March 2016.