INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL FOR RESEARCH & DEVELOPMENT IN
TECHNOLOGY
DESIGN AND FABRICATION OF PLOUGHING
MACHINE
__________________________________________________________________________________________
PROF. V. N. MUJBAILE1,P. R. Kaware2,A.G. Umare3,S.S. Taksande4,S.S. Malot5,M.N.Lanjewar6
Department of Mechanical Engineering, K. D. K. College of Engineering, Nagpur-440009, India
Abstract- The main objective of our project is to design and
development of ploughing machine to use it for cultivation of
soil. Our aim is to reduce the man power required
for the operation of the plough. The only way is to automate
it but we cannot fully automate it due to few constraints such
as it will require electricity which will not be mostly available
in villages, we will be requiring Microprocessor and sensors
which will again increase the cost and might require skill to
use it. We thought of solution being that instead of
automating it fully we planned to semi automate it using
engine, motors and power transmission equipment. This
might help us reaching our goal by reducing the man power
as well as cost. In this work we are planning to design &
fabrication of ploughing machine to use of agricultural
operations.
Keywords- Cultivation of soil, Ploughing machine, Power
transmission equipment,seed sowing
I.INTRODUCTION
Metal fabrication is the building of metal structures by
cutting, bending, and assembling processes .Cutting is done by
sawing, shearing, or chiselling (all with manual and powered
variants); torching with hand‐held torches (such as oxy‐fuel
torches).Bending is done by hammering (manual) or via press
brakes and similar tools. Modern metal fabricators utilize
press brakes to either coin or air bend metal sheet into form
.Assembling (joining of the pieces) is done by welding,
binding with adhesives, riveting, threaded fasteners, or even
yet more bending in the form of a crimped seam. Structural
steel and sheet metal are the usual starting materials for
fabrication, along with the welding wire, flux, and fasteners
that will join the cut pieces. As with other manufacturing
processes, both human labour and automation are commonly
used. The product resulting from fabrication may be called a
fabrication. Shops that specialize in this type of metal work
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Volume-7,Issue-3 (Mar-17)
ISSN (O) :- 2349-3585
are called fab shops. The end products of other common types
of metalworking, such as machining, metal stamping, forging,
and casting, may be similar in shape and function, but those
processes are not classified as fabrication.In last few decades
we all witnessed the development in each and every field. In
the field of agricultural also we had seen remarkable
development, big farmers are now a day’s using cultivator,
harvester, tractor, advance machine tools and advance farm
equipment, but in the country like India where more than 80%
of farmers are small and marginal and they are still doing
farming by traditional method only they are also in need of
improved agricultural tools that may be hand driven or bullock
driven. In this paper the design and fabrication of ploughing
is important agricultural equipment used for soil preparation.
The main objective of this analysis is to increase the life of
share plate . The existing cultivator which is manufactured by
local small scale manufacturer gets failed at different points
after approximately one session of uses.
II.CONCEPT
Concept is to use the bike engine`s power to help in
cultivation of soil for farming processes. This can done
through using power of engine to provide force to the tools so
they can dig enough inside the soil so soil should be properly
ready for cultivation.
Engine can be mounted on a metal frame of proper
dimensions. The shaft of engine can be coupled with wheels of
frame. Also cultivating tool is attached to the frame. So that
the power developed by engine will force the tool in
downward direction inside soil. Also handle can be provide
for proper guidance of machine by changing the directions of
wheels in required direction. Seed sowing operation can also
be performed by providing sowing pans near the tool. So that
when tool digs simultaneously seed can be sowed as per
required.
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Paper Title:- DESIGN AND FABRICATION OF PLOUGHING MACHINE

was built by Bajaj Company. It also gives a detailed

description of its displacement ratio in cubic centimetre,
power by engine and also torque generated by engine.
B.Chassis frame:
Chassis is constructed from angles made up of mild steel
which are cut as required length and are then welded together
with the help of welding torch ( Arc welding). Chassis act as a
load carrying part and mounting for all the parts of machine
including engine, wheels, transmission system, tools, etc. It
keeps all the part assembled together.
1)Specifications of angles used:
•Size: 3.5*3.5
Fig. 1 CONCEPT DRAWING •Thickness : 5mm
•Material : Mild steel
•Dimensions of frame:
Length: 1020mm
Width: 540mm

Fig. 2,2-D VIEW OF PLOUGHING MACHINE

III.COMPONENTS FIG.3 FRAME

A.Engine: C.Transmission system

Engine is used to provide torque and power to the ploughing 1)Sprocket:

machine and tools attached to it. Engine is used of Bajaj Sprockets are attached one to the engine shaft and another to

Chetak Scooter. The engine is a 2 stroke engine. It is mounted shaft carrying the wheels. This arrangement helps to hold the

on the chassis . It provides power to the machine as well as it chain and ensure proper transmission of power and motion to

helps as load required to create enough downward force to the wheels. Sprockets are attached of varying sizes so that

tools to dig in earth. Engine specifications are given below. desired velocity can be attained.

TABLE 1 Dimensions of sprockets

Technical specification a)Larger sprocket:

Displacement ratio 145 cc No. of Teeth : 42

Diameter: 180mm
Power 7.5 bhp Pitch: 11mm
b)Smaller Sprocket:
Torque 15 Nm @
No. of Teeth: 18
3500rpm
Diameter: 75mm
Pitch: 11mm
Table 1. shows the details of engine used. The engine used

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Paper Title:- DESIGN AND FABRICATION OF PLOUGHING MACHINE

Local plough (Hal) and blade harrow (Bakhar) are traditional

implements used for loosening of soil. These are simplest
tools designed to break the topsoil and multi-passes are carried
out to prepare seedbed. Ploughs are used to break soil and
invert furrow slice to control weeds, etc. Three standard
ploughing tools are attached to the machine.
G.Seed sower:
Seed sowing pans are provide near tools. It is attached to a
FIG.4.CHAIN AND SPROCKETS hose which is fixed behind the tool. This seed sower helps to
Where, sow seed simultaneously when the tool digs the earth. Three
N-800rpm seed sowing mechanisms are attached along with three tools.
n-3200rpm
c-178mm
D.Chain:
Chain is used to provide transmission of power as well as
motion from engine shaft to the shaft carrying wheels. Chain
is mounted on sprockets attached and properly aligned. Chain
ensure smooth transmission without much loss. Chain used is
of single strand type. Fig.5 Ploughing Tool

Dimensions of chain: H.Fuel tank:

Chain No. : 25 Fuel tank is also used of Bajaj chetak. Fuel tank stores and

Length of chain : 120mm supplies fuel for the engine for running. Petrol is used as fuel

Pitch: 11mm for engine as engine used is petrol engine. Fuel tank maintains

No. of links: 106 proper supply of fuel to the engine and ensure smooth running

E.Pedestal Bearing and ball bearing: of engine as long as fuel is present in the fuel tank.

Pedestal bearing is used to support or attach shaft on the I.Shaft:

frame. It gives support to the shaft as well as allow to freely Shaft is made up of cast steel. It is used to support wheels and

rotate. Pedestal bearing keeps shaft attached to the shaft and provide motion to them with the help of proper transmission

keep it align at fixed points.Ball bearing attached to the hub of system. One sprocket is attached to the shaft which receives

wheels. Ball bearing reduces the friction and allows smooth motion from engine with the help of chain.

rotation of shaft at hub. It helps to transmit motion to the Dimensions of shaft:

wheels without much loss. Length of shaft: 750mm

Dimensions of bearings: Diameter: 20mm

Bore Diameter: 20mm J.Handle:

F.Tool: Handle is used to guide the vehicle in desired direction. Also it

Tool is provided at the base of the back of the frame. Tool has is used to vary the speed of machine as desired as accelerator

sharper edges. Tool ensures proper loosening of soil. This is is provided on handle. Handle is designed according to human

done to achieve a desired granular soil structure for a seedbed comfort in height and handling of machine. Handle is used of

and to allow rapid infiltration and good retention of moisture, Bajaj Chetak and it is wired with engine for proper controls.

to provide adequate air exchange capacity within the soil and K.Wheels:

to minimize resistance to root penetration and shoot growth. There are three wheels attached to the machine. Two rear

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Paper Title:- DESIGN AND FABRICATION OF PLOUGHING MACHINE

wheels are attached to back and one small supporting front Avaliable data :-
wheel is attached at front part of machine. Wheels are made Rated power (Pr) = 3 KW
by bending of mild steel straps in required circumference N1 = 3200 rpm
round then it is attached with the hub in the center with the Assuming, velocity ratio = 4
help of spokes cut out of round M.S. bars. Vr = N1 / N2
Dimensions of wheels: N2 = 800 rpm
a)Rear wheels: Pr = 3 kw
Diameter: 420mm N1 = 3200 rpm
Thickness of rim: 40mm N2 = 800 rpm
No. of spokes: 10 1. Design power
Hub diameter: 58mm Pd = Pr * kl
b) Front wheel: Where, kl = 1.4 { for moderate shock & 24 hr-days}
Diameter: 200mm Pd = 4.2 kw
Thickness of rim: 40mm Pd = 5.36 hp { 1 hp = 746 watt }
No. of spokes: 8 2. Selection of chain
Hub diameter: 40mm Chain no #25 { for , Pd & N1 }
IV.DESIGN AND CALCULATION: No. Of teeth (T1) = 21 {single strand}
1.ESTIMATING OF POWER NEED FOR PLOUGHING: 3. Pitch diameter
{From farm energy innovation program - efficient farm For small sprocket (driver)
vehicles} Dp1 = pitch / sin (180 / T1)
Power requried = soil resistance(N) * working speed (km/hr) / Dp1 = 41.93 mm
3600 Pitch line velocity Vp = π * d1 * n1 / 60 * 1000
For, soil resistance = implement width* working depth * Vp = 6.44 m / sec = 386 m/ min
resistance per width Check: - recommended velocity Vp = 150 – 450 m/ min
Where, working depth = 10 cm Design is safe
Resistance per width = 3025.210 (N / m cm ) For larger sprocket (diven)
For, implement width = 11.8 * work rate (heacter / hr) / N1 T1 = N2 T2
working speed(km / hr) T2 = 79
Where, 11.8 = work factor(include losses from overlapping, Dp2 = 157.2 mm
turning & other field) 4. Power capacity
Working speed = 5 km/hr P = p*p [{(vp / 104) – (v1.414 / 526 )} *( 26 – 25 cos
Working rate = 1 hector / 20 hr = 0.05 hec / hr (180/ t1 ) ] * Kc
Therefore ,implement width= 0.0476 m Where, Kc = 2.5 { 3 strand }
Soil resistance =1440 N P = 4.4 kw/ strand
Requried power = 2000 watt 5. No. Of strand= pd / (power / strand)
Requried pto power = 1.5 * 2000 = 3000 watt no.= 1
1 watt = 0.00134 bhp Total power = no.of strand * power / strand
Required power = 0.00134*3000 = 4.02 bhp T.p. = 4.4
2.DESIGN FOR TRANSMISSIOM SYSTEM (CHAIN Check :- T.P. > Pd
DRIVE): 4.4 > 4.2 Design is safe
{ All calculation from B.D. Shiwalkar chapter 14 } 6.Length of chain

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Paper Title:- DESIGN AND FABRICATION OF PLOUGHING MACHINE

Lp = [ (T1 + T2 / 2 ) + (2C / p) + {p(T1 – T2)*(T1 – T2) / V.ASSEMBLY OF PROJECT

40C} ] Assembly of project is given below which is assembled by
where, center distance (C) = Dp2 + (Dp1 / 2) using components which are descried in previous case.
C = 178 mm, Lp = 110 mm
Chain dimensions
1.Roller diameter (Dr) = 5/8 * pitch = 3.9 mm
2.Chain width (w) = 5/8 * pitch = 3.9 mm
3.Pin diameter (dp) = 5/16 * pitch = 1.95 mm
4.Thickness of link plate (t) = 1/8 * pitch = 0.78 mm
Sprocket dimensions
1.Width of sprocket teeth(to) = 0.56 P – 0.15 = 3.35 mm
2.Transverse pitch (A) = 1.525 p = 7.2 mm
3.Corner relief (e) = 0.125 p = 0.78 mm
4.Chamber radius (r) = 0.54 p = 3.4 mm Fig 6. Assembly Model Of Ploughing Machine
Small sprocket VI.ADVANTAGES
Outer diameter (Do) = p{0.6 + cot ( 180 / t1 ) = 45.22 mm • Superb power for digging in tough conditions. Durable
Bottom diameter (Dr) = dp – 0.625 p = 38 mm commercial grade 4-stroke engine offers easy starting, quiet
Large sprocket operation, lower emissions, and easy refuelling.
Do = 160.83 mm • Allows the operator to safely operate the machine from the
Dr = 153.29 mm centre, left or right positions. Makes it easier to turn the tiller
3. DESIGN OF ROTATING AXEL ( SHAFT) around at the end of the row.
{From B.D. Shiwalkar chapter 11} • The commercial grade transmission provides long tiller life
1.Torque and less maintenance.
Td = 60* pd* kl / 2 * π N • A simple, straightforward design that controls drive wheel.
Where, kl = 1.4 Easy to reach, ergonomically designed controls are intuitive
Assuming shaft material for rental and first time users.
I.S.C 40 annealed ( plain carbon steel ) • Adjust the tilling depth for optimal performance in a variety
(SAE 1040) of conditions.
Sut = 632 mpa • Adjust the handle position up or down to offer a comfortable
Syt = 350 mpa operating height.
Td = 70.187 Nm VII.APPLICATIONS
• In agriculture field.
2.Diameter of shaft • For cultivation of soil.
Td = π /16 * shear stress *(ds)³ • Soil preparation for seed sowing.
For, shear stress < 0.30 sut or < 0.18 syt VIII.RESULT
< 105 mpa <50.56 mpa SR.NO TYPES OF SOIL DEPTH OF TOOL
Ds = 19.19mm
1. Black Cotton Soil 100mm
Increasing shaft diameter by 50 % for sustaining load
Dnew = 1.5 * 19.19 = 28.785 mm 2. Red Loam Soil 150mm

Standard diameter = 32 mm 3. Red Gravelly Soil 120mm

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IX.CONCLUSION
It is observed that the depth of tool totally depend on the
molecular structure, condition of soil as well as moisture
content into the soil.
X.FUTURE IMPEMENTATION
• As this project is simple to make and cheaper in
construction, ploughing machine has vast future scope.
• Highly efficient engine could be attached to get best output.
• Various processes along with ploughing could be done such
as seeding and spraying by adding more attachments.
XI.REFERENCES
[1]Mahesh Gavali1and Mr.Satish Kulkarni “Comparative
Analysis of Manual Hoe ,Portable Weeders & Powers Tillers
in the Indian Market” International Journal of Innovative
Research in Science, Vol. 3, Issue 4, April 2014
[2]Garg B K and Devnani R S “Performance evaluation of
multipurpose tool weeder” 2008 Annual report
[3]Singh S.2008. Agricultural Mechanization Policy.
Proceedings of Tractor & Farm Machinery Manufacturers
Meet Nov. 16-17, 2007.
[4]Agricultural Engineering Data Book 2008 Central Institute
of agricultural Engineering,Bhopal.
[5]R.S. khurmi & J.K. gupta A Textbook of Machine Design
and Lingaiah data hand book volume 1&2.
[6]Fielke J.W. Reiley M.G. Slattery and R.W. Fitzpatt
“Comparison of tillage forces and wear rates of pressed and
cast cultivator shares” Soil and Tillage Research -Vol4, 1995,
PP317-328.

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