Design and Simulation of Agricultural Plough Machine

DESIGN AND SIMULATION OF AGRICULTURAL PLOUGH
MACHINE
BAHIRDAR UNIVERSITY
BAHIR DAR INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
FACULTY OF MECHANICAL AND INDUSTRIAL ENGINEERING
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING PROGRAM
FINAL PROJECT REPORT WRITING
NAME OF THE CANDIDATES AND ID NUMBER
NAME ID No.
1. Dires Kassa ..............................................BDU0600578UR

2. Endalamaw Senay………………...…….BDU0600625UR
3. Manidefro Tadesse……………..…….....BDU0601108UR
ADVISOR
Dr.Muralidhar Avvari.
JUNE 2018 G.C

BAHIRDAR, ETHIOPIA
DESIGN AND SIMULATION OF AGRICULTURAL PLOUGH MACHINE 2018
DECLARATION
We hereby declare that the research paper titled “Design and Simulation of Agricultural
Plough Machine” submitted by us is based on actual and original work. Any reference to work
done by any other person or institution or any material obtained from other sources have been
duly cited and referenced. We further certify that the research paper has not been published or
submitted for publication anywhere else nor it will be send for publication in the future. We
understand that non-adherence to the principles of academic honesty and integrity,
misrepresentation/ fabrication of any idea/data/fact/source will constitute sufficient ground for
disciplinary action by the University and can also evoke penal action from the sources which
have not been properly cited or acknowledged.
Name ID No. Signature

1. Dres Kassa………………BDU0600578UR ______________
2. Endalamaw Senay……….BDU0600625UR ______________
3. Manidefro Tadesse ………BDU0601108UR ______________
This thesis has been submitted for examination with my approval as a university advisor.
Advisor Name: Dr.Muralidhar Avvari.
Advisor’s Signature: ________________
I
BY; DIRES, ENDALAMAW AND MANIDEFRO FINAL YEAR PROJECT
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
The research teams in Design and Simulation of Agricultural Plough Machine are seeking a
grant to implement a technology to plough a bare land with the objective of designing and
simulating the components of the machine itself. This innovative ploughing technology reduces
loss of man power, avoids animals as an energy source and reducing the time required to plow
and solves the problems of power consumption of the farmers and families with fatigues on their
oxen. The first phase of the project is completed by Gathering and collecting relevant
information/data from farmers by looking and asking some concepts, Detail introduction and
literature review about the project, Identifying the problem statement, Setting general and
specific objectives, doing design analysis for all parts, Modeling of component using solid work
software with Simulation of the components and assemble the machine. Funding in the amount
of 30,000 birr is requested for completing the work and to purchase the required materials as
well as to manufacture the machine components.
II
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
First of all we would like to say thank you GOD for giving our strength to do this project. We
would like to express our deepest gratitude to our Advisor Dr. Muralidhar Avvari and his
colleague Dr Ramesh Babu for providing good guidance, assistance and encouragement throughout
the duration of the project. We appreciate his consistent support from the first day we started our
project to these concluding moments. We would like to express our gratitude to Bahirdar Institute of
Technology for their support starting from orientation to approval of our project idea.
III
Table of contents
Contents page
DECLARATION............................................................................................................................ I
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY .......................................................................................................... II
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ....................................................................................................... III
Table of contents ......................................................................................................................... IV
List of Tables .............................................................................................................................. VII
List of Figures ........................................................................................................................... VIII
CHAPTER ONE ........................................................................................................................... 1
1. Introduction ............................................................................................................................. 1
1.1. Background History of Agriculture ................................................................................. 3
1.2. Problem Statement ........................................................................................................... 5
1.3 Objectives ......................................................................................................................... 5
1.4. Methodology .................................................................................................................... 6
1.5. Scope of the Study ........................................................................................................... 6
1.6. Significance of the Study ................................................................................................. 6
1.7. Expected Results .............................................................................................................. 6
CHAPTER TWO .......................................................................................................................... 7
2. Literature Review.................................................................................................................... 7
2.1. The Maresha Modified Plow ........................................................................................... 9
2.2. Sources of Farm Power .................................................................................................. 11
2.3. Concept of Farm Mechanization .................................................................................... 12
2.4. Ploughing of Land.......................................................................................................... 13
2.5. Methods of Ploughing a Land ........................................................................................ 13
IV
CHAPTER THREE .................................................................................................................... 16
3. Conceptual Design ................................................................................................................ 16
3.1. Power Source Evaluating Criteria .................................................................................. 17
3.2. Power transmission criteria ............................................................................................ 19
3.3. Wheel profile selection criteria ...................................................................................... 19
CHAPTER FOUR ....................................................................................................................... 20
4. Selection of Material and Factor of Safety ........................................................................... 20
4.1. Material Selection .......................................................................................................... 20
4.2. Selection of Factor of Safety.......................................................................................... 21
CHAPTER FIVE ........................................................................................................................ 22
5. Design of Components .......................................................................................................... 22
5.1. Design of Plough Holder Shaft ...................................................................................... 22
5.2. Design of Rack Holder Bar ............................................................................................ 25
5.3. Design of Engine Carrying Bar...................................................................................... 27
5.4. Design of Frame ............................................................................................................. 29
5.5. Selection of Belt ............................................................................................................. 32
5.6. Design of Pulleys ........................................................................................................... 36
5.7. Design of Shaft .............................................................................................................. 39
5.8. Design of Gear ............................................................................................................... 41
5.9. Design of Rack Support ................................................................................................. 46
5.10. Wheel Design ............................................................................................................... 47
5.11. Design of the Arm ........................................................................................................ 49
5.12. Design of Share Head .................................................................................................. 51
5.13. Design of Share ............................................................................................................ 51
5.14. Bearing Selection ......................................................................................................... 54
V
CHAPTER SIX ........................................................................................................................... 58
6. Agricultural Plough Machine ................................................................................................ 58
6.1. Major Components of the Machine ............................................................................... 58
6.2. Constraint of the Project ................................................................................................ 63
6.3. Working Principle .......................................................................................................... 64
CHAPTER SEVEN ..................................................................................................................... 65
7. Cost Analysis and manufacturing process ............................................................................ 65
7.1. Manufacturing Cost ....................................................................................................... 66
7.2. Design Cost .................................................................................................................... 67
7.3. Manufacturing Process................................................................................................... 68
CHAPTER EIGHT ..................................................................................................................... 71
8.1. Result and Discussion .................................................................................................... 71
8.2. Stress Analysis Simulation Result ................................................................................. 72
8.3. Conclusion and Recommendation ................................................................................. 96
References .................................................................................................................................... 97
APPENDIX ONE ........................................................................................................................ 98
PART AND ASSEMBLY DRAWING .................................................................................... 98
VI
List of Tables
Table 1: Merit and demerits of farm power. [3] ........................................................................... 12
Table 2: decision matrix for technical criteria .............................................................................. 17
Table 3: Technical criteria ............................................................................................................ 18
Table 4: Power transmission criteria............................................................................................. 19
Table 5: material selection ............................................................................................................ 20
Table 6: factor of safety for different metals. ............................................................................... 21
Table 7: Dimensions of standard V-belts according to IS: 2494 – 1974. ..................................... 34
Table 8: Dimensions of standard V-grooved pulleys according to IS: 2494–1974. ..................... 35
Table 9: Standard pitch lengths of V-belts according to IS: 2494-1974....................................... 35
Table 10: mechanical properties of carbon steel........................................................................... 39
Table 11: Minimum number of teeth on the pinion in order to avoid interference. ..................... 41
Table 12: service factor for different types of loads ..................................................................... 43
Table 13: Standard proportions of gear systems ........................................................................... 45
Table 14: Values of X and Y for dynamically loaded bearing ..................................................... 54
Table 15: values of service factor (KS) ......................................................................................... 55
Table 16: basic static and dynamic capacities of various types of radial ball bearings ................ 55
Table 17: cost analysis .................................................................................................................. 65
Table 18: Time required for different manufacturing processes .................................................. 66
Table 19: Result discussion for design results .............................................................................. 71
VII
List of Figures
Figure 1: local maresha ................................................................................................................... 9
Figure 2: The Marsha modified plow ............................................................................................. 9
Figure 3: gathering and casting ploughing method....................................................................... 14
Figure 4: Steps of conceptual design. ........................................................................................... 16
Figure 5: designed plough machine .............................................................................................. 22
Figure 6: simulation of engine carrying bar .................................................................................. 29
Figure 7: simulation for frame ...................................................................................................... 32
Figure 8: features of belt and chain............................................................................................... 33
Figure 9: simulation for belt ......................................................................................................... 36
Figure 10: Simulation for pulley ................................................................................................... 38
Figure 11: simulation for shaft ...................................................................................................... 40
Figure 12: simulation of gear ........................................................................................................ 45
Figure 13: simulation for rack support.......................................................................................... 46
Figure 14: simulation for wheel .................................................................................................... 49
Figure 15: simulation for arm ....................................................................................................... 50
Figure 16: simulation for share ..................................................................................................... 53
Figure 17: Assembly of the machine ............................................................................................ 58
Figure 18: Agricultural plough machine ....................................................................................... 64
VIII
CHAPTER ONE
1. Introduction
Agriculture has been the backbone of Ethiopian economy and it will continue to remain for a
long time. Mostly Maize, Teff and Wheat are the new targets in agriculture where still, not many
researchers and manufacturers participate. This field faces some problems such as how to
maximize the profit, how to increase productivity and how to reduce the cost. Generally in
Ethiopia, two types of agricultural equipment are used, manual method (conventional method)
and mechanized type. Mechanization involves the use of a hybrid device between the power
source and the work. This hybrid device usually transfers motion, such as rotary to linear, or
provides mechanical advantages such as increase or decrease or leverage of velocity.
Agricultural machinery is machinery used in farming or other agriculture. Mechanized
agriculture is a process of using agricultural machinery to mechanize the work of
agriculture, greatly increasing farm worker productivity .In modern times, powered machinery
has replaced many farm jobs formerly carried out by manual labour or by working animals such
as oxen and horses. The entire history of agriculture contains many examples of the use of
tools, such as the hoe and the plough. But the ongoing integration of machines since the
Industrial Revolution has allowed farming to become much less labour intensive. The
biggest profit of automation is that it saves the labour. However, it also saves energy and
materials and to improve the quality, accuracy, and precision. The agricultural science is a
science dealing with food and fiber production and processing. They include the technologies of
soil cultivation, crop cultivation and harvesting, animal production, and the processing of plant
and animal products for human consumption and use. Now a day, Ethiopia is the poor country
in the world because of many reasons; such as the way of crop cultivation is traditional, or
unable to use agricultural technology is one of the most predominant reason, one of the factor
that affect to unable use new technology is lack of appropriate machine specially suppliers never
conceder Ethiopia farmers’ economy. In Ethiopia, farmers use traditional techniques for plowing
land still now a day due to lack of properly fitting machine with them economy or economical
capacity and lack of skill to operates machine as result there is insufficient way to plow the land
which is time taker, tedious, consumption of human labor and ox labor. Our main objectives are
design and simulation of agricultural plough machine: which is mainly concerned on that
1
problem we state therefore it solve the above challenge since it is cost effective machine because
it made from local material, and it never required skill to operate that will help to reduce the
time, reduces of the ox and human labor, increase the productivity, maximize the profit, and
reduce the cost; since this machine has three share which plough three time the currently farmer
use plough therefore it enables to plough large area of land with in short period of time with in
effective way. By using a general guideline to achieve our objective to end up the project without
bias to do this Gathering and collecting relevant information/data, detail introduction and
literature review about the project after that We will do design analysis for all parts that is both
stress analysis and force analysis and also select the part that are not manufacture. The first phase
of the project will be completed by designing, modeling, simulation and detail introduction and
literature review about the project within four months. Funding in the amount of 30,000 birr is
requested for staffs and to purchase the required materials as well as to manufacture the machine.
Even though many scholars made different agricultural machinery our farmers unable to use
these machinery because of the economical capacity of our farmer is poor so our aim is to
enhance the farmer to use new agricultural machinery since this machine is cost effective
because it made from local material, labor cost of our country is low and also it has no foreign
currency. Generally it is cost effective machine so it will solve the farmers’ problem especially
for Ethiopian farmers.
2
1.1. Background History of Agriculture
Early knowledge of agriculture was a collection of experiences verbally transmitted from farmer
to farmer. Some of this ancient lore had been preserved in religious commandments, but the
traditional sciences rarely dealt with a subject seemingly considered so commonplace. Although
much was written about agriculture during the middle Ages, the agricultural sciences did not
then gain a place in the academic structure. Eventually, a movement began in central Europe to
educate farmers in special academies, the earliest of which was established at Keszthely,
Hungary, in 1796. Students were still taught only the experiences of farmers, however. Liebig’s
contribution. The scientific approach was inaugurated in 1840 by Justus von Liebig of
Darmstadt, Germany. His classic work, Die organische Chemie in ihrer Anwendung auf
Agrikulturchemie und Physiologie (1840; Organic Chemistry in Its Applications to Agriculture
and Physiology), launched the systematic development of the agricultural sciences. In Europe, a
system of agricultural education soon developed that comprised secondary and postsecondary
instruction. The old empirical-training centers were replaced by agricultural schools throughout
Europe and North America. Under Liebig’s continuing influence, academic agriculture came to
concentrate on the natural sciences.U.S. Agricultural education and research, Agricultural
colleges came into being in the United States during the second half of the 19th century. In 1862
Pres. Abraham Lincoln signed the Morrill Act, under which Congress granted to each state
30,000 acres (12,141 hectares) of land for each representative and senator “for the endowment,
support and maintenance of at least one college where the leading object shall be without
excluding other scientific and classical studies and including military tactics to teach branches of
learning as are related to agriculture and mechanic arts.” Thus the stage was set for the
remarkably successful land-grant system of agricultural education and research in the United
States. That same year Iowa became the first state to accept the provisions of the act, and all the
other states have followed. Now, land-grant colleges of agriculture offer programs of study
leading to both baccalaureate and postgraduate degrees in the various agricultural sciences.
These institutions have served as models for colleges established in many nations. In 1887
Congress passed the Hatch Act, which provided for necessary basic and applied agricultural
research to be conducted by the state colleges of agriculture in cooperation with the U.S.
Department of Agriculture (USDA). Agricultural experiment stations were established in 16
states between 1875 and 1885, and they now exist in all 50 states. These stations, together with
3
USDA research centers around the country, comprise a network of coordinated research
installations in the agricultural sciences. Slightly more than half of the agricultural research in
the United States, however, is conducted by the private sector. Congress passed the Smith Lever
Act in 1914, providing for, among other things, the teaching of improved agricultural practices to
farmers. Thus the agricultural extension service now recognized as an outstanding example of
adult vocational education was established. The demand for instruction in agriculture at the
secondary level gained momentum around the beginning of the 20th century. Some private
agricultural schools had already been founded in the East, and by 1916 agriculture was being
taught in more than 3,000 high schools. Federally aided programs of vocational agriculture
education began with the passage of the Smith Hughes Vocational Education Act in 1917. By the
second half of the 20th century, an average of 750,000 high-school, young farmer, and adult
farmer students were enrolled annually in classes offered by about 10,000 vocational agriculture
departments in the United States. Since passage of the Vocational Education Act of 1963, further
expansion of agricultural education has occurred in vocational schools and in courses offered at
junior and senior colleges.
4
1.2. Problem Statement
The main problem that made to start the project are labor wastage, traditional techniques that the
farmer are follow now a day and also not sufficient way to plow the land which is time taker,
tedious, it consuming of human and ox labor. Generally, the plough processes in Ethiopia are so
backward. It takes much time to plough, it takes much power of the farmers and families, it
produces more fatigue on their oxen. The main target is design and simulation of agricultural
plow machine: which is mainly concerned to avoid the above gap. Therefore the project state that
it solves the above challenge since this machine has three shares which plow three times the
current traditional plough. It enables to plough large area of land with in short period of time and
effective way. It also considers Ethiopian farmers economy capacity because the machine is;
Cost effective machine since it made from local materials, it never required high skill to operate
and reduces the time required to plough and also reduces human labor and no need of animal
power.
1.3 Objectives
1. General Objective
The general objective of this project is to design and simulation of agricultural plough machine
within a specified design and procedures, that is ANSI (American nation standard institution).
2. Specific Objectives
 To make the design of individual parts of the agricultural plough machine.
 To evaluate the control of the design components numerically.
 To simulate the machine components based on design analyses.
 To make the assembly of all machine components of the agricultural plough machine.
5
1.4. Methodology
Methodology is a general guideline to achieve our objective. We use the following concise ways
and methods to go through smooth and end up the project without bias.
 Gathering and collecting relevant information from farmers by looking there.
 Detail introduction and literature review about the project.
 Identify the problem statement.
 Setting general and specific objectives.
 Do the design analysis for all parts.
 Modeling of component using solid work software.
 Do 2D or work shop drawing to all parts of the machine.
 Simulate the components and assemble it.
1.5. Scope of the Study
To do this project we start by collecting relevant/necessarily information’s needed using different

data gathering methods like observing and looking from farm land with farmers, such as the size
and dimension of traditional plough share and other tools. The geometric and stress analysis has
been done for each components. Then we go through 3D modeling of part, assembly, and
simulations using solid work software.
1.6. Significance of the Study
The main significant of this study is to improve the efficiency of ploughing of land in an
effective way and also to enhances tillers produces large quantity of crop in a year. This avoids
the inflation of demand and supply in our country meaning this enable as survives itself by food
again this is one of the cause of stainable growth of the country.
1.7. Expected Results
Fully designed and analyzed agricultural plough machine at affordable cost and from locally
available material.
6
CHAPTER TWO
2. Literature Review
The following are some researchers and designers who worked on agricultural innovations.
Amol B. Rohokale, Pavan D. Shewale, Sumit B.Pokharkar, Keshav K. Sanap;who
reviewed on multi-seed sowing machine, The main purpose of this paper is to compare
between conventional sowing method and new proposed machine which can perform
number of simultaneous operation. The required row to row spacing, seed rate, seed to seed
spacing and fertilizers placement varies from crop to crop can be achieved by the proposed
machine. This machine reduces the sowing time, human efforts and labour cost. [1]
Aditya Kawadaskar, Dr. S. S. Chaudhari; who worked on review of methods of seed
sowing and concept of multi-purpose seed sowing machine, Redesigned and tested the seed
sowing machine using CAD package like PROE. This Paper deals with the various
sowing methods used in India for seed sowing and fertilizer placement. The comparison
between the traditional sowing method and the new proposed machine which can perform
a number of simultaneous operations and has number of advantages. As day by day the labour
availability becomes the great concern for the farmers and labour cost is more, this machine
reduces the efforts and total cost of sowing the seeds and fertilizer placement. [1]
Wankhede, A. P. Rathod, A. V. Gorde, R. K. Gondane; who worked on design
modification of advance seed sowing cum fertilizer machine, The purpose of developing this
paper is to develop multipurpose machine to reduce cost and time required for seed
sowing and fertilizer placement. By using advance seed sowing machine and advance
techniques we can increase the production of crops in minimum cost and time.
Mr. Muhammed Kashif R, Mr. Sharanabasappa Bolashetty, Mr. Mohammed Yaseen A
H, Ms. Bhargavi ; who worked on design and development of semi-automated multipurpose
agriculture wheel hoe, The main objective of this project is to design and development of
semi-automated multipurpose agricultural wheel hoe to use of weeding, plough and
cultivating in single equipment. Their aim is to reduce the man power required for the
operation of the wheel hoe. The only way is to automate it but we cannot fully automate it
due to few constraints such as it will require electricity which will not be mostly available in
villages, they will be requiring Microprocessor and sensors which will again increase the cost
7
and might require skill to use it. They thought of solution being that instead of automating
it fully they planned to semi automate it using engine, motors and power transmission
equipment’s. This might help us reaching their goal by reducing the man power as well
as cost. In this design, fabricate and testing of semi-automated multipurpose agricultural
wheel hoe to use of various agricultural operations. They designed and fabricate Wheel
hoe and made semi-automated operative with the use of 2 stroke petrol engines to assist
human to perform various agricultural operations like cultivating, plough, weeding and also
other operations by attaching and detaching different tools for different agricultural
operations. They are using Four pneumatic wheels used to support the set-up and tools
were found best suited to grip over ground. We noticed that Engine power and efficiency were
almost Up to the desired level of performance. They were tested the model for cultivating
operation and noticed that the semi-automated wheel hoe gives the better performance
compare to manual and power tiller.[1]
Humbade A.B., Kalingwar C.M., Kadam. N.S., Davargave M.M.,Prof. Lande.S.B; who
worked on multipurpose agriculture vehicle, This Project presents work on design of a new
agricultural multipurpose vehicle to be used for various applications. As global
competition is pressing farmers on many fronts, mechanized agriculture has become one
of the important modern agricultural methods. In India 60% population involved in
agricultural work, Conventional mechanized systems may increase productivity but are less
adaptive and flexible. As a consequence, there have been initiatives in developing
advanced mechanized systems.
This machine works until soil resistance of 0.75kg/cm2. By so doing the machine needs only one
person to control the direction of movements at the back of the share by catching the handle.
Maize (Zea mays L.) is the most important grain crop in Ethiopia and is produced throughout the
country under diverse environments. Successful maize production depends on the correct
application of production inputs that will sustain the environment as well as agricultural
production. Tillage is defined as a set of operations performed on the soil to prepare a seedbed,
control weeds and improve soil physical conditions for enhancing the establishment, growth and
yield of crops, as well as conserving soil moisture. In Ethiopia, the land preparation is
characterized by the use of backward traditional farm implements. These implements usually
result in hand to mouth and non-market oriented production. Tillage tools and practices are
8
indigenous and chosen by the farmers themselves based on their resources and requirements.
However, these indigenous tools and practices pose constraints such as inefficiencies, drudgery
and poor quality of work, which results in low yields. Promoting and upholding productivity of
farmers beyond subsistent level is closely related to the use of improved farm implements and
tools (mechanization of agriculture) to till and cultivate land.
Figure 1: local maresha

2.1. The Maresha Modified Plow
The Marsha modified plow (MMP) is the result of incorporation of bottom of a mold board plow
with the frames of the Marsha plow. The incorporation of the bottom of the mold board plow in
to the marsh plow is an opportunity to make the plow simple, light and cheap such that it is
affordable by farmers in Ethiopia. The v shaped furrow created by the marsh plow has been
identified to be the main cause of repeated plow by farmers in Ethiopia. It is therefore necessary
that the implement be modified such that it forms u shaped furrow that are more effective in
weed control thus reducing the need for repeated and cross plow. It is therefore hypothesized that
MMP can form a U shaped furrow which would then lead to reduced tillage frequency.
Figure 2: The Marsha modified plow
9
We can clearly observe that authors made the equipment only to facilitate seeding. On the other
hand authors worked for sowing, spraying fertilizers, cultivation. But in these both works the
basic operational power is obtained either by towing or by pushing through hand. So irrespective
of above mentioned works we developed and fabricated a system which can be used for plough,
and would not be in the need of much effort to operate it because we used a power from an
engine with belt and gear transmission system. This system can bring agricultural revolution and
would be accepted with a glare in the eyes of poor farmers. Authors emphasized on the design
and development of manually operated seed planter machine, which was cheap and
fabricated using local components. By using of their machine they achieved flexibility of
distance and depth variation for different seed plantation is possible. Their system is also
manually hand driven but we made our system as a gear and belt mechanism system.
Authors focused on Solar operated automatic seed sowing machine to fulfill the tasks like
digging, seed sowing, water pouring and fertilizing by using non-conventional energy sources.
They investigated that solar operated automatic seed sowing machine will help the farmers in
remote areas of country where fuel is not available easily and can perform their regular
cultivation activity as well as saves fuel up to larger extent.
Even though many scholars made different agricultural machinery our farmers unable to use
these machinery because of the economical capacity of our farmer is poor so our aim is to
enhance the farmer to use new agricultural machinery since this machine is cost effective
because it made from local material, labor cost of our country is low and also it has no foreign
currency. Generally it is cost effective machine so it will solve the farmers’ problem especially
for Ethiopia n farmers. [2]
10
2.2. Sources of Farm Power
There are different sources of farm power available which are classified as,
1. Human power
2. Animal power
3. Mechanical power (Tractors + Power tillers + Oil engines)
4. Electrical power
1. Human power
Human power is the main source for operating small implements and tools at the farm.
Stationary work like chaff cutting, lifting, water, threshing, winnowing etc. are also done by
manual labour. An average man can develop maximum power of about 0.1 hp for doing farm
work.
2. Animal Power
Power developed by an average pair of bullocks about 1 hp for usual farm work. Animals like
oxen, camels, horses, donkeys and mules are also used at some places. The average
force a draft animal can exert is nearly one-tenth of its body weight.
3. Mechanical Power
Broadly speaking, mechanical power includes stationary oil engines, tractors, power tillers and
self-propelled combines. Internal combustion engine is a good device for converting liquid fuel
into useful work (mechanical work). These engines are two types
1. Spark ignition engines (Petrol or Kerosene engine)
2. Compression ignition engines (Diesel engines)
The thermal efficiency of diesel engine varies from 32 to 38 per cent whereas that of petrol
engine varies from 25 to 32 per cent. In modern days, almost all the tractors and power tillers are
operated by diesel engines. Diesel engines are used for operating irrigation pumps, flour mills,
oil ghanis, cotton gins, chaff cutter, sugarcane crusher, threshers, winnowers etc.
4. Electrical Power
Electrical power is used mostly in the form of electrical motors on the farms. Motor is a very
useful machine for farmers. It is clean, quest and smooth running. Its maintenance and
operation needs less attention and care. The operating cost remains almost constant
throughout its life. Electrical power is used for water pumping, diary industry, cold storage,
farm product processing, fruit industry and many similar things.[3]
11
Table 1: Merit and demerits of farm power. [3]
Merit Demerit
Human Power
1 Easily available. 1 Costliest power compared to all other forms of
power.
2 Used for all types of work. 2 Very low efficiency.
3 Requires full maintenance when not in use.
4 Affected by weather condition and seasons.
Animal Power
1 Easily available. 1 Not very efficient.
2 Used for all types of work. 2 Seasons and weather affect the efficiency.
3 Low initial investment. 3 Cannot work at a stretch.
4 Supplies manures to the field 4 Requires full maintenance when not in use.
and fuels to farmers.
5 Lives on farm products. 5 Creates unhealthy and dirty atmosphere near
the residence.
6 Very slow in doing work.
Mechanical Power
1 Efficiency is high. 1 Initial capital investment high.
2 Not affected by weather 2 Fuel is costly.
3 Cannot run at a stretch. 3 Repairs and maintenance needs technical
knowledge.
4 Requires less space.
5 Cheaper form of power.
Electrical Power
1 Very cheap form of power. 1 Initial capital investment high.
2 High efficiency. 2 Requires good amount of technical knowledge.
3 Can work at a stretch. 3 If handled carelessly, it causes great danger.
4 Maintenance and operating
cost is very low.
2.3. Concept of Farm Mechanization
The main concept of farm mechanization is to apply the principles of engineering and technology
to do the agricultural operations in a better way to increase crop yield. This includes the
development, application and management of all mechanical aids for field operation, water
control, material handling, storage and processing. Mechanical aids include hand tools, animal
drawn implements, power tillers, tractors, engines, electric motors, grain processing and hauling
12
equipment. Farm mechanization helps for proper utilization of basic inputs like water, seed and
fertilizer, optimum placement of the seed and fertilizer, ploughing, removal of weeds, leveling of
uneven land and land reclamation. If machines are used farmer and his animals are relieved of
hard work. With the support of machines farmer can do his job better and quicker. He will get
more leisure and devote his time to other works. He can earn better living. [3]
2.4. Ploughing of Land
Ploughing of land separates the top layer of soil into furrow slices. The furrows are turned
sideways and inverted to a varying degree, depending upon the type of plough being used. It is a
primary tillage operation, which is performed to shatter soil uniformly with partial or complete
soil inversion.
There are a few important terms frequently used in connection with ploughing of a land.
(i) Furrow: It is a trench formed by an implement in the soil during the field operation
(ii) Furrow slice: The mass of soil cut, lifted and thrown to one side is called furrow slice.
(iii) Furrow wall: It is an undisturbed soil surface by the side of a furrow.
(iv) Crown: The top portion of the turned furrow slice is called crown.
(v) Back furrow: A raised ridge left at the center of the strip of land when ploughing is started
from center to side is called back furrow. When the ploughing is started in the middle of a field,
furrow is collected across the field and while returning trip another furrow slice is lapped over
the first furrow. This is the raised ridge which is named as back furrow.
(vi) Dead furrow: An open trench left in between two adjacent strips of land after finishing
ploughing is called dead furrow.
(vii) Head land: While ploughing a land with a tractor a strip of unploughed land is left at
each end of the field for the tractor to turn, which is called head land. At the end of each trip,
the plough is lifted until the tractor and the plough have turned and are in position to start the
return trip. The head land is about 6 meters wide for two or three bottom tractor plough and
one meter more for each additional bottom. [3]
2.5. Methods of Ploughing a Land
There are two main methods of ploughing a field which are known as “inlands” and “round
about” ploughing. A normal right hand plough must always have an open furrow on the right in
13
which to lay the next furrow slice. It is therefore, necessary to travel across the field in one place
and come back in another. There are two ways of doing this by “gathering” and “casting‟.
1. Gathering
Whenever a plough works round a strip of ploughed land, it is said to be gathering. The tractor
and plough turns to right each time the head land is reached. When the land is ploughed, a raised
ridge (double width ridge) is formed in the center of the field. This however would be
uneconomical way of working as time is wasted at the start in making awkward turns, while
later, total idle running would be increased along the head land
2. Casting
Whenever a plough works round a strip of un ploughed land, it is said to be casting. The tractor
and plough turns to the left each time the head land is reached. When the land is ploughed in this
way a wide furrow (double width furrow) will be left in the center and is termed as “finish “or
open furrow or dead furrow
a.. Gathering b. Casting

Figure 3: gathering and casting ploughing method
It is recommended that long field should be ploughed by gathering in one season and casting in
another season. It avoids building up of a ridge in the center and an open furrow at each side or
vice versa. However, ploughing of a field either by casting or by gathering alone is normally
uneconomical. For economical ploughing the following methods are used. [3]
3. Continuous Ploughing Method
In normal conditions, the continuous ploughing method is considered very convenient and
economical. This is a method usually used in which the tractor and plough never run idle for
more than three quarter land width along the headland and never turn in a space narrower than a
quarter land width. In this method, first the headland is marked and the first ridge is set up at
14
three quarter of a land width from the side. The other ridges are set at full width over the field.
The operator starts ploughing between the first ridge and the side land. The operator continues to
turn left and cast in the three quarter land until ploughing is completed in a quarter land width on
each side. At this stage, the plough is lifted to half depth for the last trip down the side land of
the field. This leaves a shallow furrow where the finish comes.
After this stage, the driver turns right and gathers round the one fourth lands already
ploughed. Gathering is continued till the unploughed strip in first three-quarter land is
ploughed and completed. This gathering reduces the first full land by a quarter. The
remaining three quarter land can be treated in exactly the same manner as the original three
quarter land completed earlier. This process is repeated for all other lands in the field.
4. Round and Round Ploughing
In this method, the plough moves round and round in a field. This system is adopted under
conditions where ridges and furrows interfere with cultivation work. The field can be started in
two ways.
a) Starting at the center: A small plot of land is marked in the middle of the field and it is
ploughed first. After that, the plough works round this small plot and the entire plot is completed.
This is not a very economical method.
b) Starting at the outer end: Tractor starts ploughing at one end of the field and then moves on
all the sides of the field and comes gradually from the sides to the center of the field. Wide
diagonals are left unploughed to avoid turning with the plough. There are no back furrows in this
method. Conventional ploughing is usually done by this method.
5. One Way Ploughing
This system requires the use of a special type of plough known as reversible plough or one
way plough. Such a plough turns furrows to the left or right. After the head land has been
marked, the operator plough along a straight side land mark. At the end of the first trip, he
turns his tractor in a loop and returns down the same furrow. No dead and back furrows are
left in the field. In gently sloping fields, this method is suitable. [3]
15
CHAPTER THREE
3. Conceptual Design
Conceptual design is the part of the design process whereby identifying the essential problems
through abstraction, establishing function structures, searching for appropriate working
principles and combining these into a working structure the basic solution path is laid down
through the elaboration of a solution principle. Conceptual design specifies the principle of
solution.
Figure 4: Steps of conceptual design.
16
3.1. Power Source Evaluating Criteria
The above mentioned criteria’s are used for all variants and we will compute each other to obtain
their relative values. This can be done using decision matrix as follows.
Weight evaluating
A-Performance
B-Maintenance
C-Easy to operate
D-Safety
E-Reliability
F-Noise
The above mentioned criteria’s are used for all 3 variants and we will compute each other to
obtain their relative values. This can be done using decision matrix as follows.
Note:
 1 good value relative to others.
 0 equally important.
 - No importance compared to others.
Table 2: decision matrix for technical criteria
Variant A B C D E F Raw total Relative

value
A - 1 1 0 - 1 3 0.2143
B - - - - 1 1 2 0.429
C - 1 - - - 1 2 0.1429
D 0 0 1 - 1 1 3 0.2143
E 1 1 0 0 - - 2 0.1429
F - 1 0 - 0 - 1 0.07143
Determining the overall values multiplying each of the variant value with the respective value of
weighting functions. Technical criteria
Variant1:=4×0.2134+4×0.429+4×0.1429+4×0.2143=3.643 and Variant 3:=3.072Total=
6.715Scaling down in to (0 up to 1) Variant 1=0.54Variant 3=0.45Economical over all values
Variant 1=3.5Variant 3=1Total=4.5Scale down in to (0 up to 1) Variant 1=0.78Variant 3=0.22
17
draw the economic ratting verses technical ratting diagrams as follows and locating the variants
it seems like this.
We start from the general truth 1PH=746.6watt meaning the two hours power is 5000watt and
we made three plow that required 4.5 kilo watt power to perform its task but there is slips that
reduce power due to this we increase it into 5 kilo watt power with evolution of 240RPM.
Table 3: Technical criteria
Energy Performance availability reliability cost The ability Total Relative

source to desired value
task
(v1)Fuel 4 5 4 4 5 22 0.423
energy
(v2)Electric 5 1 4 5 0 15 0.288
energy
(v3)Solar 2 4 3 1 5 15 0.288
energy
Assigning values
The rank ordering process helps us to compare the different objectives one against the other
Point Total
10 Inadequate
15 Week
20 Satisfactory
22 Good
25 Excellent
Determining the overall values multiplying each of the variant value with the respective value of
weighting functions. Technical criteria Variant 1:=3.453Variant 3:=3.072Total= 6.715Scaling
down in to (0 up to 1)Variant 1=0.54Variant 3=0.45Economical over all values Variant
1=3.5Variant 3=1Total=4.5Scale down in to (0 up to 1)Variant 1=0.78Variant 3=0.22.Now lets
draw the economic ratting verses technical ratting diagrams as follows and locating the variants
it seems like this.
18
We start from the general truth 1PH=746.6watt meaning the two hours power is 5000watt and
we made three plow that required 4.5 kilo watt power to perform its task but there is slips that
reduce power due to this we increase it into 5 kilo watt power with evolution of 240RPM
From the above rank value we get larger value should be selected because of it satisfying our
requirement more than to the smallest value in the rank therefore fuel engine is select to our
project.
3.2. Power transmission criteria

We want a device that transmit power in long distance, Low cost and high performance
Table 4: Power transmission criteria
Power transmission Distance Performance Cost Total cost Relative value

Gear 2 5 2 9 0.196
Belt 5 4 5 14 0.3
Chain 5 4 2 11 0.24
Coupling 1 5 5 11 0.24
Universal 1 4 5 10 0.218
requirement more than to the smallest value in the rank therefore belt is select to our project.
3.3. Wheel profile selection criteria
Performance, Cost, Designer requirement and Reliability

Wheel type Performance Cost Designer need Reliability Total Relative value
Tire 5 3 2 4 14 0.4242
Steel wheel 4 5 5 5 19 0.5757
requirement more than to the smallest value in the rank therefore belt is select to our project.
Types of Performance Cost reliability Designer total Relative value
share requirement
modified 5 4 5 5 19 0.5757
plow
Local plough 3 4 5 2 14 0.4242
19
CHAPTER FOUR
4. Selection of Material and Factor of Safety
4.1. Material Selection

The selection of a proper material, for engineering purposes, is one of the most difficult
problems for the designer. The best material is one which serve the desired objective at the
minimum cost. The following factors should be considered while selecting the material:
 It has good wear resistance and corrosion resistance
 It has better shock absorber
 It has good strength and availability
 Availability of the materials,
 Suitability of the materials for the working conditions in service, and
 The cost of the materials
The important properties, which determine the utility of the material, are physical, chemical and
mechanical properties. The materials to be used for design is selected after a careful study of the
desired physical, mechanical and chemical and even aesthetic characteristics of a number of
proposed materials. For this project, due to economic considerations and availability of raw
materials, Low carbon steel or mild steel material is selected because of it has 0.15% to 0.45%
carbon which enable it ductile. The ductility of a material is commonly measured by means of
percentage elongation and percentage reduction in area in a tensile test.
Table 5: material selection
Indian Tensile Yield Yield stress Minimum Uses as per IS : 1871 (Part I)–1987
standard stress Minimum Percentage
designation elongation
Fe 620 620 380 15 It is used for locomotive, carriage and
Fe E 640 640 460 15 wagon wheels and tires, arches for mines,
Fe 690 690 410 12 seamless oil well casing and drill tubes, and
Fe E 520 690 520 12 machine parts for heavy Loading.
Mild steel Ultimate Yield Ultimate shear
tensile strength strength strength
560mpa 320mpa 180mpa
20
4.2. Selection of Factor of Safety
The selection of a proper factor of safety to be used in designing any machine component
depends upon a number of considerations, such as the material, mode of manufacture, type of
stress, general service conditions and shape of the parts. Before selecting a proper factor of
safety, a design engineer should consider the following points:
 The reliability of the properties of the material and change of these properties during Service.
 The reliability of test results and accuracy of application of results to actual machine parts ;
 The reliability of applied load ;
 The certainty as to exact mode of failure ;
 The extent of simplifying assumptions ;
 The extent of localized stresses ;
 The extent of initial stresses set up during manufacture ;
 The extent of loss of life if failure occurs ; and
 The extent of loss of property if failure occurs.
Each of the above factors must be carefully considered and evaluated. The high factor of safety
results in unnecessary risk of failure. The values of factor of safety based on ultimate strength for
different materials and type of load are given in the following table
Table 6: factor of safety for different metals.
Material Steady load Live load Shock load

Cast iron 5 to 6 8 to 12 16 to 20
Wrought iron 4 7 10 to 15
Steel 4 8 12 to 16
Soft materials and alloys 6 9 15
Leather 9 12 15
Factor of safety based on the service condition o we take factor of safety=4 for steel
21
CHAPTER FIVE
5. Design of Components
Figure 5: designed plough machine
5.1. Design of Plough Holder Shaft
1. Material Selection
We select Low carbon steel or mild steel material, due to economic considerations, availability
of raw materials, machinability and ability to weld easily and it has 0.15% to 0.45% carbon
which enables it ductile.so mild steel has the following property.
 Ultimate strength is 560 Mpa.
 σal = 560Mpa /4
 σall = 160Mpa.
 Yield strength is 320Mpa.
 Ultimate shear strength is 180 Mpa.
22
 The main target is to design agricultural machine that has 3 plow and as we gather the
information from many literature local share has a width of 20cm -25cm based on this at
least we want 2 × 25𝑐𝑚 = 50𝑐𝑚length bar this is the minimum length but added 5cm for
clearance.
 As we understand from the name it is used as to holds share or plow; so that it is subjected
to bending stress therefore we should consider bending force only.
2. Force analysis
Using the Formula: power=𝑓 × 𝑣 where v is velocity and f is force.

𝑝 5000
F= = = 5000/0.753 = 6640.1N
𝑣 𝑣
∑fy = 0
Fa+Fb+Fc = 6640.1N N; Fa = Fb = Fc = 2213.368N.
V-2213.368 = 0
V = 2213.368N
∑Mo = 0; -Mo+v×x = 0
At x = 0, Mo = 0 and at x = 250mm,
Mo = 2213.368×250mm = 553342Nmm.
∑Fy = 0, -2213.368×2+6640.1+v = 0
V = -2213.368N
∑Ma = 0
-Mo+v×x+6640.1×250-2213.368N ×250 = 0
At x = 500mm; -Mo-2213.368N ×500+6640.1×250-553342=0
23
-Mo-1106684+1660025-553342 = 0
Mo = 0Nmm
When a shaft of high strength is required, then an alloy steel such as nickel, nickel-chromium or
Chrome-vanadium steel is used. Selection criteria:
 It should have high strength.
 It should have good machinability.
 It should have low notch sensitivity factor.
 It should have good heat treatment properties.
 It should have high wear resistant properties.
 The cost should not be expensive.
L = 500 mm; τ = 350/2=175MPa; σu = 640N/mm2; α = 14°
Take Factor of safety for shaft is 2
We know that torque transmitted by the shaft,
T = 60*P/ (2πN)
T = 60*5000/ (2*60*3.14)
24
T = 796.17Nm.
Tangential force on the pulley
Ft = 2T/D = 2*796.17/60mm
Ft = 26536.66N.
Normal load acting on the tooth of the gear,
W = Ft/cosα
W = 26536.6N /cos14.5 = 26536.6N /0.968
W =27413.8N.
Mmax = 27413.8N *L/4
Mmax = 27413.8N *500/4 = 5482768.6Nmm
Teq = ±√ (M2+T2)
Teq = ±√ (5482768.6 +7961702) =30060751466771.4+633886668900
Teq = 5540274.2Nmm
Teq = π/16* τ*d3
d3 = 16*5540274.2mm / (π τ)
d3 = 161236.48mm;
d =56.4mm then take 57mm diameter shaft is required.
3. Stress analysis
πd3
Teq = ×τ
16
16∗ Teq
τ=
πd3
16∗ 9536398.46
=
π×42625
152582375.36
= =113.8Mpa
1340596.12
Therefore the value of share stress which is actual less than allowable shear stress then design is
safe. That is 113.8Mpa is less than 160Mpa.
5.2. Design of Rack Holder Bar
We select Low carbon steel or mild steel material, due to
 economic considerations,
25
 availability of raw materials;

 easy machinability
 Ability to weld easily and it has 0.15% to 0.45% carbon which enables it ductile.so mild
steel has the following property
 σall = 560Mpa /4 = 160Mpa.
 Yield strength is 320Mpa.
 This part is vertical member which connected machine frame to plow holder and the shape
of the part should be rectangular since it attached with in the rank part that has rectangular
shape in order to mash to gear.
 Since share holder has length of 1000mm because wheel diameter 500mm +60mm plus
clearance (190mm) +250mm depth into the soil, minimum total length we need to made
rank is 1000mm.
 It is subjected to bending stress therefore we should consider bending force only and using
bending stress formula we can determine the required dimension
F = power/v
=5000watt/0.753m/sec
= 6640.1N
∑Fy = 0; RA+RB=6640.1N
∑ma = 0; RB×1m-6640.1×0.5=0
RB=3320.05N
RA=3320.05N
F×L 6640.1×1000mm
Mmax= = = 1660025Nmm
4 4
26
RA = 3320.05N
∑Fy = 0;3320.05+v = 0
V = -3320.05N
σ = F/A + My/I
𝑏𝑡 3
I=
12
Let width of the bar b=30mm
A = bt = 30×t = 30tmm2
f 3320.05 1660025×3
σ = +My/I = +
A 30t 30×t2
160 = 110.67/t+166002.5/t 2
160t 2 +110.67t-166002.5 = 0
t 2 +0.67t-1037.5 = 0;
t = 32.5mm≈ 33mm
5.3. Design of Engine Carrying Bar
27
 Economic considerations.
 Availability of raw materials.
 Easy machinability.
 It has 0.15% to 0.45% carbon which enables it ductile.so mild steel has the following
property.
 σall = 560Mpa /4 = 160Mpa.
 Yield strength is 320mpa.
 The shape of the part rectangular in order to carrying the engine
 As we understand from the name it is used as carry engine weight; so that it is subjected
to bending force therefore we should consider bending force and using bending stress
formula we can determine the required dimension to carry the engine.
2. Force Analysis
The length of engine is 600mm and engine putted on the distance of 100mm length in the left of
the machine and to the right in order put in safe condition in addition to that we take weight of
the engine is 50kg .once we know the above parameter we can calculate vertical force, so that
summation of force in the y arise is zero.
∑Fy = 0; RA+RB = 500N and
∑MA = 0;-500N*0.4+RB*0.8m = 0
RB = 250N and RA = 250N
f×l
MA = =100,000Nmm.
4
3. Stress Analysis
Once we know the force and the moment by using maximum bending moment and allowable
stress we can determine the dimension of the bar.
28
Let’s assume width b = 30mm

I = b*t3÷6 = 30*t3÷6 = 5*t3
Y = t/2
σ = M*y/I
160Mpa = 100000*(t/2)/5*t3
160Mpa = 100000/ (10t2)
160Mpa = 100000/ (10t2)
t2= 62.5
t = 7.9mm there is vibration and other factor which better to take standard10mm
Figure 6: simulation of engine carrying bar
5.4. Design of Frame

It uses to carry the weight of the engine and subjected to bending forces which comes from
plough because it holds plow holder frame and using bending of the plough stress formula we
can determine the required dimension.
 economic considerations,
 availability of raw materials;
 easy machinability
 it has 0.15% to 0.45% carbon which enables it ductile.so mild steel has the following
property
 Ultimate strength is 560 Mpa
 σallowable=560Mpa /4
 σall=160Mpa
29
 Yield strength is 320mpa

 Length of the frame should be less than or equal to length of plow holder because if the
length of the frame decrease the obstacle of the machine decrease which increase
capacity of the machine. So that its length should be less than 500mm because plow
holder is 500mm
2. Force Analysis
We can calculate vertical force, so that summation of force in the y axis is zero. We have two
bar that carry weight and subject to bending force as well as normal stress.
RA+RB +6640.1= 500N; Ra+Rb = -6140.1and summation of M = 0
Rb × 500+6640.1× 250 − 500 × 250 = 0
500Ra = 1535025N
Ra = 3070.05N = Rb
∑Fy = 0; RA+RB +6640.1= 500N

Ra+Rb=-6140.1and ∑Fy = 0, V-3070.05N, v = 3070.05N
∑MA = 0
The width of the machine we want is 1000mm length.
f×l 7140.1×500
Mo= = = 892512.5Nmm
4 4
30
Once we know the force and the moment by using maximum bending moment and allowable
stress we can determine the dimension of the bar.
σ = F/A + My/I and I = b*t3/12
Assume b = 24mm
σ = 892512.5N/(24*t)+892512,5(t/2)/ (4*t3)
σ = 37188/t+111564.06/ (t2)
160Mpa = 37188/t +111564.06/ (t2)
160 t2+37188t = 111564.06
t2 +232.425t-697.3 = 0
t = 30mm.
31
Figure 7: simulation for frame
5.5. Selection of Belt
The main reason to select V-belts is distance that we use is very short and also our power to be
transmitted is large. This type of belt is mostly used where a great amount of power is to be
transmitted, from one Pulley to another, when the two pulleys are very near to each other.
The V-belts are made of fabric and cords molded in rubber and covered with fabric and rubber
.These belts are molded to a trapezoidal shape and are made endless. These are particularly
suitable for short drives. The included angle for the V-belt is usually from 30° to 40°. A
clearance must be provided at the bottom of the groove. In order to prevent touching of the
bottom as it becomes narrower from wear.
We select v- belt because it have the following advantages over flat belt.
 The drive is positive, because the slip between the belt and the pulley groove is
negligible.
 Since the V-belts are made endless and there is no joint trouble, therefore the drive is
smooth.
 It provides longer life, 3 to 5 years.
 It can be easily installed and removed.
 The operation of the belt and pulley is quiet.
 The belts have the ability to cushion the shock when machines are started.
 The high velocity ratio (maximum 10) may be obtained.
32
 The wedging action of the belt in the groove gives high value of limiting *ratio of
tensions. Therefore the power transmitted by V-belts is more than flat belts for the same
coefficient of friction, arc of contact and allowable tension in the belts.
 The V-belt may be operated in either direction, with tight side of the belt at the top or
bottom. The center line may be horizontal, vertical or inclined.
Design considerations
 Power of motor = 5kw.
 Rotation of motor (N1) = 240rpm.
 Rotational speed of shaft (N2) = 60rpm.
 Pulley diameter is (d1) = 60 mm.
 Approximate center distance is (x) = 400 mm
 Overload factor is to be taken as 1.5
 A belt with cross-sectional area of 350 mm2 and density 1000 kg / m3 and having
an allowable tensile strength of the material is 2 MPa.
 The coefficient of friction between the belt and the pulley is taken as 0.28.
First of all, let us find the diameter (d2) of the shaft pulley.
N1 d2
We know that; = d1
N2
d2 = (N1d1)/N2= (240x60)/60=240mm.
For an open belt drive; sinα = (r2-r1)/x = (d2-d1)/2x = (240-60)/2*400 = 0.1
Angle of lap on the smaller or driving pulley, α =5.7 °
θ = 180° – 2 α = 180-2*5.7 = 168.6°
and in rad/sec, θ = 168.6* π /180 = 2.9 rad/sec.
Figure 8: features of belt and chain.
33
We know that the mass of the belt per meter length,

m = Area × length × density =350*1*1000*10-6 = 0.35kg/m.
Velocity of the belt,
πd1N1
𝑣=
60
3.14×0.06×240
= = 0.753m/𝑠.
60
Centrifugal tension (Tc) = mv2= 0.35× (0.753)2 = 0.198𝑁.
Maximum tension in the belt (T)
𝑇 = 𝜎×𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎).
= 2MPa*350mm2 = 700N.
Tension in the tight side of the belt,
T1=T-Tc=700-0.198=699.802N.
Assume the groove angle of the pulley, 2 β = 35°; β =17.5deg
And we know that 2.3 log (T1/T2) =µ*θ*cosec β =0.28×2.9× cosec17.5 =2.7
T1/T2 =14.92
Tension in the loose side of the belt is (T2) = 699.802N/14.92 = 46. 90N.
Power transmitted per belt= (T1-T2); V = (699.802-46. 90)* 0.753m/𝑠 = 491.63watt.
Since the over load factor is 1.5, the belt is to be designed for 1.5 × 0.491kW = 0.737kw.So the
belt can able to hold this power. So as we seen from the following table we select type B belt for
our design.
Table 7: Dimensions of standard V-belts according to IS: 2494 – 1974.
Type of Power ranges Minimum pitch Top width (b) Thickness(t) Weight per
belt in kw diameter of mm mm metre length in
pulley(D)mm newton
A 0.7-3.5 75 13 8 1.06
B 2-15 125 17 11 1.89
C 7.5.75 200 22 14 3.43
D 20-150 355 32 `19 5.96
E 30-350 500 38 23 -
34
Table 8: Dimensions of standard V-grooved pulleys according to IS: 2494–1974.

(All dimensions in mm).
Type of W d A C F e No. of Groove
belt sheave angle(2𝛽)in
grooves(n) degrees
A 11 12 3.3 8.7 10 15 6 32,34,38
B 14 15 4.2 10.8 12.5 19 9 32,34,38
C 19 20 5.7 14.3 17 25.5 14 34,36,38
D 27 28 8.1 19.9 24 37 14 34,36,38
F 32 33 9.6 23.4 29 44.5 20 -
We know that the pitch length of the belt,
(r2−r1)
𝐿= (𝑟1+𝑟2)+2𝑥+ 4x
π
= 2 (𝑑1+𝑑2) +2𝑥+ (𝑑2−𝑑1)2/4𝑥
= 𝜋/2 (60mm+240mm) +2×400mm+ (240mm-60mm) 2/ (4400mm) = 1291.25mm

Subtracting 36 mm for ‘A’ type belt, we find that inside length of the belt.
1291.25mm −36mm=1255.25mm.
Table 9: Standard pitch lengths of V-belts according to IS: 2494-1974.
Type of belt Standard pitch lengths of V-belts in mm

A 645, 696, 747, 823, 848, 925, 950, 1001, 1026, 1051, 11021128, 1204, 1255,
1331, 1433, 1458, 1509, 1560, 1636, 1661,1687, 1763, 1814, 1941, 2017,
2068, 2093, 2195, 2322, 2474,2703, 2880, 3084, 3287, 3693.
B 932, 1008, 1059, 1110, 1212, 1262, 1339, 1415, 1440, 1466,1567, 1694,
1770, 1821, 1948, 2024, 2101, 2202, 2329, 2507,2583, 2710, 2888, 3091,
3294, 3701, 4056, 4158, 4437, 4615,4996, 5377.
C 1275, 1351, 1453, 1580, 1681, 1783, 1834, 1961, 2088, 2113,2215, 2342,
2494, 2723, 2901, 3104, 3205, 3307, 3459,3713, 4069, 4171, 4450, 4628,
5009, 5390, 6101, 6863,7625, 8387, 9149.
D 3127, 3330, 3736, 4092, 4194, 4473, 4651, 5032, 5413, 6124, 6886,
7648, 8410, 9172, 9934, 10 696, 12 220, 13 744, 15 268, 16 792.
E 5426, 6137, 6899, 7661, 8423, 9185, 9947, 10 709, 12 233, 13 757,
15 283, 16 805.
So According to IS: 2494 – 1974, the nearest standard inside length of V-belt is1255mm. pitch
length of the; L1=1255mm+36mm=1291mm.
35
Since the value of inside length of belt is standard value obtained from the above table, the center
distance is 400mm.
So, the mass of the belt is 1.291m×0.35kg/m = 0.45kg.
Figure 9: simulation for belt
5.6. Design of Pulleys

Initial parameter engine power = 5kw
Speed of motor (smaller pulley), N1 = 240rpm
Diameter of smaller pulley (D1) = 60mm
Velocity ratio, VR = 4
Coefficient of friction, μ = 0.54-42.6/152.6+v
Where, v-is the speed of the belt.
Coefficient of friction, μ = 0.54-42.6/ (152.6+0.753)
= 0.54-42.6/153.353 = 0.2749
VR = N1/N2 = D2/D1
4 = 240/N2
N2 = 240/4 =60rpm
4 = D2/60
D2 = 4*60mm = 240mm
V2 = π*D2*N2/60
V2 = 240mm*3.14*60rpm/60
V2 = 0.753 m/s
36
Power = F*v
F = 5*10^3/0.753 = 6640.1N
1. Standard Width of Pulley
If the width of the belt is known, then width of the pulley or face of the pulley (B) is taken
25% greater than the width of belt. B = 1.25 b; where b = Width of belt. According to Indian
Standards, IS : 2122 (Part I) – 1973 (Reaffirmed 1990), the width of pulley is fixed as given in
the following.
upto 125 ………13
125-250……… 25
250-375……… 38
475-500 ……….50
The following are the width of flat cast iron and mild steel pulleys in mm :
16, 20, 25, 32, 40, 50, 63, 71, 80, 90, 100, 112, 125, 140, 160, 180, 200, 224, 250, 315, 355,
400, 450, 560, 630.
240 240
The thickness of the pulley rim (t) varies from 300+ 2 mm to200+ 3 mm for single belt and
𝐷
+ 6 mm for double belt. The diameter of the pulley (D) is in mm
200
Thinness=1.2+3=4.2mm
2. Dimensions of Arms
The number of arms may be taken as 4 for pulley diameter from 200 mm to 600 mm and 6 for
Diameter from 600 mm to 1500 mm.
The pulleys less than 200 mm diameter are made with solid disc instead of arms. The thickness
of the Solid web is taken equal to the thickness of rim measured at the center of the pulley face.
3. Dimensions of Hub
(i) The diameter of the hub (d1) in terms of shaft diameter (d) may be fixed by the following
Relation: d1 = 1.5 d + 25 mm
d1=40*1.5+25=85mm
The diameter of the hub should not be greater than 2d so we take 65mm
(ii) The length of the hub,
𝜋×𝑑
L = 2 =20*3.14=62.8mm
The cross-section of the arms is usually elliptical with major axis (a1) equal to twice the minor
axis (b1). The cross-section of the arm is obtained by considering the arm as cantilever i.e. fixed
37
at the hub end and carrying a concentrated load at the rim end. The length of the cantilever is
taken equal to the radius of the pulley. It is further assumed that at any given time, the power is
transmitted from the hub to the rim or vice versa, through only half the total number of arms.
Let T = Torque transmitted=796.178 Nm
R = Radius of pulley, and
n = Number of arms=4
WT=Tangential load per arm
𝑇 2×796.178 1592.356
WT = = = =3317.4N
𝑅×𝑛/2 𝑅×𝑛 0.12×4
Power = F×v
F = 5*10^3/0.753 = 6640.1N
Figure 10: Simulation for pulley
38
5.7. Design of Shaft
Shaft is a rotating machine element which is used to transmit power from one place to another.
The power is delivered to the shaft by some tangential force and the resultant torque (or twisting
moment) set up within the shaft permits the power to be transferred to various machines linked
up to the shaft. In order to transfer the power from one shaft to another, the various members
such as pulleys, gears etc., are mounted on it. These members along with the forces exerted upon
them causes the shaft to bending. In other words, we may say that a shaft is used for the
transmission of torque and bending moment. The various members are mounted on the shaft by
means of keys or splines. The material used for ordinary shafts is carbon steel of grades 40 C 8,
45 C 8, 50 C 4 and 50 C 12.The mechanical properties of these grades of carbon steel are given
in the following table.
Table 10: mechanical properties of carbon steel
Indian standard designation Ultimate tensile strength, Mpa Yield strength, Mpa
40 C 8 560-670 320
45 C 8 610-700 350
50 C 4 640-760 370
50 C 12 700 Min 390
When a shaft of high strength is required, then an alloy steel such as nickel, nickel-chromium or
Chrome-vanadium steel is used. Selection criteria:
 It should have high strength.
 It should have good machinability.
 It should have low notch sensitivity factor.
 It should have good heat treatment properties.
 It should have high wear resistant properties.
 The cost should not be expensive.
L = 800mm; τ = 350/2=175MPa; σu = 640N/mm2; α = 14°
Take Factor of safety for shaft is 2
The shaft has a gear mounted with bearings. We know that torque transmitted by the shaft,
T = 60*P/ (2πN)
T = 60*5000/ (2*60*3.14)
39
T = 796.17Nm.
∴ Tangential force on the gear
Ft = 2T/D = 2*796.17/45mm = 35380Nmm
Normal load acting on the tooth of the gear,
W = Ft/cosα
W = 35.38N /cos14.5 = 35.38N /0.968
W =36550N since the gear is in the middle of the shaft so
Mmax = 36550*L/4 = 36550*1040/4
Mmax = 9503000Nmm.
Teq = ±√ (M2+T2)
Teq = ±√ (9503000+7961702) = 90309009000, 000+633886668900
Teq = 9536398.46Nmm
Teq = π/16* τ*d3
d3 = 16*9536398.46mm / (π τ) = 608318.9Nmm / (π τ)
d3 = 277534.16mm; d = 65mm diameter shaft is required.
16∗ Teq
We can do also Stress analysis, τ = πd3
16∗ 9536398.46
τ=
π×42625
152582375.36
τ = 1340596.12 = 113.8Mpa
Therefore the value of share stress which is actual less than allowable shear stress then design is
safe. That is 113.8Mpa is less than 160Mpa.
Figure 11: simulation for shaft.
40
5.8. Design of Gear
The steel is used for high strength gears and steel may be plain carbon steel or alloy steel. The
steel gears are usually heat treated in order to combine properly the toughness and tooth
hardness. Since our working condition is required high strength so we e select mild steel. The
allowable static stress (σo) for steel gears is approximately one-third of the ultimate tensile
strength. (σu) i.e. σo = σu / 3=560/3 = 186.667Mpa.
The following four systems of gear teeth are commonly used in practice.
 14 1/2°Composite system,
 141 /2°Full depth involute system,
 20° Full depth involute system, and
 20° Stub involute system.
The 14 1/2°composite system is used for general purpose gears. It is stronger but has no
interchangeability. The tooth profile of this system has cycloid curves at the top and bottom and
involute curve at the middle portion. The teeth are produced by formed milling cutters or hobs.
The tooth profile of the 14 1/2°full depth involute system was developed for use with gear hobs
for spur and helical gears. A gear drive is also provided, when the distance between the driver
and the follower is very small.
Table 11: Minimum number of teeth on the pinion in order to avoid interference.
S. No. Systems of gear teeth Minimum number of teeth on the pinion

1 14 1/2°Composite 12
2 14 1/2° Full depth involute 32
3 20° Full depth involute 18
4 20° Stub involute 14 14
Circular pitch; It is the distance measured on the circumference of the pitch circle from a point of
one tooth to the corresponding point on the next tooth. It is usually denoted by pc.
Mathematically,
Circular pitch, pc = π D/T
Where D = Diameter of the pitch circle, and T = Number of teeth on the wheel.
41
A little consideration will show that the two gears will mesh together correctly, if the two wheels
have the same circular pitch. If D1 and D2 are the diameters of the two meshing gears having the
teeth T1 and T2 respectively; then for them to mesh correctly,
G = Gear ratio or velocity ratio =TG / TP = DG / DP = 2
𝑇
Diametric pitch, 𝑝𝑑 = 𝐷
Module. Mathematically, Module, m = D / T

The recommended series of modules in Indian Standard are 1, 1.25, 1.5, 2, 2.5, 3, 4, 5, 6, 8, 10,
12, 16, 20, 25, 32, 40 and 50.
The modules 1.125, 1.375, 1.75, 2.25, 2.75, 3.5, 4.5, 5.5, 7, 9, 11, 14, 18, 22, 28, 36 and 45 are of
second choice. The number of teeth on the pinion (TP) in order to avoid interference may be
obtained from the Following relation.
We choose M =1.5
Gear ratio = 4: 1
2×AW 2×1
TP = 1 1 = 1 1
G[1+G(G+G) sin2 14.5−1] 4[1+4(4+2) sin2 14.5−1]
2
TP = 1 1 = 2/0.14084=14.24≅15 tooth
4[1+4(4+2) sin2 14.5−1]
TG = 4×15 = 60 tooth.
We know that circular pitch,
PC = π D / T = π m, since D = mats (m = D / T), m=1.5
Pc =1.5*3.14 = 4.71
DP = 1.5*15 = 22.5mm
DG = 22.5*4 = 90mm
Let face width is 10 times the module, b=10*1.5=15
Thus, the pitch line velocity may also be obtained by using the following relation, i.e.
𝜋𝐷 𝑁 𝜋∗23∗𝑁
v= =
60 60
𝜋∗23∗60
v= = 0.753m/s
60
𝜋𝐷 𝑁
v = Pitch line velocity in m / s, = 60
σw = σ o × C v
σw =×0.96356 =179.84Mp
42
Where σo = (160) Allowable static stress, and

3
Cv = 3+v
3
Cv = = 0.79 m/s because velocity is less than 12.5 m/s.
3+0.753
Where; Cv = Velocity factor

σw=0.79×350=279.77
WT = σw × b× pc ×y
WT=279.77Mpa ×15×4.71×0.0784
WT=155.09N
CS = Service factor and take 1
The following table shows the values of service factor for different types of loads.
Table 12: service factor for different types of loads
Type of load Type of service per day

Intermittent or 3 hours 8-10 hours Continuous 24 hours
Steady 0.8 1.00 1.25
Light shock 1.00 1.25 1.54
Medium shock 1.25 1.54 1.80
Heavy shock 1.54 1.80 2.00
0.684
y = 0.124- 𝑇𝑝
for 14 1/2° composite and full depth involute system

y = 0.124-0.684/15
y = 0.124-0.0456 = 0.0784
Where e = 0.08 mm and C = 880 N mm from table using velocity on Table 28.5 in khurmi.
e = Tooth error action in mm. The maximum allowable tooth error in action (e) depends upon
the pitch line velocity (v)
K = A factor depending upon the form of the teeth.
= 0.107, for 14 1/2 ° full depth involute.
43
2. WEAR TOOTH LOAD

The maximum load that gear teeth can carry, without premature wear, depends upon the radii of
Curvature of the tooth profiles and on the elasticity and surface fatigue limits of the materials.
The maximum or the limiting load for satisfactory wear of gear teeth, is obtained by using the
following Buckingham equation, i.e.
Ww = D×b×Q×K
Where Ww = Maximum or limiting load for wear in newton’s,
DP = Pitch circle diameter of the pinion in mm,
b = Face width of the pinion in mm,
Q = Ratio factored system.
2×VR 2×4
Q= = = 1.6
VR+1 4
sin 14.5 1 1
K=𝜎𝑒𝑠 2× (𝐸𝑝 ± 𝐸𝑔)
1.4
sin 14.5 1 1
K=10502 × (200 ± 200)=1.97
1.4
Where Eg=Ep=200Mpa.
E= young’s modulus of gear for mild steel=200Gpa
Ww = 22.5×15×1.6×1.97
Ww = 1064.75N Apply the Lewis equation as follows:
WD = WT + W I
21v(b.c+WT)
WD = WT+
21v+√b.c+WT
21×0.753(15×110+155.09N)
= 155.09N +
21×0.753+√15×110+155.09N
28543
WD =155.09N +
58.2992
= 155.09N +489.6.0N = 644.7 N
If the force of WT < Wd< Ww then gear analysis is safe so that WT=155.09N<Wd=644.7 N<
Ww = 1064.74 N this shows the design is safe.
44
Figure 12: simulation of gear.
3. Standard Proportions of Gear Systems.

The following table shows the standard proportions in module (m) for the gear systems
Table 13: Standard proportions of gear systems
No Particulars 4 1/2 composite or 20° full depth involute 20° stub involute
full depth involute system system
system
1 Addendum 1m 1m 1m
2 Dedendum 1.25m 1.25m 1.25m
3 Working 2m 2m 1.6m
depth
4 Minimum 2.25m 2.25m 1.8m
total depth
5 Tooth 1.57m 1.57m 1.57m
thickness
6 Minimum 0.25m 0.25m 0.25m
clearance
7 Fillet 0.4m 0.4m 0.4m
radius at
root
45
5.9. Design of Rack Support
∑Fy=0; Fa-V=0,
V = 6640.1N
∑Mo = 0, -v×x+mo = 0
At x = 0; mo = 0
At x = 350mm; -6640.1×350+mo = 0
Mo = 2324035Nmm.
𝑓 𝑀𝑦
σ= +
𝐴 𝐼
A = b×t; let assume t = 20mm;

A = 20b
𝑏×𝑡 3 8000𝑏
I= =
12 12
6640.1𝑁 Nmm
160Mpa = +2324035
𝐴 𝐼
6640.1𝑁 2324035Nmm
160Mpa = + = (332.005+290.504)/b
20𝑏 8000𝑏
b = 622.509/160 = 8.3mm; take standard 10mm.
Figure 13: simulation for rack support
46
5.10. Wheel Design
Wheel is a part the machine which is used to carrying and move the whole part of the machine.
Wheel is designed based on the following requirement.
 Strength both to bending and torsional
 The weight of the wheel should not be high since it result increase in overall
weight of the machine
 The material of the wheel should not be expensive.
The material selected for wheel design is plain carbon steel with the property of
 Ultimate shearing strength=350MPa
 Ultimate bending strength of 560mpa and
 Density of ρ=7800kg/m³
Wheel has the following parts
 Rim
 Arm
 Hub
Small diameter wheel is not used in agricultural machine because unable to travel effectively
since in cultivation land there is so many obstacle that resist its motion but larger diameter wheel
has a capacity to face that resistance and move well so as much as possible diameter of wheel
should be large but it should relative to the size of the machine, for our case 500 diameter is
enough
2. Design Hub
This part of the wheel is used to support the arm and the axle or shaft and wheel internal
diameter of the hub is taken as it is equal to the diameter of the shaft. The outer diameter of the
hub can be determined from maximum torque transmitted by the wheel
Power taken =5kw
The maximum torque is obtained from power using the formula
60×5000
Tmax= = 796178.3Nmm
2×60×π
πd4 T ῖs
J= but = d
32 J
2
47
796178.3Nmm 175MPa
πd4
= d , τ =175Mpa
32 2
796178.3Nmm×32 175MPa×2
=
πd4 d
25477705.6 350
=
πd4 d
d =25477705.6/ (350×π) = 23182.6mm
3
d = 28mm take 40mm is internal diameter of hub

D = 2×d = 40×2 = 80mm outer diameter of hub diameter
3. Rim Design
These are the outer part of the wheel which has direct contact with the ground. For efficient
operation the rim of the wheel should be resistance to bending, shear and tear at the surface due
to the resistance force of the ground. Outer diameter of the rim is equal to the diameter of the
wheel =500mm know we can calculate the thickness and width based on the critical load applied
on the rim this applied when the rim in contact to the ground this force is normal force of the
ground which is equal to the weight of the machine=1000N Recommended no of arms for wheel
with radius above 4 00mm is 6
To get the length of rim between two arms
π×D
L= , Where n is number of arms
6
D=diameter of the rim which is equal to the diameter of the wheel
L=3.14x500mm/6 =261mm
The maximum bending moment for two end fixed cantilever beam occur at the center of the rim
length when the center of the rim touches the ground, so maximum bending moment
M = FxL= 1000NX130.5mm =130500Nmm
Since the load applied the wheel rim is uniformly distributed load the factor of safety is taken as
4 taking factor of safety for steel
The maximum allowable bending stress obtained by dividing the yield strength by factor of
safety.
σul
σb = = 370/4 = 91.2Mpa, but
sf
m bt2
σb = = and z = ;
z 6
48
m 130500
91.2Mpa = bt2
= bt2
Nmm
6 6
6t = b; for most case face width of the rim is twice the thickness of the rim. Thickness of the rim
t = 11.27mm = 12mm for standard. The face width of the rim is from 2-8 times the thickness of
the rim. Taking 6
Face width b = 72mm
Figure 14: simulation for wheel
5.11. Design of the Arm

These part of the machine is the circular rod that extend from the hub to internal face of the rim
1. The arm of the wheel should be subjected to Compressive stress when arm is in the lower
half part of the wheel
2. Tensile stress when an arm is in the upper half part of the wheel
3. Bending stress due to the tangential force developed at the circumference of the wheel.
As the arm is subjected to these critical stresses it is totally exposed to failures, hence to avoid
any of the failure caused by the above stresses it is mandatory and common design procedure to
select proper material and check the arms to satisfy the necessary requirements. The length of the
arm the distance between the rim internal face and the outer face of the hub
Length of the arm; L = R-(r+t); Where R = the radius of the wheel
r = the outer radius of the hub
t = thickness of the rim
49
L = 250-(43+12) =195mm
The cross section of the arm is circular the maximum bending stress occur due to maximum torque
transmitted by the shaft to the hub of the wheel
𝑇
M=L ; Where T is toque transmitted
𝑅𝑛
L is length of the rod
R is radius of the wheel
n is number of arm
90
M = 250×6x195mm = 24.7Mpa.
From maximum bending stress

𝑀
σb = 𝜋𝑑3 /32
The rim and the arm made from the same material we take maximum bending stress = 92.2Mpa
92.5
92.2mpa = 3
πd
32
d = 14.33mm which is equal 15mm nearest standard diameter for circular rod. The wheel should
be able to move in muddy areas of the farm so it is important to fix a plate at the surface of the
rim to increase ground clamping capacity of the wheel. Therefore by joining these different
elements of the wheel by any of the conventional simple and enough joining mechanism, in our
case most likely by welding, the final required.
Figure 15: simulation for arm
50
5.12. Design of Share Head
∑fy = 0; RA = 2213.36N and v = 2213.36N

∑Mo = 0;2213.36×x = 0
Mo = 0 at, x= 0 and at x = 200;
Mmax= 𝑣 × 200Nmm = 442673.3333Nmm
𝑀𝑜𝑦 𝑏ℎ3
σall = where I = ;
𝐼 6
y = h/2 and let take b=20mm

442673.3333Nmm×ℎ/2 442673.3333Nmm 442673.3333Nmm 6
160 = 20×ℎ3
= 40×ℎ2
= = 44267.33333Nmm× 4 /ℎ2
10×ℎ2
6 6
160 = 6640.1/ℎ2
ℎ2 =6640.1/160=415
h=20.5mm take 21mm
5.13. Design of Share

Material used is cast iron.
Assume: - θ is share setting angle which has taken from 30°-40°, take θ=30°
𝜙 = angle of inclination off in transverse plane with the horizontal (𝜙 = 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 14° −
18°), take ϕ = 15°
Depth of share = 20cm (given parameter)
20𝑐𝑚
51
20cm
tan 30° = ,l = 20cm × tan 30° = 34.65cm ≅ 35cm
l
Draft (kgf)
draft(kgf)×speed(m⁄s)
Power (p)= 75
75×p 75×1.292hp
draft(kgf) = speed = = 128.68kgf = 2376.96N
0.753m⁄s
horiontal draft(kgf) = pull force(kgf) × cos θ cos ϕ

= 128.68kgf × cos 30° × cos 15° = 107.15kgf
vertical draft(kgf) = pull force(kgf) sin 30° cos 15°
= 128.68kgf × sin 30° cos 15° = 128.68 × 0.483kgf = 62.15kgf
The important force is the component of force in horizontal direction.
Horizontal power = Hp × cos 25° = 6hp × cos 25° = 5.44hp
horizontal power 5.44hp
Efficiency = × 100% = × 100% = 90.6%
total Hp 6hp
Draw bar efficiency for mold board blow=60%, but we approximately did the efficiency like
shown above.
The furrow created by the share is half U shape because half U shape inverts the soil at 180° so
weed is reduced and there will not any unplowed soil line between two furrows.
V-shape furrow needs cross plow so U-shape furrow is better
The machine is assumed to work for 8 hours per day.
52
depth×speed×36 30cm×1.2m⁄s×36
The field capacity of the machine (FCT) = = = 0.1296ha⁄hr
10000 10000
Distance travel = speed × time = 0.1296 m⁄s × 8hr = 3732.5m
100
Land plowed in hectare
𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 3732.5𝑚
No, of turn = = 37.325 𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑛𝑠
100𝑚 100𝑚
By asking farmers the average time elapsed in turning is 5sec.

Total time elapsed = 5𝑠𝑒𝑐.× 3732.5𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑛𝑠 = 18662.4𝑠𝑒𝑐. = 5.182ℎ𝑟
8ℎ𝑟−5.182ℎ𝑟
Efficiency = ( ) × 100% = 35.22%
8ℎ𝑟
𝑠×𝑤 2
Effective field capacity (FCA) = × 100 (ℎ𝑎⁄ℎ𝑟) = 0.0438 × 35.22% = 1.54 ℎ𝑎⁄ℎ𝑟
10
For three furrows, FCA= 1.54 ℎ𝑎⁄ℎ𝑟 × 3 = 4.62 ℎ𝑎⁄ℎ𝑟
Figure 16: simulation for share
53
5.14. Bearing Selection
We select rolling radial ball bearing because rolling contact bearing has the following advantages
over sliding contact bearing
 Low starting and running friction except at very high speed.
 Ability to withstand momentary shock loads and Accuracy of shaft alignment.
 Low cost of maintenance as no lubrication is required while in service and Cleanliness.
 Small overall dimensions and Reliability of service.
 Easy to mount and erect.
The dynamic equivalent radial load (W) for radial and angular contact bearings, except the filling
slot types, under combined constant radial load (WR) and constant axial or thrust load (WA) is
Given by W = X. V. WR + Y. WA
Where V = a rotation factor,
V= 1, for all types of bearings when the inner race is rotating,
The values of radial load factor (X) and axial or thrust load factor (Y) for the dynamically loaded
bearings may be taken from the following table:
Table 14: Values of X and Y for dynamically loaded bearing
Type of Specification WA WA E
≤ e ≥ e
𝑊𝑅 𝑊𝑅
bearing
X Y X Y
Deep groove WA/CO = 0.025 2.0 0.22

ball =0.04 1.8 0.24
Bearing =0.07 1.6 0.27
=0.13 1 0 0.56 1.4 0.31
=0.25 1.2 0.37
=0.50 1.0 0.44
Angular Single row 0 0.35 0.57 1.14
contact ball Two rows in tandem 0 0.35 0.57 1.14
bearing Two rows back to back 1 0.55 0.57 0.93 1.14
Double row 0.73 0.62 1.17 0.86
54
In order to select a most suitable ball bearing, first of all, the basic dynamic radial load is
calculated. It is then multiplied by the service factor (KS) to get the design basic dynamic radial
load capacity. The service factor for the ball bearings is shown in the following table.
Table 15: values of service factor (KS)
S.NO. Service factor (KS)for radial
Type of service ball bearing
1. Uniform and steady load 1.0

2. Light shock load 1.5
3. Moderate shock load 2.0
4. Heavy shock load 2.5
5. Extreme shock load 3.0
After finding the design basic dynamic radial load capacity, the selection of bearing is made
from the catalogue of a manufacturer. The following table shows the basic static and dynamic
capacity for various type of ball bearing.
Table 16: basic static and dynamic capacities of various types of radial ball bearings
Bearing Basic capacities in KN

NO. Single row deep Single row angular Double row angular Self-alignment
groove ball
contact ball Contact ball bearing ball bearing
bearing
bearing
Stat(Co) Dyna(C) Stat(Co) Dyna(C) Stat((Co) Dyna(C) Stat(Co) Dyna(C)
200 2.24 4 _ _ 4.55 7.35 1.80 5.70
300 2.60 6.3 _ _ _ _ _ _
201 3 5.4 _ _ 5.6 8.3 2.0 5.85
301 4.3 7.65 _ _ _ _ 3.0 9.15
202 3.55 6.10 3.75 6.3 5.6 8.3 2.16 6
302 5.20 8.80 _ _ 9.3 14 3.35 9.3
203 4.4 7.5 4.75 7.8 8.15 11.6 2.8 7.65
303 6.3 10.6 7.2 11.6 12.9 19.3 4.15 11.2
204 6.55 10 6.55 10.4 11 16 3.9 9.8
304 7.65 12.5 8.3 13.7 14 19.3 5.5 14
55
We are selecting a single row deep groove ball bearing and number 303 is used agricultural
plough machine. Since the average life of the bearing is 7 years at 8 hours per day, therefore life
of the bearing in hours(assuming 90 working days per year)
LH = 7*90*8 = 5040 hours
And life of bearing in revolutions,
L =60*N*LH =60*240*5040 =72576000 rev
=72.576 *106 rev
We know that the basic dynamic equivalent radial load,
W =X*V*WA + Y*WA
Where, X=radial load factor
Y=axial load factor
V=rotational factor
WR=radial load
WA=axial load
In order to determine the radial load factor (X) and axial load factor (Y) ,we require W A/WR and
WA/CO since the value of basic static load capacity(CO) is 10.6kN from the table
We know that the basic dynamic equivalent radial load
W = X×V×WR+y×WA
In order to determine the radial load factor(X) and axial load factor(Y) ,we require W A/WR and
WA/CO. for deep groove ball bearing WA/CO =0.50 and then we select
Bearing number = 303
Single row deep groove ball bearing
Static load capacity (CO) = 6.3kN
Dynamic load capacity(C) =10.6kN
WA/CO =0.50
WA =6.3×0.5
WA =3.15kN
WA
If ˃e,e = 0.44
WR
WA/WR =1.25
WR = 2520N = 2.52kN
56
WA
Then WR ˃e ;1.25 ˃ 0.44
The value of X=0.56 and Y=1

The rotational factor V for most of the bearing is 1.
W = X×V×WR+y×WA
W = 0.56×1×2520N+1×3150N
W = 4.561kN
From table we find that for moderate shock load, the service factor (Ks) for ball bearing is 2.
In order to select most suitable ball bearing W = 4.561kN ×2 = 9.122kN
Basic dynamic load rating C
C = W (L/106)1/k
C = 9.122kN (L/106)1/3 where, L = life of bearing in revolution.
C = 9.122kN (72.576 *106 rev /106) 1/3 K = 3 for ball bearing.
C = 38.049kN
From Table, the bearing number 309 having C = 41.5kN, can be selected.
57
CHAPTER SIX
6. Agricultural Plough Machine
Figure 17: Assembly of the machine
6.1. Major Components of the Machine
1. Plough Holder Shaft (1)

It is a shaft used to connect the three shares in parallel.it made from mild steel having 57 mm
diameter and 500mm length.
58
2. Share (2)
A share is the most major component of the machine which has a sharpen edge for the purpose of
ploughing a land.it has an inclined surface to place the soil ploughed easily.
3. Wheel (8)
Wheel is a part the machine which is used to carrying and move the whole part of the machine.it
has a circular shape which made from mild steel.
59
4. Engine Carrying Bar (5)

It is a bar which uses for carrying of the engine simply.it has a rectangular shape.
5. Rack Holder Bar (27)

It is vertical member which connected machine frame to plow holder and the shape of the part is
rectangular since it attached with in the rank part that has rectangular shape in order to mash to
gear.
6. Frame (6)
It uses to carry the weight of the engine and subjected to bending forces which comes from
plough because it holds plow holder frame
60
7. Shaft 1(7)
Shaft is a rotating machine element which is used to transmit power from one place to another.
This shaft transmits power coming from the engine by belt2 and carry the loads.
8. Belt 1(24)
This V-belt is mostly used where a great amount of power is to be transmitted, from one Pulley
to another, when the two pulleys are very near to each other.it transmits power from engine to
larger pulley.
9. Belt 2(19)
It is v- belt which transmits similar power between two larger pulleys without reduction.
61
10. Gear Mesh (28)

Those mesh gears used to up and down the rack holder bar having rack and pinion gear using
handle.
11. Hub (10)

This part of the wheel is used to support the arm and the axle or shaft and wheel internal
diameter of the hub is taken as it is equal to the diameter of the shaft.
12. Larger Puley(17)

It is connected with shaft1 and below the smaller pulley.
62
13. Small Puley(16)

It is connected with the output shaft of the engine.
6.2. Constraint of the Project
We also had constraints to consider. There were:

1. Time: We only had few months to complete this project.
2. Money: for expenses of this project work.
3. Expertise: Being current Engineering students our knowledge was limited to that we had
learnt in class, the findings of our research and support from our teaching staff.
63
6.3. Working Principle
From the figure shown below, when fuel engine start rotation the small pulley on the shaft of the
engine also is rotate, once a small pulley start rotate then the bauble belt larger pulley also start
rotate since it connect by belt with small pulley again this double belt larger pulley connect with
other large pulley which hang on the wheel holder shaft as a result wheel start rotation it will
start to develop trust force that used to travel machine and this machine has three plow on the
back of it that is adjustable and plough the land when machine start to travel all of which we
stated are travel mechanism, but there is adjustable mechanism that used to control the depth of
the plow and return back from obstacle like root and stone i.e. as you see in figure there is
handling which has small gear on it ,once we rotate the handling then the small gear start rotate
again larger pulley start rotate finally the rack being to move up and down which avoid the
facing obstacles.
Figure 18: Agricultural plough machine
64
CHAPTER SEVEN
7. Cost Analysis and manufacturing process
To calculate the total cost of the overall design and simulation of agricultural plow machine; we
must first consider cost of accessories and materials, manufacturing cost, and design cost. Cost
of accessories and materials
The cost of accessories and material are given in table below.
Table 17: cost analysis
No. Parts and material Specification Quantity Unit Amount

description of of ETB
cost
Standard items
1 Fuel engine 240rpm,5kw 1 15000 15000
2 V- Belt -B type steel belt , length-220mm, width- 2 120 240
141.6mm,thickens-13mm
3 Radial Ball bearing with Bore diameter 65mm, 6 250 1000

bearing cup
4 Wheel Size of wheel, Dia × 4 400 1600
width,500mm×72mm
5 Rack rectangular mild 40×35×6000 mm 3 300 900

steel
6 SHARE 350×200×10 plate 1 500 500
7 Pulley Ø240mm (2) and Ø80mm (1) 3 100 400
aluminium ingots
8 engine carrying bar low 30mm×20mm ×6000mm 1 350 350

carbon steel
9 Shaft mild steel Ø65mm×800mm 4 500 1000
65
10 socket mild steel Ø45mm×400mm 8 600 600

11 Support mild steel 40mm ×12mm ×600mm 1 400 400
12 Frame 30mm×24mm×6000mm 1 400 400
13 Gear Ø 65mm and Ø 10mm 1 100 200
14 Transportation 300 300
15 Electricity cost 500 500

17 T0tal 23340
7.1. Manufacturing Cost
Manufacturing cost is the cost that is needed for production of the complement; it includes the
cost for the employee working in each production process and the machine cost. The type of
production and time taken on each is presented on the table below.
Table 18: Time required for different manufacturing processes
Type of manufacturing Time taken (hour)

Welding 12
Cutting 10
Turning 6
Facing 4
Trade cutting (Internal and external) 12
Drilling 6
Rolling 1
Bending 8
Grinding 5
Assembling 12
Painting 3
Total 79
66
To calculate the employee cost the following assumptions are taken. A workshop man works 26
day in month with average salary of 3600 Birr.
Payment per day = 3600/26
= 138.5 Birr/day and he work 8 hour per day.
Payment per hour = 138.5/8; = 17.31 Birr/hour
Therefore, The total manufacturing cost =total working time (hour)*payment per hour + machine
cost approximated as
=2[total time taken (hour)*payment per hour], assuming both costs are equal
= 2[79*17.5[(Birr/hour)*(hour)]] = 2*1382,5 Birr = 2765 Birr
7.2. Design Cost
Design cost is a price given to the designer, who designs the machine which is paid to the
designer of the implement. We designed the implement for partial fulfillment of our mechanical
Engineering degree program. But if this implement is going to be manufactured in mass we
expect 10% from each soled implement.
Total cost of the complement
The total cost will be the sum of all the three costs. This is cost of accessories and materials,
manufacturing cost, and design cost. Adding a contingency cost of 10%:
Total cost = 1.1(23340+2765) =1.1(26105) =28,716 birr.
67
7.3. Manufacturing Process
Manufacturing procedures are procedure that should be followed by manufacturer to produce

each single parts of the machine by different manufacturing production process. Manufacturing
process can be divided to two groups.
 Process which are used for primary shaping the machine part.
 Process which give final shape of the machine parts.
In this project finished components required to produce the machine can be manufactured by
different manufacturing process like cutting, drilling, turning, grinding, bending and welding of
different sized bars and sheet metals.
Engine carrying bar steel 805×35×8mm 01

S/N operation Operation Machine Cutting Mea. Cutting remark
description
tools speed Tool tool
(m/min)
01 cutting Blank cutting to shearing 1500 Meter Considering the
803×32×8mm allowance
02 facing Facing end to Grinder Meter Grinding Facing all
800×30×8mm wheel cutting
face and
Careful
smoothing
03 finishing Facing the 1800 Grinding Careful de
whole part wheel burring
rough surface
04 painting The whole Spray Check up all

surface area Painting surface is
painting
68
Title of parts Drawing No Material type Blank size Quantity

Plate for wheel steel 1580mm×75mm×12mm 01
S/N operation Operation Machine Cutting Mea. Cutting remark
description
tools speed Tool tool
(m/min)
01 cutting Blank cutting to shearing 1500 Meter Considering the
1575×74×12mm allowance
face and
Careful
smoothing
03 welding Weld circularly Arc welding electrode Weld based on
with proper the specified
electrode size
of the weld
rough surface

painting
69
Title of parts Drawing No Material type Blank size Quantit

y
frame Mild steel 505×26×32mm 01
S/N operation Operation Machine tools Cutting Mea. Cutting remark
description
speed Tool tool
(m/min)
face and
Careful
smoothing
02 welding Weld with Arc welding Electrode Weld based on
proper the specified
electrode size
of the weld
rough surface

painting
70
CHAPTER EIGHT
8.1. Result and Discussion
Table 19: Result discussion for design results
Components Parameter Design results

Diameter 65mm
Horizontal Length 80mm
shaft Torque 796.1Nm
Wheel Equivalent bending moment 950.3000Nm
Length 1566mm
Torque 796.1 Nm
Diameter 500mm
Small pulley Diameter 60mm

Width 177mm
Thickens 8mm
Torque 796.1Nm
Larger pulley Diameter 240mm
Width 177mm
Thickness 4.2mm
Torque 796.1 Nm
Fuel engine Thickness 10mm
Width 30mm
Length 800mm
Frame Thickness 24mm
Width 30mm
Length 800mm
71
Rack Thickness 32mm
Width 38mm
Length 800mm
Blade Length 350mm
Width 200mm
Thickness 10mm
8.2. Stress Analysis Simulation Result
1. Simulation of Rack
Date: Sunday, June 3, 2018
Designer: Solid works
Study name: rack
Analysis type: Static
Material Properties
Model Reference Properties Components
Name: AISI 304 SolidBody 1(Boss-
Model type: Linear Elastic Extrude5)(rank-1)
Isotropic
Default failure Max von Mises Stress
criterion:
Yield strength: 2.06807e+08 N/m^2
Tensile strength: 5.17017e+08 N/m^2
Elastic modulus: 1.9e+11 N/m^2
Poisson's ratio: 0.29
Mass density: 8000 kg/m^3
Shear modulus: 7.5e+10 N/m^2
Thermal expansion 1.8e-05 /Kelvin
coefficient:
Curve Data:N/A
72
Loads and Fixtures

Fixture Fixture Image Fixture Details
name
Fixed-2 Entities: 2 edge(s)
Type: Fixed Geometry
Resultant Forces
Components X Y Z Resultant
Reaction force(N) -0.00805664 -6658.97 0.0936127 6658.97
Reaction 0 0 0 0
Moment(N.m)
Reaction forces
Selection set Units Sum X Sum Y Sum Z Resultant
Entire Model N -0.00805664 -6658.97 0.0936127 6658.97
Reaction Moments
Entire Model N.m 0 0 0 0
conclusion
73
2. Simulation of Blade
Date: Friday, June 1, 2018
Designer: Endalamaw
Study name: Static 2
Material properties
Name: AISI 304 SolidBody 1(Cut-
Model type: Linear Elastic Extrude3)(Blade)
Isotropic
Default failure Max von Mises
criterion: Stress
Yield strength: 2.06807e+08
N/m^2
Tensile strength: 5.17017e+08
N/m^2
Thermal 1.8e-05 /Kelvin
expansion
coefficient:
Curve Data:N/A
74
Loads and Fixtures

Fixture Fixture Image Fixture Details
name
Fixed-1 Entities: 1 face(s)

Resultant Forces
Reaction force(N) -43.3247 136.966 60.1409 155.736
Reaction Moment(N.m) 0 0 0 0
Load name Load Image Load Details
Force-1 Entities: 2 face(s)
Type: Apply normal force
Value: 2113 N
Resultant Forces
Entire Model N -43.3247 136.966 60.1409 155.736
Reaction Moments
Study Results
Name Type Min Max
Stress1 VON: von Mises 1.235e+04 N/m^2 1.975e+08 N/m^2
Stress Node: 20929 Node: 18042
Blade-Static 2-Stress-Stress1
75
Name Type Min Max

Displacement1 URES: Resultant 0.000e+00 mm 2.434e+01 mm
Displacement Node: 1 Node: 496
Blade-Static 2-Displacement-Displacement1
Strain1 ESTRN: Equivalent Strain 1.414e-07 7.058e-04
Element: 2155 Element: 10788
Blade-Static 2-Strain-Strain1
3. Simulation for Fuel Engine Carrying

Model Information
Model name: Assem3

Current Configuration: Default
Solid Bodies
Document Name and Document Path/Date
Treated As Volumetric Properties
Reference Modified
Boss-Extrude1 Mass:1.848 kg
Volume:0.00024 m^3 C:\Users\M\Desktop\last
year project drawing\fuel
Solid Body Density:7700 kg/m^3 engine carrying.SLDPRT
Weight:18.1104 N May 29 01:50:17 2018
76
Material Properties
Name: Alloy Steel SolidBody

Model type: Linear Elastic 1(Boss-
Isotropic Extrude1)(fue
Default failure Max von Mises l engine
criterion: Stress carrying-1)

coefficient:
Curve Data: N/A
Loads and Fixtures
Fixture name Fixture Image Fixture Details
Entities: 2 edge(s)
Fixed-2
Resultant Forces
Reaction force(N) 0.00318146 -500.104 -0.0147095 500.104
77
Reaction forces
Entire Model N 0.00318146 -500.104 -0.0147095 500.104
Reaction Moments
Study Results
Name Type Min Max
Stress1 VON: von Mises Stress 5.498e+05 N/m^2 1.786e+08 N/m^2
Node: 2197 Node: 189
Assem3-Static 1-Stress-Stress1
Name Type Min Max
Displacement1 URES: Resultant Displacement 0.000e+00 mm 2.566e+
Node: 7 00 mm
Node:
3963
Assem3-Static 1-Displacement-Displacement1
Name Type Min Max
78
Name Type Min Max

Assem3-Static 1-Strain-Strain1
Conclusion
4. Simulation of Gear

Designer: Solid works
79
Material Properties
Name: AISI 304 SolidBody

Model type: Linear Elastic 1(Bore)(gear)
Isotropic
criterion: Stress
coefficient:
Curve Data:N/A
Loads and Fixtures
Fixture
Fixture Image Fixture Details
name
Entities: 1 face(s)
Fixed-1 Type: Fixed Geometry
Resultant Forces
Reaction force(N) 0.0133415 22034 -5719.9 22764.3
Reaction 0 0 0 0
Moment(N.m)
80
Fixture
name
Load Load Image Load Details

name
Value: 6658 N
Resultant Forces
Entire Model N 0.0133415 22034 -5719.9 22764.3
Reaction Moments
Study Results
Name Type Min Max
Node: 1355 Node: 34514
gear-Static 1-Stress-Stress1
Name Type Min Max

Displacement1 URES: Resultant 0.000e+00 mm 4.977e-02 mm
81
Name Type Min Max
gear-Static 1-Displacement-Displacement1
Conclusion
5. Simulation of Shaft2
Material Properties
Name: Alloy Steel SolidBody 1(Boss-

Model type: Linear Elastic Isotropic Extrude1)(shaft22)
Default failure criterion: Max von Mises Stress
coefficient:
82
Loads and Fixtures
Entities: 1 face(s)
Fixed-1
Resultant Forces
Reaction force(N) -48.3799 -297.99 -8.76652 302.019
Reaction 0 0 0 0
Moment(N.m)
Entities: 1 face(s)
Type: Roller/Slider
Roller/Slider-1
Resultant Forces
Reaction force(N) -19.6685 -11.627 -17.6983 28.9009
Reaction 0 0 0 0
Moment(N.m)

name
Torque-1 Entities: 1 face(s)
Reference: Face< 1 >
Type: Apply torque
Value: 6659 N.m
83
Study Results
Name Type Min Max

shaft22-torisional-Displacement-Displacement1
Name Type Min Max

shaft22-torisional-Strain-Strain1
84
Conclusion
6. Simulation of Shaft
Material Properties
Name: AISI 1035 Steel (SS) SolidBody

Model type: Linear Elastic 1(Boss-
Isotropic Extrude2)(shaft)
criterion: Stress
Shear modulus: 8e+10 N/m^2
coefficient:
85
Curve Data:N/A
Loads and Fixtures
Entities: 1 face(s)
Fixed-1 Type: Fixed Geometry
Resultant Forces
Reaction force(N) -7.5451 349.938 1.62887 350.023
Reaction 0 0 0 0
Moment(N.m)
Entities: 1 face(s)
Roller/Slider-1 Type: Roller/Slider
Resultant Forces
Reaction force(N) -3.86627 6.05151 -6.41872 9.63166

Torque-1 Entities: 1 face(s)
Reference: Face< 1 >
Type: Apply torque
Value: 6659 N.m
86
Study Results
Name Type Min Max
Node: 41991 Node: 133
shaft-torsional-Stress-Stress1
Name Type Min Max

shaft-torsional-Displacement-Displacement1
87
Name Type Min Max

shaft-torsional-Strain-Strain1
Conclusion
7. Simulation of Socket
Date: Thursday, May 31, 2018

88
Material Properties

Model type: Linear Elastic 1(Cut-
Isotropic Extrude1)(socke
Default failure Max von Mises t 2)
criterion: Stress
coefficient:
Curve Data:N/A
Loads and Fixtures
Entities: 1 face(s)
Fixed-1
Resultant Forces
Reaction force(N) 2.15597e-06 -3.93712e-07 4.8533e-08 2.19216e-06
Reaction 0 0 0 0
Moment(N.m)
89

name
Value: 1110 N
Reaction forces
Entire Model N 2.15597e-06 -3.93712e-07 4.8533e-08 2.19216e-06
Reaction Moments
Study Results
Name Type Min Max
Stress1 VON: von Mises Stress 2.292e-03 N/m^2 1.611e+06 N/m^2
Node: 244 Node: 18
socket 2-Static 1-Stress-Stress1
90
Name Type Min Max

socket 2-Static 1-Displacement-Displacement1
Name Type Min Max

socket 2-Static 1-Strain-Strain1
91
Conclusion
8. Simulation of Rim

Designer: Solidworks
92
Material Properties;

Model type: Linear Elastic 1(Cut-
Isotropic Extrude1)(rim
Default failure Max von Mises )
criterion: Stress
coefficient:
Curve Data:N/A
Loads and Fixtures
Fixture
name
Entities: 1 face(s)
Type: Fixed
Fixed-1
Geometry
Resultant Forces
Reaction force(N) -0.00647697 -0.00772184 0.00106324 0.0101345
Reaction 0 0 0 0
Moment(N.m)

Type: Apply normal
force
Value: 2113 N
93
Study Results
Name Type Min Max
Node: 12222 Node: 11293
rim-Static 1-Stress-Stress1
Name Type Min Max

rim-Static 1-Displacement-Displacement1
94
Name Type Min Max

rim-Static 1-Strain-Strain1
Conclusion
95
8.3. Conclusion and Recommendation
Conclusion
The agricultural plough machine designed has 3 ploughs attached to the rack and that rack
attached to the main frame of the machine that enables to plow land. The implement can be
easily manufactured using locally available machines and raw materials. During the design time,
each of the major parts of the machine is well designed and evaluated numerically and also stress
analysis gained from each part was safe. The 2D and 3D drawings are done depending on the
values gained from the design analysis. The simulation analysis and modeling of those parts are
well done by solid work software so as to compromise the detail design and checking of their
functionalities well supported by simulation reports. Finally the assembly of the machine is done
to visualize what the machine looks like and to show how it works in agricultural areas.
Recommendation
The machine is not work on land that has more bush and stone because the root of the bush and
stone may shear the blade of the machine and also the company that produced it will be give
maintenance guaranty for the customer The next designer shall be design by integrating it with
control software in order to do anywhere that is around the bush and on stone land place.
96
References
1. IJSART-Volume 3 Issue 9-SEPTEMBER 2017, Design and Fabrication of Multipurpose
Farming Machine.
2. Srivastava and Dubey (1985). Two row planter seed-cum-fertilizer drill.
3. Farm Power and Machinery ICAR e-Course for B.Sc. (Agriculture) and B.Tech
(Agriculture).
4. A Textbook of Machine Design by R.S.KHURMI AND J.K.GUPTA
5. J. E. Shigley (2006) Mechanical Engineering Design: 8th Ed. New York: McGraw- Hill
6. Academic Press (2001) Mechanical Engineer’s Handbook: (Dan B. Marghishu,Ed.)
Academic Press series in engineering. New York: Academic Press
7. Ajat K.Srivastava, Et.Al... Engineering principles of agricultural machines.2nd Ed.
American Society of Agricultural and Biological Engineers
8. Bosoi, Et.Al.... Theory, construction and calculations ofAgricultural Machines: Vol.1.
Russian translations series; No. 66. 5th Ed. Rotterdam: A.A. Balkema.
9. Ethiopian Agricultural research organization (2004) Directory of Released Crop of
Varieties & Their Recommended Practices. Addis Ababa
10. G.Pahl, W. Beitz, J.Feldhugen, & K.H.Grote (2007) Engineering Design: A systematic
Approach: 3rd Ed. Berlin: Springer -verlag
11. Harris A.G., Muckle T.B., and Shaw J.A. (1978) Farm Machinery: 2nd Ed. Oxford:
Oxford University Press.
12. Hunt D. (1995) Farm Power and Machinery Management: 9th Ed. Ames (Iowa, US):
Iowa State University press.
13. Ken Hurst (1999) Engineering Design Principles: Elsevier science and Technology books
14. Paul Starkey (1989) Harnessing and implements for animal traction: Resource book for
Africa: GmbH
15. Shippen J.M., Ellen C.R., and Clover C.H. (1987) Basic Farm Machinery: 3rd Ed.
Oxford: Oxford University Press.
97
APPENDIX ONE
PART AND ASSEMBLY DRAWING
98
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109

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DESIGN AND SIMULATION OF AGRICULTURAL PLOUGH

NAME OF THE CANDIDATES AND ID NUMBER

1. Dires Kassa ..............................................BDU0600578UR

JUNE 2018 G.C

Name ID No. Signature

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY .......................................................................................................... II

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ....................................................................................................... III

Table of contents ......................................................................................................................... IV

List of Tables .............................................................................................................................. VII

List of Figures ........................................................................................................................... VIII

CHAPTER ONE ........................................................................................................................... 1

1.1. Background History of Agriculture ................................................................................. 3

1.2. Problem Statement ........................................................................................................... 5

1.3 Objectives ......................................................................................................................... 5

1.4. Methodology .................................................................................................................... 6

1.5. Scope of the Study ........................................................................................................... 6

1.6. Significance of the Study ................................................................................................. 6

1.7. Expected Results .............................................................................................................. 6

CHAPTER TWO .......................................................................................................................... 7

2.1. The Maresha Modified Plow ........................................................................................... 9

2.2. Sources of Farm Power .................................................................................................. 11

2.3. Concept of Farm Mechanization .................................................................................... 12

2.4. Ploughing of Land.......................................................................................................... 13

2.5. Methods of Ploughing a Land ........................................................................................ 13

CHAPTER THREE .................................................................................................................... 16

3. Conceptual Design ................................................................................................................ 16

3.1. Power Source Evaluating Criteria .................................................................................. 17

3.2. Power transmission criteria ............................................................................................ 19

3.3. Wheel profile selection criteria ...................................................................................... 19

CHAPTER FOUR ....................................................................................................................... 20

4. Selection of Material and Factor of Safety ........................................................................... 20

4.1. Material Selection .......................................................................................................... 20

4.2. Selection of Factor of Safety.......................................................................................... 21

CHAPTER FIVE ........................................................................................................................ 22

5. Design of Components .......................................................................................................... 22

5.1. Design of Plough Holder Shaft ...................................................................................... 22

5.2. Design of Rack Holder Bar ............................................................................................ 25

5.3. Design of Engine Carrying Bar...................................................................................... 27

5.4. Design of Frame ............................................................................................................. 29

5.5. Selection of Belt ............................................................................................................. 32

5.6. Design of Pulleys ........................................................................................................... 36

5.7. Design of Shaft .............................................................................................................. 39

5.8. Design of Gear ............................................................................................................... 41

5.9. Design of Rack Support ................................................................................................. 46

5.10. Wheel Design ............................................................................................................... 47

5.11. Design of the Arm ........................................................................................................ 49

5.12. Design of Share Head .................................................................................................. 51

5.13. Design of Share ............................................................................................................ 51

5.14. Bearing Selection ......................................................................................................... 54

CHAPTER SIX ........................................................................................................................... 58

6. Agricultural Plough Machine ................................................................................................ 58

6.1. Major Components of the Machine ............................................................................... 58

6.2. Constraint of the Project ................................................................................................ 63

6.3. Working Principle .......................................................................................................... 64

CHAPTER SEVEN ..................................................................................................................... 65

7. Cost Analysis and manufacturing process ............................................................................ 65

7.1. Manufacturing Cost ....................................................................................................... 66

7.2. Design Cost .................................................................................................................... 67

7.3. Manufacturing Process................................................................................................... 68

CHAPTER EIGHT ..................................................................................................................... 71

8.1. Result and Discussion .................................................................................................... 71

8.2. Stress Analysis Simulation Result ................................................................................. 72