Journal of Applied Science and Engineering, Vol.

24, No 5, Page 749 - 755 749

Automated Anesthesia Level Controller Using Fuzzy Logic for Injectable

Type
R. Bharath Kumar 1 , P. Suresh 1* , and Hemakumar VS 1
1 Dept of ECE, Vel Tech Rangarajan Dr.Sagunthala RD Institute of Science and Technology, Chennai, Tamil Nadu 600062
* Corresponding author. E-mail: suresh3982@yahoo.co.in

Received: Feb. 01, 2021, Accepted: Mar. 22, 2021

In this present paper we had implemented an actual control and monitoring of anesthesia level given to the patients
during surgery. To achieve this FUZZY LOGIC controller has been developed. It includes monitoring of patient’s
body variable such as heart rate, diastolic and systolic pressure precisely and dynamically. Controlling is done
by switching ON or OFF the pump using relay when there are any conflicts in set point values of the patient’s
body parameters. By using Fuzzy Logic, we can continuously monitor and measure three different parameters they
are pulse rate, systolic diastolic blood pressure and the dosage of stupor given to the patient varies linearly with
measured input parameters.

KEYWORDS: Fuzzy Logic; Stupor; Systolic; Diastolic

© The Author(’s). This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY
4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are
cited.
http://dx.doi.org/10.6180/jase.202110_24(5).0009

1. Introduction • The amount of anesthesia given to the patient is constant

Anesthesia is an important parameter in medical field, which
gives conformation that the patient’s body remains stable
and doesn’t respond to the other provocation during surgery.
It encompasses muscle loosening, insensibility and pain-
relieving. There are different approaches of numbness in-
fusion. There are two types of method in which anesthesia
can be given to the patient through injection (intravascular)
and through inhalator.
By comparing to the induction through inhalation method
intravascular method is very simple. If the operation is done
for few hours complete dose of anesthesia cannot be given to
the patient in a one dose itself. It may be whip up the patient
to demise. The major advantage of anesthesia through an
intake method is to reduce the usage of needle and is to the
pain of the patient during surgery.
• The anesthesia person work pressure is reduced
and not varied, so the future side effects will not be occur.
2. Objective
The foremost goal up till progress a structure an assumed
from fuzzy regulator that make use of set of fuzzy rules for
adjust the infusion rate of anesthesia levels with respect to
the input variable. The process parameters such as pulse
rate, systolic & diastolic arterial blood pressures are acquired
from the case model during surgery. The obtained estimated
quantity of these parameter fuzzy controllers distinct the
amount of drug (isoflurane) must be given to the patient is
an output-controlled parameter. The controlled values are
defined in the fuzzy set which represents median conditions
with respect to traditional logic.
750 R. Bharath Kumar et al.
3. Working
The main objective is to monitor and control the flow of
anesthesia into the patient during surgery. This can be done
effectively using fuzzy logic. The patient body parameters
are read through varies sensors. These sensors are used to
measure the body parameters like heart rate, systolic pressure,
diastolic pressure. The sensors values are given as an input to
the pic microcontroller. The values read from the sensors are
calculated accordingly to the corresponding output values
are produced. Fuzzy logic is being programmed into the
microcontroller.
The Liquid is slowly introduced into patient’s body and
the change in the Heart beat rate is observed. Then any
change in the Heart beat rate the Liquid is injected into the
body. The injecting process is controlled by the Stepper Motor
movement. Based on the determined value the servo motor
rotates to certain angle and that makes the piston to move
front and back to introduce the anesthesia into the patient’s
body.
The values read from the sensors are can be displayed
using a LED display and the change in the output values can
also be monitored using the same LED display. The basic
block diagram is shown in the Fig 1.
Fig. 1. Block Diagram.
4. Component
• Patients Ear Lobe – to measure heart rate based on digital
pulse from ear.
• Heart Beat Sensor- to measure pulse rate
• PIC 16F877A – to master the all-inclusive performance
• Stepper Motor- to supervise the rotation of the Injection
Pump.
• MAX 232-Absolute Maximum Voltage Rating
4.1. Anatomical Monitoring
While giving drug, it is must to ensure the level of anesthetic
is given to the patient and it will not create any unconscious-
ness throughout the operation. The parameter that are ob-
serve and examine to control anatomical state it includes
body temperature, Blood pressure, ECG, respiratory function
(CO2 and O2 ) and blood gas value.
Blood pressure is important parameter to monitor through
the operation.
4.2. Biological control
The self-supervise of drug has received more importance of
last decade years. The main two scopes are control theory
that has received this observation and arithmetical design
[1, 2] and fuzzy logic [3–8]. In computational prototype ex-
amine the subject’s physical and the conceptual response of
8 stimuli, and to estimate the anesthetic levels to produce
the physiologic reactions [8, 9]. Depends on the outcomes of
these estimates the amount of anesthesia is to be given to the
patient, set of rules are emerged and used in a system.
Fig. 2. Physiologic Control [2].
5. Experimental setup
In quantification of Bioscience framework is very important
procedure. The input variable governs the situation of the
sufferer. It is an important notable procedure in the balanced
of insensibility is to be controlled to the case. Depend upon
the input variable the stepper motor is starting to rotate.
5.1. Heart Beat Rate Sensor
In Fig. 3 represents the Heart beat sensor (HRM2115). It is a
mobile tracking device for measuring Heart rate. It measures
the disturbance occurs in the blood flow. The sensor consists
of both IR transmitter and receiver in the single compartment
placed in opposite side.
 Journal of Applied Science and Engineering, Vol. 24, No 5, Page 749 - 755
It consists of two different versions the ‘E’ version used
to connect to the ear lobe and ‘B’ version is connecting to the
finger. Depends upon the user convenience the sensor can be
selected.
Fig. 3. Heart Beat Rate Sensor.
5.2. Ear IR Sensor
COSY Heart beat monitor/Digital Pulse meter are the ad-
vanced technology gadget. Using a brand new measuring
device used to measure and monitor the heart beat rate is
shown in Fig 4. It consists of Infrared sensor which can be
easily placed on the human body to determine the heart beat
rate. A histogram used to find the exact position of the detec-
tor to obtain the best signal. The sensor probe is designed to
obtain a best result. The pulse is also shown by LED signal.
Fig. 4. Ear IR Sensor.
5.2.1. Technical Guidelines
• Finger Plethysmometry
• It uses 8 bit µC.
751
• Potential Supply: 9 volts accessory or 9 volt chargeable
accumulator (GF22).
• It measures 10-300 pulse /min.
• 3% precision in perusal.
• Model Number: PM1102
• Size: 40mm*16mm*19mm
6. Hardware Description
The Syringe is filled with anesthesia drugs and kept in the
mechanical arrangement. Then the heart beat sensor (IR
sensor) is fixed in the finger. The heart beat rate is sensed
and displayed in the LED screen. The heart beat sensor,
LED screen and Servo motor drive are connected to the PIC
16F877A. PIC 16F877A is programmed with a predetermined
value; if the heart beat range is normal (70-80) some amount
of anesthesia will be injected. If the heart rate is abnormal
depending upon the patient’s body condition anesthesia will
be injected.
The drugs are slowly injected into patient’s anatomy and
the change in the Heart rate is observed. Then according to
the Heart beat rate, the drugs is injected into the body. The
injecting process is controlled by the movement of the Stepper
Motor. Based on the determined value the servo motor rotates
to certain angle and that makes the piston to move front and
back to inoculate the anesthesia into the patient’s body.
In this hardware PIC 16F877A is used in order to im-
plement the various parameters like EEG, ECG and Blood
pressure sensor [10] which is useful in injecting the known
amount of anesthesia into patient’s body.
6.1. PIC 16F877A
Fig. 5. PIC 16F877A.
752 R. Bharath Kumar et al.

6.2. LM78MXX Series • Modulation: Pulse-width modulation

LM 78XX series are three terminal positive fixed voltage regu- • Temperature span: 14 to 122°F (-10 to 50°C)
lators shown in the fig 6. The two digits XX of 78XX are used • Weight of Motor: 9gm
to identify the fixed output voltage of the regulator. This cir- • Gear Type: Plastic
cuit provides over-current and thermal overload protections.
The standard circuit connection of the monolithic voltage reg-
ulator. The input capacitor Ci is used to nullify the inductive
accomplish due to long issue leads and the output capaci-
tor. The performance characteristics curves of LM78M09 are
shown in Fig. 7.

Fig. 8. Pin Diagram of Servo Motor.

6.4. Stepper Motor Driver Circuit

The stepper motor plays an important role in Automatic
Anesthesia controller is used. It consists of four periods. In
Fig. 6. Block Diagram. clockwise order the motor is rotated half step to 90º sun wise.
The design of binary value used to rotate 1 piece posture
all over proper position. The high value given to the S1
revolves all over to S4. The next step to key design is to turn
round the each piece location. The consecutive movements of
stepper motor are shown below in Table 2. The pace counter-
clockwise is used to revolve to 1 piece to the left position. The
clockwise movements of the stepper motor are interface by
an impulsive which is connected to the motion of syringe.

6.5. Needle Injection Siphon

In hypodermic needle gives a constant glide of drug to the
Fig. 7. Typical Performance Characteristics.
patient by exactly moving the punter needle apropos to bar-
rique. Then it provides précises & constant stream rate for
distributing the drug. The alarm is triggered by the input
6.3. Parallax Standard Servo Motor
of Infra-red detector & limit switch. The siphon to draw
The Parallax quality Servo is suitable for robotics and other
up spontaneously when the syringe is vacant or if any air-
type of the movement projects. We use Servo Motor SG-90
lock launch into the anesthesia pipeline and by activating
model with three pin configuration shown below in Fig. 8
the alarm simultaneously. The needle is made up of glass &
and its specification tabulate in Table 1.
Plastic materials with different dimensions range from 1ml
6.3.1. Features to 30 ml.The amount of anesthesia drug can be range from
• It rotates between 0º to 180º 1ml to 99 ml/hr.
• 43.1 Hz-in revolution at 6 V
6.6. Dosage Calculation
6.3.2. Technical Specification Basically dosage level is calculated based upon body weight
• Power Supply: 4 to 6 VDC of the patient.
 Journal of Applied Science and Engineering, Vol. 24, No 5, Page 749 - 755 753

Table 1. Pin Specification of Servo Motor SG-90.

Wire Number Wire Colour Description

1 White (Signal) PWM Signal is given in through this wire to drive the motor
2 Red (Vservo) Powers the motor typically +6V is used
3 Black (Vss) Ground wire is connected to the ground of system

Table 2. 4- Phase Stepper key series. Table 3. Capacitance Value for various MAX 232 IC.

STEP S4 S3 S2 S1 CAPACITANCE (µF)

1 0 1 1 1 DEVICE C1 C2 C3 C4 C5
2 0 0 0 1 MAX220 0.047 0.33 0.33 0.33 0.33
3 1 0 0 1 MAX232 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0
4 1 0 0 0 MAX232A 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1
5 1 0 0 0
6 0 0 0 0 Table 4. Rule Base Control.
7 0 1 1 0
8 0 1 1 0
1 0 1 1 1

 
Dosage per kg× Patient weight (kg)×60
What you have available (dosage in syringe) (1)
x Volume it is disolved in = rate per hour (m//hr)

6.7. MAX 232

The MAX232 device is a twofold operator/beneficiary that in-
corporates a condenser power alternator to provide TIA/EIA-
232 F electric power amount from a unique 5V. The detailed
pin diagrams of MAX 232 are shown below in the Fig. 9. The
recipient transform TIA/EIA-232 F process signal to 5V TTL
/ CMOS quantity. It has the maximum voltage level is 1.3v
and it can be accept ±30V load voltage.
7. Fuzzy Logic
7.1. System Development
The various steps involved in system development plan con-
sists to analyze the input variable to convert the inputs into
fuzzy value of membership function depends upon the fuzzy
set value the amount of drug induced depends upon the var-
ious parameters. We use Trapezoidal or triangular fuzzifiers
[11, 12]. The flow processes of our system are shown below
in Fig. 10.

7.2. Input and Output Variables

The fuzzy controller system used to control the proper dose of
isoflurane. It depends upon the three basic input parameters
Fig. 9. MAX 232. and one output parameter [13]. Three input variables with
their minimum and maximum ranges essential to set for
754 R. Bharath Kumar et al.

Table 5. Rule Base Control.

Year Available for Clinical Use 1981

Structure
Characteristics Colourless, Non-flammable liquid with a powerful musty odour
Classification Inhaled Agents
Dosage Measure of result; MAC (age 40)=1.15

Fig. 10. System development plan. (a)

fuzzy rule execution are shown in the Table 4.

8. Isoflurane Characteristics
It is an incombustible liquid managed by vaporizing in an
inhale drug. The detail characteristics are shown below in
table 5 [13].

9. Result discussions
The output depends upon one or two input variable which
generates the plots on output surface map on the structure are
shown in the Fig 11. The external observer exhibits the total
range of output set value versus input set value. The graph it
can be seen that value of dose Isoflurane is remains constant
for the heart rate value ranging from approximately 62 mm
Hg to 68mm Hg then increases abruptly with increase in heart
rate value. In similar way dose of isoflurane can be map for
different values of input variable. Table gives different values
of dose of isoflurane as a percentage of isoflurane in oxygen
for different values of input variables. By using the proposed
fuzzy controller dose of isoflurane can be very easily calculate
for different values of input variable.
(b)
Fig. 11. Dose of Isoflurane for Different Input Variables.
10. Conclusions
The anesthetic procedure has three major important parts,
i.e narcosis, pain-relieving and muscle loosening, it must be
controlled ample during operation, the patient must be at rest,
must not suffer any discomfort, and has to be totally relaxed.
The proper amount of anesthesia may lead the patient get
totally paralyzed. The suggested system is depends upon the
fuzzy controller to oversee an actual dose of isoflurane as an
 Journal of Applied Science and Engineering, Vol. 24, No 5, Page 749 - 755 755

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