MICROCONTROLLER BASED ANAESTHESIA MACHINE
Abstract— In general practice, hospitals
perform several operations which are
considered as therapeutic condition for the
patients. For such cases, anesthesia is a
significant drug that would be infused to the
patient which makes them in anaesthetized
condition. If the surgery lasts for prolonged
period of time, it becomes unfeasible to deliver
the drug at a single stroke. Critical condition
occurs, if there is excess of drug given to the
patients, also when fewer amount of drug is
delivered, the patient will become conscious at
the middle of the surgery. Even if anesthetist
ml to the patient. If any uncertain condition
occurs, the alarm will ON.
Key words: Micro-Controller, Syringe infusion
pump, Stepper motor, Anesthesia
1.INTRODUCTION:
An anaesthetic machine is a medical device used
to generate a fresh gas flow of medical gases
and inhalational anaesthetic agents for the
purpose of inducing and
maintaining anaesthesia. The machine is
commonly used together with a mechanical
ventilator, breathing system, suction equipment,
and patient monitoring devices. Modern
anaesthetic machines integrate all these devices
into one, which is referred as the anaesthetic
machine. Anesthesia machine equipment used
for inhalation anesthesia, including flowmeters,
vaporizers, and sources of compressed gases.
The most common type of anaesthetic machine
in use in the developed world is the continuous-
flow anaesthetic machine, which is designed to
provide an accurate and continuous supply of
medical gases such as oxygen and nitrous oxide,
mixed with an accurate concentration of
anaesthetic vapour such as isoflurane.
2.ANESTHESIA MACHINE:
The anesthetic machine dispenses the gases that
are necessary to induce sleep and prevent pain
during surgical procedures or other potentially
painful manipulations. The basic anesthetic
delivery system consists of a source of oxygen
(O2), an O2 flowmeter, a precision vaporizer,
which produces a vapor from a volatile liquid
anesthetic, a patient breathing circuit (tubing,
connectors and valves), and a scavenging device
that removes any excess anesthetic gases. This is
critical, since room pollution with anesthetic
gases may lead to health problems in animals as
well as in humans. During delivery of gas
anesthesia to the patient, O2 flows through the
vaporizer and picks up the anesthetic vapors.
The O2-anesthetic mix then flows through the
breathing circuit and into the patient's lungs,
usually by spontaneous ventilation (respiration).
Occasionally, it is necessary to use assisted
ventilation, especially when opening the chest
(thoracic) cavity. Assisted ventilation is
accomplished by use of a ventilator or respirator.
3.TECHNOLOGY:
A)ARDUINO :
The input signals which are sensed by the
sensors such as blood pressure sensor,
respiratory sensor, load cell and temperature
sensor are given as input to the micro controller.
With the help of Micro-controller the anesthesia
level can be setup by the anesthetist that could
be administered to the patient in terms of
milliliters per hour (1ml to 1000ml). After
receiving the anesthesia level and also based on
the input biological parameters microcontroller
sets the system to administer anesthesia to the
prescribed level.
Depending on the instructions given by the
micro controller permits the stepper motor to
rotate with their respective rotations that causes
the Infusion Pump to move in forward and the
anesthesia provided in the syringe is injected
into the body of the patient. If the level of
anesthesia either increased or decreased to the
set value, the alarm gets activated to alert the
anesthetist to make the following changes in the
system.
 C)PIC:
An 8bit microcontroller –PIC16F877A from
Microchip- was selected for its simplicity,
availability in the local market, low cost and
availability of development tools. PIC16F877A
has 8K Flash program memory and 368 bytes
RAM data memory. The controller has two 8bit
timers, one 16 bit timer and 8 channel 10bit
analog to digital converter along with 33general
purpose Input Output port GPIO which can be
used for special functions, timers can be
configured for PWM generation.

FIG.1. ANESTHESIA INJECTOR BASED

ON ARDUINO
B)ARM:
ARM processor is used for controlling the
anesthesia machine automatically, depending
upon the various biomedical parameters such as
body temperature, heart rate, respiration rate
etc., Major operations are performed to remove
or reconstruct the infected parts in the human
body. These operations lead to blood loss and
pain. Therefore it is necessary to arrest the pain
and the blood loss. Anesthesia plays important
role in the part of painkilling. Hence, anesthesia
is very essential in performing painless surgery.
Advantages are, the need for an anesthetist is FIG.3.ANESTHESIA INJECTOR BASED
eliminated. Level of anesthesia is not varied, so ON PIC
the future side effects are eliminated.IR detector
is also included in the system for monitoring D)8051:
the total anesthesia level for the entire period of The design approach of the microcontroller
the surgery time. mirrors that of the microprocessor. The
microprocessor design accomplishes a very
flexible and extensive repertoire of multi-byte
instructions. These instructions work in
hardware configurations that enables large
amount of memory and IO to be connected to
address and data bus pins on the integrated
circuit package. The microcontroller design uses
a much more limited set of single and double
byte instructions that are used to move code and
data from internal memory to the ALU. The pins
are programmable that is capable of having
several different functions depending on the
wishes of the programmer. It is concerned with
getting data from and to its own pins.
FIG.2.ANESTHESIA INJECTOR BASED
ON ARM PROCESSOR

FIG.4. ANESTHESIA INJECTOR BASED
ON 8051
4.WORKING:
By using the keypad provided along with the
Microcontroller, the anesthetist can set the level
of Anaesthesia to be administered to the patient
in terms of milliliters per hour (1ml to 1000ml).
After receiving the Anaesthesia level from the
keypad, the Microcontroller sets the system to
administer Anaesthesia to the prescribed level. It
then analyses various bio-medical parameters
obtained from the sensors to determine the
direction of rotation of the stepper motor. The
rotation of the stepper motor causes the Infusion
Pump to move in forward or in a backward
direction and the Anaesthesia provided in the
syringe is injected into the body of the patient. If
the level of Anaesthesia is decreased to lower
level than the set value, the alarm gets activated
to alert the anesthetist to refill the Anaesthesia in
the syringe pump to continue the process. In this
design, the total timing and opposite flow of
blood will also be detected by using the Micro
Controller.
REQUIREMENTS:
Temperature Sensor – to measure the body
temperature.
Respiration Sensor – to measure rate of
respiration per minute.
Heart Beat Sensor – to measure the heartbeat
rate per minute.
Micro Controller – to control the overall
surgery.
Stepper Motor – to control the movement of
the Syringe Infusion Pump
5.MEASUREMENT OF BIO-MEDICAL
PARAMETERS:
The measurement of bio-medical parameters is a
vital process. These parameters determine the
overall condition of the patient. It plays a very
significant process in the level of Anaesthesia
that has to be administered to the patient. Only
based on these parameters the movement of the
stepper motor is determined. Transducers and
Thermistors are the key links in all sensors
designed to describe and analyze the bio-
medical parameters. The transducers used here
are just those that find applications in patient
monitoring systems and experimental work on
three parameters namely temperature, heart beat
and respiratory activity. Both transducers and
thermistors are made in a wide variety of forms
suitable for use in medical applications. They
are available as wafers for applying on the skin
surfaces tiny beads for inserting into the tissues.
Temperature Sensor:
The most accurate method to measure
temperature is to use Thermistors and Resistance
Thermometers.
Thermistors or thermal resistor is a two-terminal
semiconductor device whose resistance is
temperature
sensitive. The value of such resistors decreases
with increase in temperature. The Thermistors
have very high temperature coefficient of
resistance of the order of 3% to 5% per
ºC,making it an ideal temperature transducer.
The temperature co-efficient of resistance is
normally negative. The output of the
temperature sensor is given to the amplifier
stages.Resistance thermometers can also be used
to measure the body temperature. Important
characteristics of resistance thermometers are
high temperature co-efficient to resistance,
stable properties so that the resistance
characteristics does not drift with repeated
heating or cooling or mechanical strain and high
resistivity to permit the construction of small
sensors.
Respiration Sensor:
The primary functions of the respiratory system
are to supply oxygen to the tissues and remove
carbon dioxide from the tissues. The action of
breathing is controlled by muscular action
causing the volume of the lung to increase and
decrease to affect a precise and sensitive control
of the tension of carbon dioxide in the arterial
blood. Under normal circumstances, this is
rhythmic action.
Heart Beat Sensor:
Heart rate is our body's way of telling how hard
it is going. It is very vital that heart beat has to
be in normal while administering anesthesia to
the patient. Normal heart beat is 72 beats per
minute. A sensor is designed for monitoring the
changes in the heart beat of the human body.
There are 2 ways of monitoring heart rate
information from the body. They are
Electrocardiogram(ECG) and Pulse.
The E.C.G or Electro cardiogram gives the
electrically picked up signals from the limbs due
to the nervous activity of the heart. The
electrodes are pasted on to the 2 hands and the
left leg, the right leg electrode serving as the
common or ground reference. The signals are
picked up and amplified by high gain differential
amplifiers and then the electrocardiogram signal
is obtained.
The pulse signal refers to the flow of blood that
passes from the heart to the limbs and the
peripheral organs once per beat. Usually, the
physician looks for the pulse on the wrist of the
patient. The artery is near the surface of the skin
and hence easily palpable. This pulse occurs
once per heart beat. These pulse signals can be
picked up by keeping a piezo-electric pick up on
the artery site.
Processor:
The design approach of the Microprocessor
mirrors that of the microprocessor. The
microprocessor design accomplishes a very
flexible and extensive repertoire of multi-byte
instructions. These instructions work in
hardware configurations that enables large
amount of memory and IO to be connected to
address and data bus pins on the integrated
circuit package. The Microprocessor design uses
a much more limited set of single and double
byte instructions that are used to move code and
data from internal memory to
the ALU. The pins are programmable that is
capable of having several different functions
depending on the wishes of the programmer. It is
concerned with getting data from and to its own
pins.
Stepper Motor:
A stepper motor transforms electrical pulses into
equal increments of rotary shaft motion called
steps. A one -to-one correspondence exists
between the electrical pulses and the motor
steps. They work in conjunction with electronic
switching devices. The function of switching
device is to switch the control windings of the
stepper motor with a frequency and sequence
corresponding to the issued command. It has a
wound stator and a non exited rotor. Stepper
motors are classified as 2-phase, 3-phase or 4-
phase depending on the number of windings on
the stator.
Syringe Infusion Pump:
The Syringe Infusion pump provides uniform
flow of fluid by precisely driving the plunger of
a syringe towards its barrel. It provides accurate
and continuous flow rate for precisely delivering
anesthesia medication in critical medical care. It
has an alarm system activated by Infra-Red
Sensor and limit switches. The pump will stop
automatically with an alarm when the syringe is
empty or if any air-bubble enters the fluid line.
Glass and plastic Syringes of all sizes from 1ml
to 30ml can be used in the infusion pump.
6.CONCLUSION:
FUTURE ENHANCEMENTS:
a)Multiple parameters like Blood pressure,
retinal size, age and weight can be included as
controlling parameters in the future.
b)Specialized embedded Anaesthesia machine
can be developed, thereby reducing size, cost
and increasing efficiency.
Nowadays, Modern Technologies have
developed automation in every spears of
biomedical instrumentation this paper is also
based on the automation and this will be very
much useful to physician to see the current
position of Anaesthesia of patient so that the
proper Anaesthesia will be injected to patient.
Prevention is better than cure. But „Protection is
intelligent than prevention‟ and our paper on
automatic Anaesthesia injector is one of the
efficient protecting system.
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