applied

sciences
Article
Energy Consumption Comparison of a Single
Variable-Speed Pump and a System of Two Pumps:
Variable-Speed and Fixed-Speed
Safarbek Oshurbekov 1 , Vadim Kazakbaev 1 , Vladimir Prakht 1, * , Vladimir Dmitrievskii 1
and Levon Gevorkov 2
1 Department of Electrical Engineering, Ural Federal University, 620002 Yekaterinburg, Russia;
safarbek.oshurbekov@urfu.ru (S.O.); vadim.kazakbaev@urfu.ru (V.K.); vladimir.dmitrievsky@urfu.ru (V.D.)
2 Faculty of Electrical Engineering, University of West Bohemia, 301 00 Pilsen, Czech Republic;
levon@rice.zcu.cz
* Correspondence: va.prakht@urfu.ru; Tel.: +7-343-375-45-07




Received: 12 November 2020; Accepted: 7 December 2020; Published: 9 December 2020


Featured Application: The presented results can be used to assess the energy-saving potential of
various topologies of multi-pump pumping stations.

Abstract: The energy efficiency of a multi-pump system consisting of two low-power (0.75 kW)
pumps operating in parallel mode and a single-pump mechanism (1.5 kW) is compared in this study.
For this purpose, mathematical models, experimental data, and data retrieved from the manuals
provided by the pump manufacturers are used. The single-pump system is fed by a single variable
speed drive. A multi-pump system running in parallel mode consists of two pumps. One of them is
driven by an induction motor connected directly to the electrical grid and equipped with a throttle.
Another pump is actuated by an induction motor fed by a variable speed drive. The flowrate of the
liquid in the multi-pump is controlled with the help of speed variation and throttling. In the case
of the single-pump system the conventional speed control method is applied during the analysis.
For both pump system topologies, the daily and annual energy consumption is obtained. As a result
of conducted calculations, it was shown that the multi-pump provides 29.8% savings in comparison
to the single-pump system in the case of a typical flowrate profile.

Keywords: centrifugal pump; energy efficiency; induction motor; throttling control; variable
speed control

1. Introduction
Pumping systems are among the main electrical energy consumers in industry and household
applications. These systems account for approximately 22% of the energy consumed by electrical
motors [1]. The problem of the energy efficiency of pumping systems is topical among the
researchers [2,3]. Although most of the pumping units are still using drives without variable speed
control [3], in some countries almost 20–30% of pumping systems are already supplied with variable
speed drives (VSDs), due to their high efficiency [4].
Often, instead of a high-power single pumping system, a multi-pump system with two or more
pumps with a lower power is used [5–7]. This type of solution can provide cheap operation costs,
easier maintenance, and a longer lifespan of a pumping unit. In addition, there is a possibility of
flowrate control in a multi-pump system without a pressure drop and significant efficiency drop of
pumping units. It is almost impossible to achieve by means of either throttling or speed control in a

Appl. Sci. 2020, 10, 8820; doi:10.3390/app10248820 www.mdpi.com/journal/applsci

Appl. Sci. 2020, 10, 8820 2 of 14

single-pump pumping system [8]. Maintaining the pressure in the system at flowrate control is crucial
in applications with high static pressure [6,7].
The possibility of energy loss reduction for the multi-pump system is achieved with the help of
switching off some of the pumps at low flowrates, as well as by optimizing the operation of separate
pumps, in the case where they are supplied with variable speed drives [6–8].
A wide variety of articles concern the energy efficiency issues of multi-pump systems. In [8] for
example, the optimization of multi-pump system operation is considered in order to increase reliability
and improve the efficiency of the system. The efficiency of the two systems is compared depending on
the fluid flowrate. For pumps operating in parallel mode, the possibility of the optimal control strategy
is studied with the help of a genetic algorithm. The obtained results show that the highest efficiency is
achieved by ensuring the same flowrate of two pumps. This article also studies the comparison of a
system consisting of two pumps with one frequency converter and the same system with two separate
frequency converters for each pumping unit. It is shown that the latter system has better efficiency.
In [9], the solution for energy efficiency boosting in a multi-pump system with variable speed
drives is proposed. The concept does not include any additional flow meters or measuring instruments
for flow-head characteristics. An original strategy for multi-pump system control using throttling and
speed control methods based on flow rate estimation is proposed.
In [10], an original algorithm is proposed for reliable prediction of the operation of parallel controlled
pumps in the multi-pump system and the control of the number of working pumps that is optimal from
the energy efficiency point of view for variable speed drives without throttling implementation.
In [11], the parallel operation of two pumps with the same parameters of the nominal pressure
and different values of the nominal flow is investigated. It is shown that the overall efficiency of
the system decreases with an increase in the ratio of the nominal flow rates for individual pumps.
For comparison, 28 various combinations of pump system parameters were investigated.
In [12,13], the parallel operation of the multi-pump system consisting of four pumps is considered,
where the flowrate is controlled by three different methods (throttling, bypass, and by the speed
regulation). A genetic algorithm is used to find the proper energy-efficient management strategy.
In [14], a system with five parallel pumps is investigated. The power consumption is compared
for different cases. For instance, when only one frequency converter is used and in the case of using
five separate frequency converters for each particular pump. It is shown that in the case of application
of variable speed drives for each pump instead of one variable speed drive leads to a reduction of
power consumption from the grid by 2.5%.
In [15], the optimization of the energy consumption of three parallel pumps without rotational
speed regulation is considered. In [16], the optimization of the energy consumption of a system of
seven parallel pumps of various types, some of which are equipped with VSD, is considered. In [17],
the energy consumption of three pumps is compared when varying the number of VSDs. In [18],
the energy consumption of pumping systems employing 2–4 parallel pumps without rotational speed
regulation is compared.
The analysis shows that the use of variable speed drives for each pump in a multi-pump system is
generally the most energy-efficient solution. A large number of proposed various control strategies
achieved by using different optimization methods demonstrate the complexity and necessity to take
into account a large number of parameters when optimizing the energy consumption of a multi-pump
system. A series of research works are devoted to comparing the energy consumption of various
multi-pump systems [6,14–19]. One of the issues that is not sufficiently described in the literature is
the strategy for an optimal number of running pump selections in a multi-pump system for specific
applications. In the case of low-power pumping units, the preferred option between single-pump and
multi-pump configurations may not be obvious.
In particular, despite a large amount of literature on the analysis of the energy efficiency of various
schemes of multi-pump systems, the energy efficiency of a pump unit with a single pump equipped
with a VSD and a system with two pumps only one of which is equipped with a VSD has not been
WaterSci.
Appl. 2020, 12, 10,
2020, x FOR
8820PEER REVIEW 33 of 14
14

equipped with a VSD and a system with two pumps only one of which is equipped with a VSD has
compared
not been earlier.
compared Thisearlier.
case is of great
This practical
case is of importance
great practical sinceimportance
both consideredsinceconfigurations
both considered can
be used in small pumping stations.
configurations can be used in small pumping stations.
The
The pumping
pumpingsystem systemwithwith twotwomotors
motorsandand
oneone
frequency
frequency converter is a special
converter case ofcase
is a special multi-motor
of multi-
pumping stations with a single frequency converter (single-drive
motor pumping stations with a single frequency converter (single-drive multi-pump systems) multi-pump systems) for fluid
for
machinery applications. Such systems are widely used in the electric drive
fluid machinery applications. Such systems are widely used in the electric drive of pumping and of pumping and compressor
stations
compressor employing
stationspump/compressor units of low rated
employing pump/compressor unitspower.
of lowThis makes
rated power.it possible
This makes to significantly
it possible
reduce the capital costs of such pumping stations while providing
to significantly reduce the capital costs of such pumping stations while providing the smooth the smooth regulation of the
pressure/flow
regulation of the ratepressure/flow
[20–22]. rate [20–22].
In
In order
order to to compare
compare the the operation
operation of ofpumps
pumpswithwiththe thementioned
mentionedtopology,
topology,thisthispaper
paperpresents
presentsa
aquantitative
quantitative assessment of the energy consumption of a system consisting
assessment of the energy consumption of a system consisting of two parallel pumps of two parallel pumps
(0.75
(0.75
kW), kW), in comparison
in comparison with awith a system
system containing
containing one pump
one single single (1.5
pump kW) (1.5 kW)
that that is by
is driven driven
a VSD. by Aa
VSD. A single-pump system contains only one variable speed drive for
single-pump system contains only one variable speed drive for the induction motor (IM). The multi- the induction motor (IM).
The
pump multi-pump
system with system with two
two pumps in pumps
parallelincontains
parallelone
contains one induction
induction motor, fedmotor,
directlyfedfrom
directly
the from
grid,
the
andgrid, and ainduction
a second second induction
motor, fed motor,
by thefed by the frequency
frequency converter. converter. An induction
An induction motor connected
motor connected directly
directly
to the gridto the grida drives
drives pump awithpump with control.
throttle throttle control.
Both pumpingBoth pumping systems
systems have the have
samethe same
fluid fluid
flowrate
flowrate that isfor
that is specific specific
openforloop open loop pumping
pumping systems.systems.
With
Withthe thehelp of the
help of mathematical
the mathematical model,model,
data from datathe from
catalogues provided byprovided
the catalogues the manufacturer,
by the
and experimental data, the energy consumption of the two types
manufacturer, and experimental data, the energy consumption of the two types of pump system of pump system topologies is
compared.
topologies isSince the cost
compared. of athe
Since variable
cost offrequency
a variabledrive is a significant
frequency drive is a part of the part
significant totalofprice of a
the total
low-power pump system, the case of parallel operation of two pumps
price of a low-power pump system, the case of parallel operation of two pumps using one VSD is using one VSD is considered.
In this study,In
considered. wethis
examine
study,thewefeasibility
examine the of using two parallel
feasibility of using pumps in the multi-pump
two parallel pumps in the system instead
multi-pump
of a single-pump
system instead ofsystem, mainly taking
a single-pump system,into account
mainly energy
taking into efficiency.
account energy efficiency.

2.
2. Structure
Structure of
of the
the Examined
Examined Pump
Pump Systems
Systems
The
The following
following structures
structures of
of the
the pumping
pumpingsystem
systemare
areexamined
examinedin
inthe
theproject:
project:
•• The
The pumping
pumping systemsystem with
with aa single
single pump
pump supplied with aa VSD,
supplied with VSD, the
the nominal
nominal power
power ofof 1500
1500 W,
W,
and the nominal speed of 2900 rpm. Water supply is controlled by the speed control
and the nominal speed of 2900 rpm. Water supply is controlled by the speed control method; method;
•• The
The multi-pump
multi-pump systemsystem with
with two
two parallel
parallel pumps,
pumps, thethe nominal
nominal power
power of
of 750 W,
W, and
and the
the nominal
nominal
speed of 2900
speed of 2900 rpm.rpm. The electric drive of the first pump
pump is equipped with a VSD, and the second
is equipped with a VSD, and the second
pump
pumphashas anan induction
inductionmotor
motor connected
connecteddirectly
directlytotoaagrid.
grid. The
The water
water supply
supply is
is controlled
controlled by
by the
the
VSD
VSD ofof the
thefirst
firstpump
pumpandandby
bythrottling
throttlingof
ofthe
thesecond
secondpump.
pump.
The energy
The energy consumption
consumption of of these
these pump
pump systems
systems isis compared
compared for
for an
an application when
when the water
supply during the
supply thecycle
cyclecorresponds
correspondstotothe dependence
the dependence typical forfor
typical open looploop
open pump systems
pump [23].[23].
systems The
dependence
The is shown
dependence in Figure
is shown 1. The
in Figure period
1. The of the
period of cycle equals
the cycle 24 h.24 h.
equals

Figure 1. Flowrate-time dependence. Q, % is the percentage of the flow; t, % is the percentage of

Figure 1. Flowrate-time dependence. Q, % is the percentage of the flow; t, % is the percentage of the
the time.
time.

For a single-pump system, the pump Calpeda—B—40/12C/A (model 1) is chosen; the rated
For a single-pump system, the pump Calpeda—B—40/12C/A (model 1) is chosen; the rated
power is 1500 W [24]. For a multi-pump system, two pumps Calpeda—B—NM 32/12D (model 2) are
power is 1500 W [24]. For a multi-pump system, two pumps Calpeda—B—NM 32/12D (model 2) are
chosen; the rated power is 750 W [24]. The rated rotational speed is 2900 rpm. Figure 2 represents
chosen; the rated power is 750 W [24]. The rated rotational speed is 2900 rpm. Figure 2 represents the
Q-H characteristics and the dependencies of the shaft power on the flowrate for both pumps at the
Appl. Sci. 2020, 10, 8820 4 of 14

Water 2020, 12, x FOR PEER REVIEW 4 of 14

the Q-H characteristics and the dependencies of the shaft power on the flowrate for both pumps at
rated
the rotational
rated speed.
rotational TheThe
speed. twotwo
pumps under
pumps consideration
under havehave
consideration an identical no-load
an identical head head
no-load of about
of
18 m but different maximum flow rates. The required maximum flow rate Q 100% = 24 m3/h3 can be
about 18 m but different maximum flow rates. The required maximum flow rate Q100% = 24 m /h can
provided by the single pump with the rated power of 1.5 kW (Figure 2a). When using the pumps
be provided by the single pump with the rated power of 1.5 kW (Figure 2a). When using the pumps
with the rated power of 750 W, two such pumps are required to provide Q100% = 24 m3/h (Figure 2b).
with the rated power of 750 W, two such pumps are required to provide Q100% = 24 m3 /h (Figure 2b).
The required mechanical power Pmech can be calculated as H∙Q∙g∙ρ/ηpump, where g = 9.81 m/s2 is the
The required mechanical power Pmech can be calculated as H·Q·g·ρ/ηpump , where g = 9.81 m/s2 is the
gravitational acceleration; ρ = 1000 kg/m3 is the water density; ηpump is the pump efficiency. However,
gravitational acceleration; ρ = 1000 kg/m3 is the water density; ηpump is the pump efficiency. However,
for calculations in this study, Pmech is obtained from Pmech(Q) dependences from the manufacturer’s
for calculations in this study, Pmech is obtained from Pmech (Q) dependences from the manufacturer’s
catalogue (Figure 2c,d). The maximum required flowrates of both pumping systems were chosen to
catalogue (Figure 2c,d). The maximum required flowrates of both pumping systems were chosen
correspond to the flowrate of the pump Calpeda—B—40/12C/A at the best efficiency point (BEP)
to correspond to the flowrate of the pump Calpeda—B—40/12C/A at the best efficiency point (BEP)
Q100% = QBEP1 = 24 m3/h (Figure 2e).
Q100% = QBEP1 = 24 m3 /h (Figure 2e).

Figure 2. Pump characteristics [1] (a) model 1, Q-H curve; (b) model 2, Q-H curve; (c) model 1,
Figure 2. Pump characteristics [1] (a) model 1, Q-H curve; (b) model 2, Q-H curve; (c) model 1,
mechanical power versus flowrate; (d) model 2, mechanical power versus flowrate; (e) model 1,
mechanical power versus flowrate; (d) model 2, mechanical power versus flowrate; (e) model 1,
efficiency versus flowrate; (f) model 2, efficiency versus flowrate.
efficiency versus flowrate; (f) model 2, efficiency versus flowrate.
3. Operating Point Calculation for Pumps
3. Operating Point Calculation for Pumps
This section briefly describes the mathematical models of the examined pumping systems. In order
This
to assess section
the briefly describes
characteristics the mathematical
of the operation mode of themodels
pumps,ofthe the examined
graphical pumping
analysis systems.
method In
is used.
order to
Figure 3a assess the characteristics
represents a single-pumpofsystem.
the operation mode
Figure 3b of the pumps,
represents the graphical
a multi-pump system. analysis
Pumpsmethod
P and
is used. Figure 3a represents a single-pump system. Figure 3b represents a multi-pump
P1 are coupled with induction motors M and M1, respectively. Frequency converters (FC) feed these system.
Pumps P
motors. and P1
Pump P2 are coupledwith
is coupled withinduction
inductionmotor
motorsM2.
M and
TheM1, respectively.
throttle Frequency
V is equipped with converters
drive M3
(FC) feed
(throttle these and
control) motors.
whenPump P2 is operate
the pumps coupledsimultaneously,
with inductionitmotor M2. The
is regulated throttle
together V is
with theequipped
electric
with drive M3 (throttle control) and when the pumps operate simultaneously, it is regulated
drive M1. The rest of the valves shown in Figure 3 as well as non-return valves are used for protective together
with the not
purposes electric drive M1. The rest of the valves shown in Figure 3 as well as non-return valves are
for control.
used for protective purposes not for control.
Appl. Sci. 2020, 10, 8820 5 of 14
Water 2020, 12, x FOR PEER REVIEW 5 of 14

Figure 3. Pumping
Figure 3. Pumping system
system structure: (a) single-pump,
structure: (a) power 1500
single-pump, power 1500 W;
W; (b)
(b) multi-pump,
multi-pump, each
each of
of the
the
pump has a nominal power of 750 W.
pump has a nominal power of 750 W.

The values of Q and H of individual pumps are calculated according to their technical characteristics
The values of Q and H of individual pumps are calculated according to their technical
(Figure 2). During the development of a mathematical model for the pump system, polynomial
characteristics (Figure 2). During the development of a mathematical model for the pump system,
interpolations of the technical characteristics of the pumps are used [8,23]. The mathematical model
polynomial interpolations of the technical characteristics of the pumps are used [8,23]. The
of a multi-pump system consisting of two similar pumps and a hydraulic load is described by the
mathematical model of a multi-pump system consisting of two similar pumps and a hydraulic load
following equations [8,23]:
is described by the following equations [8,23]:2
H1 = a · Q1 + b · Q1 · s1 + c · s21 (1)
2 2
H = a ⋅Q + b ⋅Q ⋅ s + c ⋅ s (1)
H2 1= a · Q221+ b · Q21 · s21 + c · s122 (2)
2
H 2 =Hreq
a ⋅Q=2 H
+stb+
⋅ Qk2 ·⋅Qs2req+ c ⋅ s22 (3)
(2)
2

where Q1 and H1 are the flowrate and the head of the variable speed controlled pump; Q2 and H2 are the
flowrate and the head of the non-adjustable H req = Hpump;
speed st
+ k ⋅Q = −0.02903, b = 0.15655, and c = 18.284 (3)
2
a req are
the coefficients of the interpolation polynomial obtained according to the Q-H characteristics of pump
where Q1 and H1 are
Calpeda—B—NM the flowrate
32/12D androtational
at the rated the head of the variable
speed (Figure 2); speed
s1 andcontrolled
s2 are thepump; Q2 and
rotational speedsH2 are
of
the variable
the flowratespeed
and the
andhead of the non-adjustable
non-adjustable speed pumps speed pump; units
in relative (s1 = n1 /n
a = −0.02903, ; s2 = n2and
b =rate0.15655, /nratec);=n18.284
1 and
nare
2 the
are coefficients
the rotational of the
speeds interpolation
in absolute polynomial
values; nrate = obtained
2900 rpm; according
Q req and H to
req the
are Q-H
the characteristics
required values of
of
pump Calpeda—B—NM 32/12D at the rated rotational speed (Figure
the water supply and hydraulic head (hydraulic loads); Hst and k are the static head and 2); s 1 and s 2 are the rotational
hydraulic
speeds of
friction the variable
coefficient speed
of the and non-adjustable
hydraulic system. speed pumps in relative units (s1 = n1/nrate; s2 = n2/nrate);
n1 and
Then2flowrate
are the rotational
of separatespeeds
pumpsinQabsolute
1 and Q2 values;
and thentotalrate = flowrate
2900 rpm; of Qthe and Hreq are
req pumping the required
system Qreq are
values of
related the water
according tosupply
Equation and(4)hydraulic
[8]: head (hydraulic loads); Hst and k are the static head and the
hydraulic friction coefficient of the hydraulic Qreqsystem.
= Q1 + Q2 (4)
The flowrate of separate pumps Q1 and Q2 and the total flowrate of the pumping system Qreq are
The friction coefficient k is defined as:
related according to Equation (4) [8]:
Hmax − Hst
kQ =req = Q21 + Q2 (5)
(4)
Qmax
The friction coefficient k is defined as:
where Hmax = 16 m, Qmax = 24 m3 /h, Hst = 0.5·Hmax [25].
H max − H st
k= 2 (5)
Qmax
where Hmax = 16 m, Qmax = 24 m3/h, Hst = 0.5∙Hmax [25].
 Water 2020, 12, x FOR PEER REVIEW 6 of 14
Appl. Sci. 2020, 10, 8820 6 of 14
To calculate the variation of flow Q, head H, and power on the shaft Pmech at different rotational
speeds, the affinity laws are applied [23]:
To calculate the variation of flow Q, head H, and power on the shaft Pmech at different rotational
2 3
N1 H N 1  N1  Pmech n1  N1 
QN 1 [23]:
speeds, the affinity laws are applied
= ; =  ; =  , (6)
QN 2 N 2 H N 2   N22  Pmech n 2   N23 
QN1 N1 HN1 N1 Pmech n1 N1
= ; = ; = , (6)
where QN1, HN1 and PmechN1Qare N2 theNflowrate,
2 HN2 pump N2 head,Pmech N2 on the shaft at speed N1 < nrate;
n2 power
and
QN2, H and Pmech are the flowrate, pump head, and power on the shaft at speed N2 = nrate.
where N1 , HN1 and PmechN1 are the flowrate, pump head, and power on the shaft at speed N 1 < nrate ;
QN2
QN2 , HDuring the operation of pumps in parallel without throttling the flow Q of pumps in the multi-
N2 and Pmech are the flowrate, pump head, and power on the shaft at speed N 2 = nrate .
pumpDuring the sums
system up (4)ofatpumps
operation the same hydraulic
in parallel head value.
without Then,
throttling thethe intersection
flow Q of pumpspointinofthethe
resulting performance H-Q curve and system curve is obtained (Figure 4).
multi-pump system sums up (4) at the same hydraulic head value. Then, the intersection point of the
resulting performance H-Q curve and system curve is obtained (Figure 4).

Figure 4. Calculation of the working point of the multi-pump system.

Figure 4. Calculation of the working point of the multi-pump system.
The algorithm for the graphical solution of the system of Equations (1)–(4) is explained below
for parallel operationfor
The algorithm of two pumps, with
the graphical one VSD.
solution of theAt a given
system of value
Equationsof the(1)–(4)
reference Qreq ,
flowrate below
is explained
Equation (3) determines the required value of the
for parallel operation of two pumps, with one VSD. At areqhead H . Since the pumps operate at different
given value of the reference flowrate Qreq,
rotational
Equationspeeds, to achievethe
(3) determines therequired
same head Hpump1
value = Hhead
of the pump2H=reqH
. req , thethe
Since pumppumpscapacity in the
operate at absence
different
ofrotational
throttlingspeeds,
shouldtobeachieve
different. The speed of the second pump with non-adjustable
the same head Hpump1 = Hpump2 = Hreq, the pump capacity in the absenceelectric driveof
equals the rated speed (2900 rpm); therefore,
throttling should be different. The speed of s = 1. According to Equations (2) and (4),
2 the second pump with non-adjustable electric drive the values of
Qequals
2 and Qthe
1 are obtained
rated speedas follows:
(2900 rpm); therefore, s2 = 1. According to Equations (2) and (4), the values of
Q2 and Q1 are obtained as follows: q
−b − b2 − 4a(c − Hreq )
Q2 = − b − b 2 − 4 a ( c − H ) (7)
2a req
(7)
Q2 =
2aQ
Q1 = Qreq − (8)
2

To calculate the hydraulic head of the first Q = Qreq

pump,
1
the−affinity
Q2 laws can be expressed in the following
(8)
way (9):
To calculate the hydraulic head of the H1 (first
n1 ) pump, the affinity laws can be expressed in the
= s21 (9)
following way (9): H1 (nrate )

H 1 ( nlaws
From Equation (1) taking into account affinity
1)
(6) and (9), the following equation is derived:
2
= s1 (9)
H 1 ( n rate )2
q
2
−b · Q1 + (b · Q1 ) − 4 · c(a · Q1 − Hreq )
1 = nrate
From Equation (1)ntaking · account affinity laws (6) and (9), the following equation is derived:
into (10)
2c
 Water 2020, 12, x FOR PEER REVIEW 7 of 14

2 2
−b ⋅ Q1 + (b ⋅ Q1 ) − 4 ⋅ c ( a ⋅ Q1 − H req )
Appl. Sci. 2020, 10, 8820 n1 = nrate ⋅ 7 (10)
of 14
2c
Thegreater
The greaterthe thedifference
differenceininrotational
rotationalspeed
speedbetween
betweenthe
thetwo
twopumps,
pumps,the thegreater
greaterthe
thedifference
difference
between flowrate Q 1 and Q2. This condition leads to an overload of the non-adjustable pump and
between flowrate Q1 and Q2 . This condition leads to an overload of the non-adjustable pump and
underloadofofthe
underload thevariable
variablespeed
speedpump,
pump,which
whichisisnot
notacceptable
acceptablein
interms
termsofofthe
theenergy
energyefficiency
efficiencypoint
point
of view (at Q req less 75% of Qmax, Q1 becomes negative) [8]. This article considers the parallel operation
of view (at Qreq less 75% of Qmax , Q1 becomes negative) [8]. This article considers the parallel operation
ofofthe
thepumps
pumps byby ensuring
ensuring equal
equal flowrates
flowrates oftwo
of the the pumps
two pumps with
with the theofhelp
help of throttling
throttling by usingby using
throttle
throttle
M3 M3
for the for the non-adjustable
non-adjustable pump. Flowrates
pump. Flowrates Q and QQ1areandcalculated
Q2 are calculated
according according
(11): (11):
1 2

Q =Q =Q /2 (11)
Q1 1= Q22 = Qreq
req
/2 (11)
The control law (11) for parallel pumps is described in the literature and is widely used in
The [8].
practice control lawcase,
In this (11) the
for pump
parallel pumpspoints
working is described
will be in the literature
defined and is widely
as the intersection used
points in
of the
practice [8]. In this case,Qthe
pump characteristics pump working points will be defined as the intersection points of the pump
req/2 (points 1 and 2, Figure 5). The performance curve of the first pump (VSD)
characteristics Q req /2
should cross point 1 with1 and
(points 2, Figure(Q
coordinates 5).reqThe performance
/2; H curve of the first pump (VSD) should
req). The rotational speed of the first pump is
cross point 1 with coordinates (Qreq
determined by equation (9). The regulation /2; H ). The rotational speed
req throttle of the second pumpof the (non-adjustable)
first pump is determined by
is controlled
equation (9). QThe
to maintain regulation throttle of the second pump (non-adjustable) is controlled to maintain
2 = Qreq/2.
Q2 = Qreq /2.

Figure 5. Pump working points in parallel operation.

Figure 5. Pump working points in parallel operation.
4. Determination of Pump Characteristics and Mechanical Power during the Operation Cycle
4. Determination
To determine of
thePump Characteristics
performances of the and Mechanical Power
above-mentioned During
pumping the Operation
systems, Cycle
first, mechanical
powersToPdetermine
mech are calculated, for ten different
the performances of theoperation modes shown
above-mentioned in Figure
pumping 1. Table
systems, first,1 mechanical
represents
the calculated
powers characteristics
Pmech are calculated, for of the
tensingle pump
different system modes
operation at ten different
shown in water flowrates,
Figure 1. Tableaccording to
1 represents
Figure 1. In the case of the single-pump system with one variable speed pump, the working
the calculated characteristics of the single pump system at ten different water flowrates, according to points of
the pumping
Figure system
1. In the case move
of thealong the system
single-pump curve
system andone
with are variable
defined as intersection
speed pump, thepoints of Q-H
working pump
points of
characteristics
the pumping at a certain
system moverotation
alongspeed n and the
the system hydraulic
curve and aresystem
defined curve.
as intersection points of Q-H
pump characteristics at a certain rotation speed n and the hydraulic system curve.
Table 1. Operating cycle data for the single-pump system.
Table 1. Operating cycle data for the single-pump system.
Qreq , % 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
n, rpm Qreq,1918 % 10
1940 201991 30 2068.740 2181.4
50 60
2288 70
2424 80 2572 90 2731100 2900
Qreq , m3 /hn, rpm2.4 1918
4.8 19407.2 1991 9.6
2068.7 12
2181.4 14.4
2288 2424
16.8 257219.2 2731 21.62900 24
H, m Qreq, m8.073/h 2.4
8.28 4.88.63 7.2 9.139.6 9.8912 14.4
10.53 16.8
12.39 19.212.5121.6 13.7 24 15
Pmech , W H, m234 8.07 290 8.28356 8.63 4379.13 547
9.89 663
10.53 817 12.511002 13.7 12,22315 14,856
12.39
Pmech, W 234 290 356 437 547 663 817 1002 12,223 14,856
The curve Q-H and the mechanical power at a decrease in the pump rotational speed are calculated
using affinity laws (6), (Figure 6).
Water 2020, 12, x FOR PEER REVIEW 8 of 14

The curve Q-H and the mechanical power at a decrease in the pump rotational speed are
calculated using
Appl. Sci. 2020, affinity laws (6), (Figure 6).
10, 8820 8 of 14

Figure 6. (a) Q-H characteristics of pump performance and system curve; (b) hydraulic power curves
Figure 6. (a) Q-H characteristics of pump performance and system curve; (b) hydraulic power curves
of the pump at different rotational speeds.
of the pump at different rotational speeds.

In the case of the joint operation, two similar pumps operate in parallel, and the total flowrate
In the case of the joint operation, two similar pumps operate in parallel, and the total flowrate
equals the sum of the flowrates of the individual pumps Q = Q1 + Q2 . The first pump has an adjustable
equals the sum of the flowrates of the individual pumps Q = Q1 + Q2. The first pump has an adjustable
speed drive, and the rotation speed of the second pump is constant.
speed drive, and the rotation speed of the second pump is constant.
The range of the output flowrate can be divided into two parts:
The range of the output flowrate can be divided into two parts:
• Water flowrate regulation in the range from 0 to 60% is achieved by speed variation of the variable
• Water flowrate
speed pump. A regulation
non-adjustablein the range
pump fromrange
in this 0 to of
60% is achieved
flows by speed
is not switched variation
on and of by
is closed thea
variable speed pump. A non-adjustable pump in this range of flows
return valve to prevent water from flowing through it in the backward direction; is not switched on and is
• closed by a return valve to prevent water from flowing through it in the backward
Water flowrate regulation in the range from 60 to 100% is achieved by the operation of both direction;
• Water
pumps.flowrate
Water isregulation
supplied by injoint
the range
controlfrom
of the60rotational
to 100% speed
is achieved by pump
of the 1st the operation
accordingof to
both
the
pumps. Water is supplied by joint control of the rotational speed of the 1st pump
regulation law (10) and of throttling the 2nd pump. In a dynamic mode, this type of regulation according to
the
can regulation
be achievedlaw with(10)
the and
help of throttling the 2nd pump.
of proportional-integral In a dynamic mode, this type of
(PI) controllers.
regulation can be achieved with the help of proportional-integral (PI) controllers.
In the case when the operation of the pumps in parallel is provided only by the rotation speed
In the case when the operation of the pumps in parallel is provided only by the rotation speed
control of one of the pumps without throttling of a non-adjustable pump, the pump loading caused
control of one of the pumps without throttling of a non-adjustable pump, the pump loading caused
by flowrate will be different. The pump with a non-adjustable drive operating at nominal rotation
by flowrate will be different. The pump with a non-adjustable drive operating at nominal rotation
speed will be overloaded and a variable speed drive will be underloaded. As the value of Qreq
speed will be overloaded and a variable speed drive will be underloaded. As the value of Qreq
decreases, the load difference will increase. If the flow rate is such that for a given speed n1 the
decreases, the load difference will increase. If the flow rate is such that for a given speed n1 the head
head H2 approximately equals or is greater than the shut-off head of the adjustable pump, then the
H2 approximately equals or is greater than the shut-off head of the adjustable pump, then the flowrate
flowrate of a variable speed pump will be close to zero (deadheading), or even negative (reverse flow).
of a variable speed pump will be close to zero (deadheading), or even negative (reverse flow). The
The reduction of the total flow of pumps operating in parallel by increasing the reverse flow of one of
reduction of the total flow of pumps operating in parallel by increasing the reverse flow of one of the
the pumps is identical to bypass-control. However, continuous operation of the pump in such modes
pumps is identical to bypass-control. However, continuous operation of the pump in such modes is
is unacceptable due to low energy efficiency and can lead to deterioration of the pump equipment [2].
unacceptable due to low energy efficiency and can lead to deterioration of the pump equipment [2].
To avoid these operation modes, it is necessary to reduce the pressure in the pipeline connected to a
To avoid these operation modes, it is necessary to reduce the pressure in the pipeline connected to a
non-adjustable pump with the help of throttling.
non-adjustable pump with the help of throttling.
Based on the considerations given above, in the case of calculating the joint operation of two
Based on the considerations given above, in the case of calculating the joint operation of two
pumps in multi-pump system, the working points of the variable speed pump are determined in the
pumps in multi-pump system, the working points of the variable speed pump are determined in the
same way as in the case of operation of one pump with a flow Qreq /2 according to Equations (1)–(3).
same way as in the case of operation of one pump with a flow Qreq/2 according to Equations (1)–(3).
The working point of the pump with a non-adjustable drive is determined by the intersection of its
The working point of the pump with a non-adjustable drive is determined by the intersection of its
Q-H characteristics and vertical line Qreq /2. Table 2 represents the calculation results for these pumps
Q-H characteristics and vertical line Qreq/2. Table 2 represents the calculation results for these pumps
operating in parallel for ten different modes of the cycle with the selected control method Q1 = Q2 .
operating in parallel for ten different modes of the cycle with the selected control method Q1 = Q2.
Figure 7 also shows the calculated working points of these parallel pumps in terms of Q-H axes.
Figure 7 also shows the calculated working points of these parallel pumps in terms of Q-H axes.
Appl. Sci. 2020, 10, 8820 9 of 14
Water 2020, 12, x FOR PEER REVIEW 9 of 14

Figure 7.
Figure Working points
7. Working points of
of pumps
pumps operating
operating in
in parallel.
parallel.

Table 2. System cycle data for two pumps operating in parallel mode.
Table 2. System cycle data for two pumps operating in parallel mode.
Qreq , Qreq , Q1 , Q2 , H1, H , Pmech1 , Pmech2 , Pmech = Pmech1 + n1 , n2 ,
Qreq , Qreq, Q 1, Q 2, H1, H22, Pmech1, Pmech2, Pmech = Pmech1 + n1, n2,
% m33/h m33/h m33/h m m W W Pmech2 , W rpm rpm
% m /h m /h m /h m m W W Pmech2, W rpm rpm
10
10 2.4
2.4 2.4
2.4 -- 8.1
8.1 -- 136
136 -- 136
136 1918
1918 --
20 4.8 4.8 - 8.3 - 181 - 181 1975 -
20 4.8 4.8 - 8.3 - 181 - 181 1975 -
30 7.2 7.2 - 8.7 - 247 - 247 2081 -
30
40
7.2
9.6
7.2
9.6 -
- 8.7
9.3
-- 247
338 -
- 247
338
2081
2229 -
-
40
50 9.6
12 9.6
12 -- 9.3
10.0 -- 338
463 -- 338
463 2229
2409 --
50
60 12
14.4 12
14.4 -- 10.0
10.9 -- 463
628 -- 463
628 2409
2615 --
60
70 14.4
16.8 14.4
8.4 -
8.4 10.9
11.9 -
17.6 628
394 616 - 628
1010 2615
2433 -
2900
80
70 19.2
16.8 9.6
8.4 9.6
8.4 13.1
11.9 17.1
17.6 486
394 654
616 1140
1010 2579
2433 2900
2900
90
80 21.6
19.2 10.8
9.6 10.8
9.6 14.5
13.1 16.6
17.1 598
486 691
654 1289
1140 2736
2579 2900
2900
100
90 24
21.6 12
10.8 12
10.8 16.0
14.5 16.0
16.6 730
598 729
691 1460
1289 2901
2736 2900
2900
100 24 12 12 16.0 16.0 730 729 1460 2901 2900
In Table 2 the following notation is used: Pmech1 is the mechanical power of the variable speed
pump; In P Table 2 the following notation is used: Pmech1 is the mechanical power of the variable speed
mech2 is the mechanical power of the non-adjustable pump. As can be seen from Figure 7 and
pump; P is
Table 2, when using
mech2 the mechanical
the two pumps, powerthe of second
the non-adjustable
parallel pump pump.
is usedAsonly
can be seen
at the from Figure
required 7 and
flow rate of
Table
70% or 2, more.
when using the two
Flow rates pumps,
in the rangethe ofsecond
0–60% parallel pump is used
can be provided by one only at the
of the required
lower power flow rate
pumps.
of 70%both
When or more.
pumps Flowarerates
used,inthetheequal
rangedistribution
of 0–60% can of be
theprovided
required by flowone of Q
rate the lower power pumps.
1 = Q2 = Qreq /2 between
When both pumps are used, the equal distribution of
them is adopted. As mentioned above, this control law provides minimum power the required flow rate Q 1 = Q2 =consumption
Qreq/2 between in
them is adopted.
this case. The head Asvalues
mentionedof theabove, this control
two pumps are notlaw equalprovides
to eachminimum
other, H1 ,power consumption
H2 , which is achievedin
this case. Thethe
by throttling head values
output of of
thethe two pumps
second pump. are Thenot equal
speed of to
theeach
firstother,
pumpHn11≠isHadjusted
2, which by
is achieved
the VSD.
by throttling the output of the second pump. The speed of the first
The rotational speed of the second pump powered directly from the mains is assumed to bethe pump n 1 is adjusted by VSD.
constant,
The
n2 =rotational
2900 rpm.speed The Hof the second pump powered directly from the mains is assumed to be constant,
1 , H2 , and n1 values are calculated according to the method described in Section 3
n(see
2 = 2900 rpm. The H ,
Figure 5). The mechanical
1 H 2, and n 1 values
powers are calculated
Pmech1 and Pmech2according
are evaluatedto theusing
method the described in Section
Pmeh (Q) dependence
3shown
(see Figure
in Figure5). The mechanical
2b. Figure powers graphical
8 represents Pmech1 and dependencies
Pmech2 are evaluatedof the using the Pmeh(Q) power
total mechanical dependence
of the
shown
two configurations of a pumping system on the water flowrate according to Tables 1 and 2. It canthe
in Figure 2b. Figure 8 represents graphical dependencies of the total mechanical power of be
two
seenconfigurations
that during the ofvariation
a pumping of system on theup
the flowrate water
to Qflowrate according to Tables 1 and 2. It can be
req = 14.4 m /h (60%), the multi-pump system
3
seen that during
demands the variation
less mechanical power. of the flowrate
At higher Qrequp to Qreq = it
, however, 14.4 m3/h (60%),
requires the multi-pump
more mechanical powersystem
than a
demands less mechanical
system with a single pump. power. At higher Q req, however, it requires more mechanical power than a
system with a single pump.
Water 2020, 12, x FOR PEER REVIEW 10 of 14

Appl. Sci. 2020, 10, 8820 10 of 14

Water 2020, 12, x FOR PEER REVIEW 10 of 14

Figure 8. The mechanical power of the examined pumping units depending on the flowrate.

Figure 8. The mechanical power of the examined pumping units depending on the flowrate.
5. Assessment ofThe
Figure 8. Energy Consumption
mechanical of the
power of the Two Considered
examined Pump
pumping units Systems
depending on the flowrate.
5. Assessment
This sectionof Energyis focusedConsumption
on the of the Two energy
electrical Considered Pump Systems
consumption calculation for the two
5. Assessment of Energy Consumption of the Two Considered Pump Systems
configurations
This sectionofisthe mentioned
focused on the pump
electricalsystems:
energysingle-pump
consumption (Figure 3a, Table
calculation for the1)twoand multi-pump
configurations
(Figure
This3b, Table
section 2). isIn the
focusedcurrent on simulation,
the it
electrical was assumed
energy that 2-pole
consumption
of the mentioned pump systems: single-pump (Figure 3a, Table 1) and multi-pump (Figure 3b, induction
calculationmotors for with
the rated
Tabletwo2).
powers
In of 1500
configurations
the current ofWthe andmentioned
simulation, 750itW wasareassumed
used in
pump these
systems: pumping
that 2-polesingle-pump systems.
induction These
(Figure
motors 3a,motors
Table
with ratedhave
1) andthe
powers IE3 energy
multi-pump
of 1500 W
efficiency
(Figure
and Wlevel.
7503b, Table
are usedTo In
2). determine
inthe current
these the
pumping efficiency
simulation,
systems. itofwas
motors
assumed
These and that
motors frequency
2-pole
have converters
theinduction
IE3 energy atefficiency
motors thewith
operating
rated
level.
points
powers calculated
of 1500 W in
and the750previous
W are section,
used in the
these data for
pumping seven standard
systems.
To determine the efficiency of motors and frequency converters at the operating points calculated These modes
motors are used
have the (according
IE3 energy to
IEC
in 60034-30-2)
efficiency
the previous at adetermine
level. section,
To certain
the value
data of
thefor Tseven
and nstandard
efficiency (Table
of motors 3). Such
modesand data
are are used
frequency
used becausetothe
converters
(according atIEC standard
the operating
60034-30-2)IEC
60034-30-2
points [26]
calculated requires
in the the
previous motor manufacturers
section, the data for to declare
seven the
standard
at a certain value of T and n (Table 3). Such data are used because the standard IEC 60034-30-2 [26] motor
modes efficiency
are used in these
(according seven
to
operating
IEC points.
60034-30-2) at Some
a certainof the
valuemanufacturers
of T and n provide
(Table 3). such
Such data
data
requires the motor manufacturers to declare the motor efficiency in these seven operating points. in
are their
used catalogs
because [27].
the The
standard dataIEC in
Table of
Some 3 related
60034-30-2 the[26] to the efficiency
requires
manufacturers theprovide
motorof such
the considered
manufacturers
data in their induction
to motors
declare [27].
catalogs Theand
the motor frequency
efficiency
data in Table in 3converters
these seven
related are
to the
obtained
operating experimentally.
points. Some of These
the data were
manufacturers obtained
provide from
such testing
data in
efficiency of the considered induction motors and frequency converters are obtained experimentally. of M3AA90L2
their catalogs and
[27]. M3AA80B2
The data in
motors
Table (IM-1.5
These 3data
related
were tokW and
obtained IM-750
the efficiency W,
from testing correspondingly,
of the considered and
of M3AA90L2 IE3-class,
induction
M3AA80B2 manufacturer
motors motors ABB)
and (IM-1.5
frequency [28] powered
kWconverters
and IM-750are byW, a
frequencyexperimentally.
obtained converter
correspondingly, withThese
IE3-class, amanufacturer
rateddatapower
were ofobtained
ABB) 1.5[28]
kWpowered
(model
from Optidrive
testing
by P2, manufacturer
of M3AA90L2
a frequency and with
converter Invertek
M3AA80B2a rated
Drives)
motors [29].
(IM-1.5 This
kW test
and was performed
IM-750 W, according
correspondingly, to IEC 60034-2-3,
IE3-class,
power of 1.5 kW (model Optidrive P2, manufacturer Invertek Drives) [29]. This test was performed Method
manufacturer 2-3-C:
ABB)Input-output
[28] powered method
by a
(Figure 9).to
frequency
according converter
IEC 60034-2-3,with aMethodrated power2-3-C: of 1.5 kW (model
Input-output method Optidrive P2, manufacturer Invertek
(Figure 9).
Drives) [29]. This test was performed according to IEC 60034-2-3, Method 2-3-C: Input-output method
(Figure 9).

Figure 9. Test bench.

Figure 9. Test bench.

Figure 9. Test bench.

Appl. Sci. 2020, 10, 8820 11 of 14

Table 3. Efficiency data for motors and FC at standard points, in accordance with IEC 60034-30-2.

Operation Point 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
n, % 90 50 90 50 25 50 25
T, % 100 100 50 50 100 25 25
ηmotor IM-1.5 kW 0.853 0.728 0.865 0.819 0.533 0.822 0.772
ηmotor IM-750 W 0.830 0.768 0.809 0.749 0.645 0.653 0.523
ηconv. FC-1.5 kW 0.965 0.947 0.952 0.925 0.905 0.888 0.784
ηconv. FC-750 W 0.937 0.906 0.898 0.849 0.857 0.771 0.686

The values of the efficiency of motors and frequency inverters in the considered operating points
(Tables 1 and 2) found by the polynomial interpolation of the data in Table 3 [4,30] are shown in Table 4.
The following notations are used in Table 4: ηmotor is the motor efficiency of the single-pump system;
ηconv is the frequency converter efficiency of the single-pump system; ηmotor1 is the motor efficiency
of the multi-pump system for variable speed drive; ηconv1 is the frequency converter efficiency of
the multi-pump system for variable speed drive; ηmotor2 is the efficiency of non-adjustable motor in
multi-pump system.

Table 4. The results of efficiency calculation for motors and frequency converters.

Qreq , % 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
Qreq , m3 /h 2.40 4.80 7.20 9.60 12.0 14.4 16.8 19.2 21.6 24.0
System with one pump ηmotor 0.431 0.507 0.580 0.651 0.723 0.783 0.838 0.874 0.879 0.834
(FC-IM) ηconv. 0.939 0.944 0.950 0.955 0.960 0.963 0.964 0.961 0.957 0.952
ηmotor1 0.699 0.734 0.778 0.816 0.840 0.831 0.818 0.826 0.819 0.792
Two parallel pumps
ηmotor2 - - - - - - 0.796 0.797 0.796 0.792
(FC-IM1) + IM2
ηconv.1 0.431 0.507 0.580 0.651 0.723 0.783 0.838 0.874 0.879 0.834

With the help of the obtained results from tables (Tables 1, 2 and 4), we can calculate the electric
power consumption from the network (P1 ), daily electricity consumption (Eday ), annual electricity
consumption (Eyear ), total amount of annual electricity costs (Cyear ), and annual cost savings (Syear ) for
the multi-pump system with low-power pumps in comparison with the single-pump system:

Pmech
P1 = (12)
ηmotor · ηconv

10 !
tΣ X ti
Eday = · P1 (i) · (13)
1000 tΣ
i=1

E year = Eday · 365 (14)

C year = E year · GT (15)

S year = C year 2 − C year 1 (16)

where Pmech , and ηmotor are the mechanical power and efficiency of m-th electrical motor in the i-th
operation mode; ηconv. is the efficiency of m-th frequency converter in the i-th operation mode; tP is the
24 h cycle time; ti is the duration of the i-th operation mode; GT = 0.2036 €/kWh is the electrical energy
costs in Germany in the second quarter of 2019 for 1 kW·h for industrial applications [31]; Cyear 1 and
Cyear 2 are the total annual energy costs of the multi-pump system (two pumps) and single-pump (one
pump) system configurations.
The results of the calculation according to Equations (12)–(16) are shown in Tables 5 and 6.
Figure 10 shows the dependence of the electric power consumption by the pumping systems from
the grid for the mentioned cases. The energy saving possibilities were calculated according to the
data in Table 5 (Table 6). Thus, in the case of the multi-pump system (two parallel pumps), the energy
Appl. Sci. 2020, 10, 8820 12 of 14
Water 2020, 12, x FOR PEER REVIEW 12 of 14

consumption is higher in comparison with a single-pump unit, in the rare operation modes when the
two pumps
pumpsoperate
operatetogether.
together. However,
However, significant
significant energy
energy savings
savings can
can be be achieved
achieved in operation
in operation modes
when one of the pumps of the multi-pump system can provide the required flowrate. As a result, inAs
modes when one of the pumps of the multi-pump system can provide the required flowrate. a
the
result,
case ofinthethe case of the system
multi-pump multi-pump system (two
(two parallel parallel
pumps), pumps),
the energy the energy consumption
consumption during
during the working
the working
cycle is reducedcycle
byis29.8%
reduced by 29.8% inwith
in comparison comparison with the single-pump
the single-pump system. system.

Figure 10.
Figure Electrical power
10. Electrical power consumption
consumption of
of the
the pumping
pumping systems
systems depending
depending on
on the
the flowrate.
flowrate.
Table 5. Electric power consumption of pumping systems for various flowrate modes.
Table 5. Electric power consumption of pumping systems for various flowrate modes.
Qreq , % 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
Qreq, % 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
QreqQ, req 3
m, m /h3/h 2.40
2.40 4.80 7.20 9.60
4.80 7.20 9.60 12.0
12.0 14.4
14.4 16.816.8 19.219.2 21.621.624.024.0
Two
Two parallel pumps 213 272 347 453 599 812812 1300
parallel pumps 213 272 347 453 599 13001465 14651668166819281928
P1 , W
P1, W One pump 580 605 646 704 788 880 1012 1192 1454 1872
One pump 580 605 646 704 788 880 1012 1192 1454 1872

Table 6.
Table Comparison of
6. Comparison of aa system’s
system’s power
power consumption.
consumption.

Pump System
Pump System EdayE,day
kWh
, kWh EE year,, kWh
year kWh CCyear
year, €, € Syear. , %, %Syear,S€year , €
Syear
Two parallel pumps (FC-IM1)
Two parallel pumps (FC-IM1) + IM2 + IM2 12.3712.37 4516
4516 919
919 29.8 29.8 391.1391.1
System
System with with one pump
one pump (FC-IM)
(FC-IM) 17.6317.63 6437
6437 1310
1310 - - - -

6.
6. Conclusions
Conclusions
The article provides
The article provides aa comprehensive
comprehensive comparison
comparison and analysis of
and analysis energy consumption
of energy consumption for the
for the
multi-pump system consisting of two pumps operating in parallel mode and the single-pump system:
multi-pump system consisting of two pumps operating in parallel mode and the single-pump system:
• The single-pump system is equipped with a single variable speed drive. The multi-pump system
• The single-pump system is equipped with a single variable speed drive. The multi-pump system is
is equipped with one variable speed drive that is fed by a frequency converter and a non-
equipped with one variable speed drive that is fed by a frequency converter and a non-adjustable
adjustable drive connected directly to a grid;
drive connected directly to a grid;
• The comparison of energy consumption for both pump system configurations shows that the
• The comparison of energy consumption for both pump system configurations shows that the
usage of a multi-pump system supplied with two low-power pumps instead of a high-power
usage of a multi-pump system supplied with two low-power pumps instead of a high-power
pump in the single-pump system can lead to 29.8% energy savings;
pump in the single-pump system can lead to 29.8% energy savings;
• The energy savings are achieved due to the application of pumps and variable speed drives with
• The energy
a lower savings
rated powerare achieved
and, duewith
therefore, to the
lowapplication of operation
losses in the pumps and variable
modes speedthe
in which drives with
flowrate
acan
lower rated power and, therefore, with
be provided by one of the two pumps. low losses in the operation modes in which the flowrate
• can
Despiteprovided
be a ratherby oneefficiency
low of the twoofpumps.
the multi-pump system at high flowrates, the gain in the
• Despite
efficiencya at
rather low frequent
the most efficiencylow
of the multi-pump
flowrates system
results in at highinflowrates,
an increase the overallthe gain in and
efficiency the
efficiency at
energy saving. the most frequent low flowrates results in an increase in the overall efficiency and
• energy saving.
In future works, the optimization of the energy consumption of the considered configurations
of multi-pump systems will be presented using mathematical optimization methods,
considering the characteristics of motors and frequency converters.
Appl. Sci. 2020, 10, 8820 13 of 14

• In future works, the optimization of the energy consumption of the considered configurations of
multi-pump systems will be presented using mathematical optimization methods, considering
the characteristics of motors and frequency converters.

Author Contributions: Conceptual approach, V.K. and V.P.; data curation L.G., and V.D.; software S.O. and V.K.;
calculations and modeling, S.O, V.K., and V.P.; writing of original draft, L.G., S.O., V.D., V.K. and V.P.; visualization,
L.G., S.O. and V.K.; review and editing, L.G., S.O., V.D., V.K. and V.P. All authors have read and agreed to the
published version of the manuscript.
Funding: The work was partially supported by the Ministry of Science and Higher Education of the Russian
Federation (through the basic part of the government mandate, Project No. FEUZ-2020-0060).
Acknowledgments: The authors thank the editors and reviewers for careful reading and constructive comments.
Conflicts of Interest: The authors declare no conflict of interest.

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