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Ast 06
Ast 06
Power Systems I
Matrix Formation Example
generator 1 generator 2
z = j1.0 z = j0.8 V1 V2
I1 y10= -j1.0 I2
y20= -j1.25
1 2
y12 = -j2.5
y13= -j5 y23= -j5
3 KCL Equations
l Off-diagonal elements:
Yij = Y ji = − yij
l Matrix is symmetrical along the leading diagonal
Power Systems I
Example
System Data
Line Start End X value
g1 1 0 1.00
g2 5 0 1.25
L1 1 2 0.40
L2 1 3 0.50
L3 2 3 0.25
L4 2 5 0.20
L5 3 4 0.125
L6 4 5 0.50
Power Systems I
Tap-Changing Transformers
l The tap-changing transform gives some control of the
power network by changing the voltages and current
magnitudes and angles by small amounts
u The flow of real power along a network branch is controlled by
the angular difference of the terminal voltages
u The flow of reactive power along a network branch is controlled
by the magnitude difference of the terminal voltages
u Real and reactive powers can be adjusted by voltage-regulating
transformers and by phase-shifting transformers
Power Systems I
Modeling of Tap-Changers
u the off-nominal tap ratio is given as 1:a
u the nominal turns-ratio (N1/N2) was addressed with the
conversion of the network to per unit
u the transformer is modeled as two elements joined together at a
fictitious bus x
Ij Vj
Vi yt Vx
Ii
1:a
Vx = 1a V j I i = −a* ⋅ I j I i = yt (Vi − Vx )
Power Systems I
Modeling of Tap-Changers
l Making substitutions
Vx = 1a V j I i = yt (Vi − Vx )
I i = yt (Vi − 1a V j )
I i = −a* ⋅ I j
I j = − a1* I i
yt 1 yt yt
I j = − * (Vi − a V j ) = − * Vi + 2 V j
a a a
Power Systems I
YBus Formation of Tap-Changers
l Matrix formation
yt
I i = {yt }Vi + − V j
a
yt y
I j = − * Vi + t2 V j
a a
I i yt − yt a Vi
I = − y a * 2⋅
j t yt a V j
Power Systems I
Pi-Circuit Model of Tap-Changers
l Valid for real values of a
l Taking the y-bus formation, break the diagonal elements
into two components
u the off-diagonal element represent the impedance across the two
buses
u the remainder form the shunt element
yt / a tap side
non-tap side
i j
(a - 1) yt / a (1 - a) yt / a2
Power Systems I