The Bus Admittance Matrix

l The matrix equation for relating the nodal voltages to the

currents that flow into and out of a network using the
admittance values of circuit branches
Ik Vk
Iinj = Ybus ⋅ Vnode
Network

l Used to form the network model of an interconnected

power system
u Nodes represent substation bus bars
u Branches represent transmission lines and transformers
u Injected currents are the flows from generator and loads
Power Systems I
The Bus Admittance Matrix
l Constructing the Bus Admittance Matrix (or the Y bus
matrix)
u form the nodal solution based upon Kirchhoff’s current law

I k −inj = yk 0 Vk + yk 1 (Vk − V1 ) + yk 2 (Vk − V2 ) + K + ykn (Vk − Vn )

u impedances are converted to admittances
1 1
yij = =
zij rij + j xij

Power Systems I
Matrix Formation Example
generator 1 generator 2
z = j1.0 z = j0.8 V1 V2

line 12 j1.0 j0.8

j0.4
1 z = j0.4 2 1 2
line 13 line 23 j0.2 j0.2
z = j0.2 z = j0.2
3
3
line 34 j0.08
z = j0.08
4 4
Network Diagram Impedance Diagram
Power Systems I
 Matrix Formation Example

I1 y10= -j1.0 I2
y20= -j1.25

1 2
y12 = -j2.5
y13= -j5 y23= -j5
3 KCL Equations

y34 = -j12.5 I1 = y10V1 + y12 (V1 − V2 ) + y13 (V1 − V3 )

4 I 2 = y20V2 + y21 (V2 − V1 ) + y23 (V2 − V3 )
0 = y31 (V3 − V1 ) + y32 (V3 − V2 ) + y34 (V3 − V4 )
Admittance Diagram
0 = y43 (V4 − V3 )
Power Systems I
 Matrix Formation Example
Rearranging the KCL Equations
I1 = ( y10 + y12 + y13 )V1 − y12V2 − y13V3
I 2 = − y21V1 + ( y20 + y21 + y23 )V2 − y23V3
0 = − y31V1 − y32V2 + ( y31 + y32 + y34 )V3 − y34V4
0 = − y43V3 + y43V4
Matrix Formation of the Equations
 I1  ( y10 + y12 + y13 ) − y12 − y13 0  V1 
I   − y21 ( y20 + y21 + y23 ) − y23 0  V2 
 2 =  ⋅ 
0  − y31 − y32 ( y31 + y32 + y34 ) − y34  V3 
     
0  0 0 − y43 y43  V4 
Power Systems I
Matrix Formation Example
Completed Matrix Equation
Y11 = ( y10 + y12 + y13 ) = − j8.50 Y23 = Y32 = − y23 = j5.00
Y12 = Y21 = − y12 = j 2.50 Y33 = ( y31 + y32 + y34 ) = − j 22.50
Y13 = Y31 = − y13 = j5.00 Y34 = Y43 = − y34 = j12.50
Y22 = ( y20 + y21 + y23 ) = − j8.75 Y44 = y34 = − j12.50

 I1  − j8.50 j 2.50 j5.00 0  V1 

 I   j 2.50 − j8.75 j 5 . 00 0  V 
 2 =   ⋅  2
 0   j5.00 j5.00 − j 22.50 j12.50  V3 
     
0
   0 0 j12 . 50 − j12 . 50  V4 
Power Systems I
Y-Bus Matrix Building Rules
l Square matrix with dimensions equal to the number of
buses
l Convert all network impedances into admittances
l Diagonal elements: n
Yii = ∑ yij j≠i
j =0

l Off-diagonal elements:
Yij = Y ji = − yij
l Matrix is symmetrical along the leading diagonal

Power Systems I
Example

System Data
Line Start End X value
g1 1 0 1.00
g2 5 0 1.25
L1 1 2 0.40
L2 1 3 0.50
L3 2 3 0.25
L4 2 5 0.20
L5 3 4 0.125
L6 4 5 0.50

Power Systems I
Tap-Changing Transformers
l The tap-changing transform gives some control of the
power network by changing the voltages and current
magnitudes and angles by small amounts
u The flow of real power along a network branch is controlled by
the angular difference of the terminal voltages
u The flow of reactive power along a network branch is controlled
by the magnitude difference of the terminal voltages
u Real and reactive powers can be adjusted by voltage-regulating
transformers and by phase-shifting transformers

bus i 1:a bus j

a can be a
complex number

Power Systems I
Modeling of Tap-Changers
u the off-nominal tap ratio is given as 1:a
u the nominal turns-ratio (N1/N2) was addressed with the
conversion of the network to per unit
u the transformer is modeled as two elements joined together at a
fictitious bus x
Ij Vj
Vi yt Vx
Ii
1:a

u basic circuit equations:

Vx = 1a V j I i = −a* ⋅ I j I i = yt (Vi − Vx )

Power Systems I
Modeling of Tap-Changers
l Making substitutions

Vx = 1a V j I i = yt (Vi − Vx )
I i = yt (Vi − 1a V j )

I i = −a* ⋅ I j
I j = − a1* I i
yt 1 yt yt
I j = − * (Vi − a V j ) = − * Vi + 2 V j
a a a

Power Systems I
YBus Formation of Tap-Changers
l Matrix formation

 yt 
I i = {yt }Vi + − V j
 a
 yt   y 
I j = − * Vi +  t2 V j
 a   a 

 I i   yt − yt a  Vi 
 I  = − y a * 2⋅
 j  t yt a  V j 

Power Systems I
Pi-Circuit Model of Tap-Changers
l Valid for real values of a
l Taking the y-bus formation, break the diagonal elements
into two components
u the off-diagonal element represent the impedance across the two
buses
u the remainder form the shunt element

yt / a tap side
non-tap side

i j
(a - 1) yt / a (1 - a) yt / a2

Power Systems I