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CMT REVIEWER Yellow- terms

Green- formulas
Soil- is a commonly used construction materials like cement, steel wood or concrete.
Red- notes
MAJOR DIVISION OF SOIL
Coarse Grained Soil- granular are those whose particle are visible.
Fine Grained Soil- particles are not visible to naked eye.
Organic Soil- those which contains amount of decayed plants and animals matter.

IDENTIFICATION OF SOILS BY VISUAL AND TEXTURE

Gravel- rounded and water loose
Sand- gritty and loose
Silt- fine and bravely visible
Clay- cohesive when wet
Organic Soil- gray to black in color

GROUPING OF SOILS ACCORDING TO PARTICLE SIZE

Clay- 0.001mm to 0.005mm
Silt- 0.005mm to 0.05mm > 0.074mm
Sand- 0.05mm > 0.074mm to 2.00mm
Gravel- 2.00mm to 76.2mm (3”)
Cobbles- 76.2mm to 203mm (8”)
Boulders- above 203mm
Colloids- smaller than 0.001mm

Sieve Analysis Test- it is consist of shaking the soil sample through the set of sieves.
Sieve- are made up of wire mesh with square openings.
Coarser Sieve- 3” to 1/4” (75mm to 6.3mm)
Finer Sieve- designated from their number of openings.
Sieve Analysis- for particles larger than 0.074mm in diameter.
Hydrometer Analysis- for particle size smaller than 0.074mm in diameter.

SIEVE SIZES

COARSE AGGREGATES FINE AGGREGATES

INCHES MM INCHES MM
3 75 #4 4.75
2½ 63 #8 2.36
2 50 #10 2.00
1½ 37.5 #16 1.18
1 25 #30 0.600
¾ 19 #40 0.425
½ 12.5 #50 0.300
3/8 9.5 #60 0.250
1/4 6.30 #100 0.150
#200 0.075

Consistency- most important index properties of finding soils in the natural state, it refers to the degree of adhesion
between soil particles
Liquid Limit (L.L) - the minimum H2O content at which soils is at liquid consistency.
Plastic Limit (P.L)- plastic state to semi solid state
Liquidity Index (L.I)-
Plastic Index (P.I)- larger P.I indicates a soil of very low permeability
Shrinkage Limit (S.L)- semi solid to solid state, smallest H2O content
Shrinkage Index (S.I)- indicate the amount of S.I= P.L-S.L reduction volume of S.I indicates a high volume change

TWO METHOD OF DECLINING THE GROUP INDEX

A. USED OF THE GI CHART
GI- sum the vertical readings on a vertical scale of chart I and II
Chart I- relation between P.I and the percentage passing the #200 sieve.
Chart II- relation between L.L and the percentage passing the #200 sieve.

FORMULA: P.I= L.L-P.L

B. USING EMPERICAL FORMULA

FORMULA: GI= 0.2(a) + 0.005ac + 0.01bd

a. Portion percentage passing #200 > 35 but not exceeding 75 (0 to 40)

b. Percentage passing from #200 > 15 but not exceeding 55 (0 to 40)
c. L.L > 40 > 60 (0.20)
d. P.I > 10 > 30 (0 to 20)
PROCEDURE IN USING THE SOIL CLASSIFICATION TABLE (AASHTO SOIL CLASSIFICATION SYSTEM)

a. Percentage passing through #200 – General Classification

b. Percentage passing through #200 – Group Classification
c. L.L -
d. P.I -
e. G.I – Group Index

Soil Classification Format: usual types of significant constituent materials, G.I (G.I Amount), General rating

Note: for A-7-5 P.I ≤ L.L – 30

for A-7-6 P.I > L.L – 30

CONCRETE TECHNOLOGY
1. Plain Concrete- without reinforcement
2. Reinforce Concrete- with reinforcement

2 KINDS OF CONCRETE MIXTURE

1. Designed Mix- contractor desired
2. Prescribed Mix- engineer responsible

COMPONENTS OF CONCRETE
1. Cement- 7-8%
2. Water (H2O) - 15-20%
3. Aggregates- 66-78%

DIFFERENT TYPES OF CEMENT

1. Ordinary Portland cement
2. Rapid Hardening Portland cement- high strength
3. Blast Furnace or Sulphate cement- use for structure to resist chemical attack
4. Low heat Portland cement- use to reduce heat
5. Portland Pozzolana cement- cheaper not strong
6. High Alumina cement- rapid hardening early, high strength it can withstand than temperature

MAIN COMPOSITION OF CEMENT

1. Sulfur Trioxide- 1-5%
2. Lime- 60-65%
3. Silica- 18-25%
4. Iron Oxide- 4-5%
5. Alumina- 2.5%
6. Magnesia- 3.8%

QUALITY OF AGGREGATES
a. CA- composed of crushed stone gravel with particles retained on a 5mm sieve (#4)
b. FA- crushed stone or natural sand passing #4 sieve dividing lime between gravel and sand.

Quality and Quantity of H2O- free from impurities

Curing Condition- 72 hours minimum of 5 days, 2 days extension, 14 days light vehicles, 21-28 days heavy vehicles
Age- the strength of concrete increase with age
Time of Mixing-
Failure to follow specifications-
Construction Method are not consistent-
Lack of steel reinforcement-

PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF CONCRETE

Workability- freshly mix concrete mix can be moved without segregation into final position
Degree of Workability- depends on the type of construction.
Strength-
Durability- withstand deformation due to weathering action
Impermeability- does not allow the passage of sewage of water, essential requirements to concrete
Economy- the concrete should be economically produce

CONCRETE PROPORTION AND CONCRETE MIXURE RATIO AND STRENGTH

CLASS RATIO STRENGTH
AA 1:2.5:3 4000 psi
A 1:2:4 3500 psi
B 1:2.5:5 2500 psi
C 1:3:6 2000 psi
 RECOMMENDED RANGES OF SLUMP
MAX SIZE OF
TYPES OF CONSTRUCTION MAX. MIN. COARSE
AGGREGATES
1. Slab beams, reinforce walls 150(6) 45(3) 1”
2. Building columns 150(6) 75(3) 1”
3. Reinforced foundation wall
125(5) 50(2) 1 ½”
and footing
4. Plain footings, caissons and
100(4) 25(1) 2”
structure wall
5. Pavements 75(3) 50(2) 2”
6. Heavy mass construction 75(3) 25(1) 3”-6”

FORMULA: FINE AGGREGATES

wt .∈air of saturated surface dry −wt .∈air of oven dried sample

Absorbtion=
wt .∈air of oven dried sample

B− A
Absorbtion= × 100
A

wt .∈air of SSD Sample

Specific Gravity=
( wt .∈air of ssd sample ) + ( wt .∈air of pynometer + H 2O )− ( pynometer + H 2 O+ sample )

B
SG ( Bulk , SSD ) =
B−C

CLASSES AND USES OF CONCRETE

CLASS A
Superstructure and heavy reinforced structures for:
 Slabs
 Beams
 Girders
 Columns
 Ribs box
 Culverts
 Reinforced abutment
 Retaining walls
 Reinforced footings
 Precast piles
 Cribbing
CLASS B
 Footings
 Pedestrals
 Massive pod shafts
 Pop bedding and gravity walls
 Unreinforced or with only small amount of reinforcement
CLASS C
 The reinforced sections
 Railings
 Fillers in grid floor

CLASS D
Pre-stress concrete structure and members.

Seal- concrete deposit in H2O

MAX H2O CEMENT CONSISTENCY RANGE

CLASS
RATIO (KG/KG) IN SLUMP MM(IN)
A 0.53 50-100 (2-4)
B 0.58 50-100 (2-4)
C 0.55 50-100 (2-4)
D 0.49 100 max (4)
Seal 0.58 100-200 (4-8)