Designing and Proportioning

Normal Concrete Mixtures

CEng 6102 Concrete Construction

MSc program in Construction Technology and Management

Civil and Urban Engineering Department

Institute of Technology
Hawassa University

First semester, 2017/18

Abebe Dinku, Prof. Dr.-Ing.

October 2017
 Kuwait at night!
Concrete makes life comfortable!
Amazing bridges of China!
- Concrete is basically the most
widely used material in tough
atmospheric condition.

- How did they prepare mix

design?
Why do we proportion when
mixing concrete?
To satisfy the client?
To satisfy consultant’s prescription?
To make good product? What is good?
To satisfy legal requirements?
To make profit?
Then what are the important
(universal?) requirements?
 Mix design methods!

ACI
DOE
DIN
EBCS
others
Differences and similarities
Factors in the Proportioning of
Quality Concrete Mixtures

• Workability
• Durability
• Strength
• Appearance
• Economy
 Materials
• Cement
• Supplementary
Cementing Materials
• Water
• Aggregate
• Admixtures
• Fibers
Mix Characteristics
• Strength
• Water-cementing materials ratio
• Aggregate size and volume
• Air content
• Slump and workability
• Water content
• Cementing materials content and
type
• Admixtures
 Requirements for Exposure
Conditions
Maximum w/c-ratio Min. strength,
Exposure condition by mass f'c, MPa (psi)

Select for strength,

No freeze-thaw, deicers, Select for structural
workability, and
aggressive substances requirements
finishing needs

Concrete with low permeability;

0.50 28 (4000)
exposed to water

Concrete exposed to freezing

and thawing in a moist condition 0.45 31 (4500)
or deicers

For corrosion protection for

reinforced concrete exposed to 0.40 35 (5000)
chlorides
 Requirement for Concrete Exposed to
Sulfates

Sulfate Sulfate Minimum

(SO4) in (SO4) in Maximum strength,
Sulfate soil, % by water, w/c-ratio, f'c,
exposure mass ppm Cement type by mass MPa (psi)
Less than Less than No special
Negligible — —
0.10 150 type required
II, MS,
IP(MS),
0.10 to 150 to IS(MS),
Moderate 0.50 28 (4000)
0.20 1500 P(MS), I(PM)
(MS), I(SM)
(MS)
0.20 to 1500 to
Severe V, HS 0.45 31 (4500)
2.00 10,000
Very Over
Over 2.00 V, HS 0.40 35 (5000)
severe 10,000
Relationship between W/C-
Ratio and Strength
Water-cementitious materials ratio
by mass
Compressive
strength at
28 days, Non-air-entrained Air-entrained
MPa concrete concrete
45 0.38 0.30
40 0.42 0.34
35 0.47 0.39
30 0.54 0.45
25 0.61 0.52
20 0.69 0.60
15 0.79 0.70
Compressive Strength Vs.
W/C-Ratio
 Bulk Volume of Coarse
Aggregate
Fineness modulus of sand
Maximum size of
aggregate,mm 2.40 2.60 2.80 3.00
(in.)
9.5 (3/8) 0.50 0.48 0.46 0.44
12.5 (1/2) 0.59 0.57 0.55 0.53
19 (3/4) 0.66 0.64 0.62 0.60
25 (1) 0.71 0.69 0.67 0.65
37.5 (1 1/2) 0.75 0.73 0.71 0.69
50 (2) 0.78 0.76 0.74 0.72
75 (3) 0.82 0.80 0.78 0.76
150 (6) 0.87 0.85 0.83 0.81
Bulk Volume of Coarse Aggregate
 Absolute Volume of Coarse
Aggregate per m3 of Concrete
Given: 0.46 m3 of coarse aggregate
Bulk density = 1567 kg/m3, rodded
1 m3
Relative density = 2.65
Water = 1000 kg/m3

0.46 m3 • 1567 kg/m3 = 715.5 kg

0.46 m3 Absolute volume =

715.5/(2.65 • 1000) = 0.27 m3

So the coarse aggregate is 27% of the

absolute volume of the concrete
Air Content and Aggregate Size
Water and Air Requirements for Different
Slumps and Sizes of Aggregate
Water, kilograms per cubic meter of
concrete, for indicated sizes of aggregate

9.5 12.5 19 25 37.5 50 75 150

mm mm mm mm mm mm mm mm
Slump, mm
25 to 50 207 199 190 179 166 154 130 113
75 to 100 20
228 216 193 181 169 145 124
5
150 to 175 243 228 216 202 190 178 160 —

Approximate amount of
entrapped air in non-air- 3 2.5 2 1.5 1 0.5 0.3 0.2
entrained concrete, [%]
Water and Air Requirements for Different
Slumps and Sizes of Aggregate
Water, kilograms per cubic meter of
concrete, for indicated sizes of aggregate
9.5 12.5 19 25 37. 50 75 150
mm mm mm mm 5 mm mm mm
Slump, mm mm
25 to 50 181 175 168 160 150 142 122 107
75 to 100
202 193 184 175 165 157 133 119

150 to 175 216 205 197 184 174 166 154 -

Recommended average total air content,
percent, for level of exposure
Mild exposure 4.5 4.0 3.5 3.0 2.5 2.0 1.5 1.0
Moderate exposure 6.0 5.5 5.0 4.5 4.5 4.0 3.5 3.0
Severe exposure 7.5 7.0 6.0 6.0 5.5 5.0 4.5 4.0
Slump Test
 Recommended Slump Ranges
Slump, mm (in.)
Concrete construction
Maximum Minimum
Reinforced foundation walls and footings
75 (3) 25 (1)

Plain footings, caissons, and substructure

walls 75 (3) 25 (1)

Beams and reinforced walls 100 (4) 25 (1)

Building columns 100 (4) 25 (1)
Pavements and slabs 75 (3) 25 (1)
Mass concrete 75 (3) 25 (1)
Approx. Water Requirements for
Various Agg. Sizes and Slumps
Approx. Water Requirements for
Various Agg. Sizes and Slumps
Minimum Cementing Materials Content
for Flatwork
Cementing
Nominal maximum materials,
size of aggregate, kg/m3
mm (in.) (lb/yd3)
37.5 (1½) 280 (470)
25 (1) 310 (520)
19 (¾) 320 (540)
12.5 (½) 350 (590)
9.5 (3/8) 360 (610)
Determination of Cement
Content
Required Water Content
Cement Content = Water-Cement Ratio

Example:
air-entrained concrete 25-mm max. size
aggregate 75-mm slump

175 kg/m3 Water = 330 kg cement per

0.53 W/C-ratio m3 of concrete
Cementitious Materials Requirements
for Concrete Exposed to Deicing
Chemicals
Maximum of cementitious
Cementitious materials materials, %
Fly ash and natural pozzolans 25
Slag 50
Silica fume 10
Total of fly ash, slag, silica fume
and natural pozzolans 50

Total of natural pozzolans and

silica fume 35
 Maximum Chloride-Ion Content for
Corrosion Protection
Maximum chloride ion
content in concrete,
Type of member % by mass of cement
Prestressed concrete 0.06
Reinforced concrete exposed
to chloride in service 0.15

Reinforced concrete that will

be dry or protected from 1.00
moisture in service
Other reinforced concrete
0.30
construction
Methods for Proportioning
Concrete Mixtures
• Water-cement ratio method

• Weight method

• Absolute volume method

• Field experience (statistical data)

• Trial mixtures
Modification Factor for Standard
Deviation ( 30 Tests)

Modification
Number of factor for
tests standard deviation
Less than 15 see next slide
15 1.16
20 1.08
25 1.03
30 or more 1.00
Required Strength When Data Are Available
to Establish a Standard Deviation

Specified compressive Required average compressive

strength, f'c, MPa strength, f'cr, MPa
f'cr = f'c+ 1.34s
 35 f'cr = f'c + 2.33s – 3.45
Use larger value
f'cr = f'c+ 1.34s
Over 35 f'cr = 0.90f'c + 2.33s
Use larger value
 Required Strength When Data Are Not
Available to Establish a Standard Deviation

Specified compressive Required average

strength, compressive strength,
f'c, MPa f'cr, MPa
Less than 21 f'c + 7.0

21 to 35 f'c + 8.5

Over 35 1.10f'c + 5.0

Proportioning by Trial Mixtures

Trial batching
verifies that a
concrete
mixture meets
design
requirements
prior to use in
construction.
Density of Water Vs. Temperature
Temperature, Density, kg/m3
°C
16 998.93
18 998.58
20 998.19
22 997.75
24 997.27
26 996.75
28 996.20
30 995.61
Absolute Volume Computation for Fine
Aggregate Content
Water = 135
= 0.135 m3
1 • 1000
Cement = 435 = 0.145 m3
3.0 • 1000
8.0 = 0.080 m3
Air =
100
Coarse 1072
aggregate = = 0.400 m 3
2.68 • 1000
Subtotal = 0.760 m3
Fine aggregate volume = 1 - 0.76 = 0.24 m3
Fine aggregate mass = 0.24 • 2.64 • 1000
= 634 kg
 Result of Laboratory Trial
Mixtures
Fine
aggregate,
Air Cement percent of
Batch Slump, content Density content, total Worka-
no. mm [%] kg/m3 kg/m3 aggregate bility

1 50 5.7 2341 346 28.6 Harsh

2 40 6.2 2332 337 33.3 Fair

3 45 7.5 2313 341 38.0 Good

4 36 6.8 2324 348 40.2 Good

 Example Trial Mixtures for Air-
Entrained Concrete of
75-mm to 100-mm slump
With fine sand, FM = 2.50
Nominal
Fine
W/C- maximum aggregate Fine Coarse
ratio, size of Air Water, Cement, aggregate
in % of aggregate
kg per aggregate, , kg/m3 of kg/m3 of total kg/m3 of kg/m3 of
kg mm % concrete concrete aggregate concrete concrete
0.40 9.5 7.5 202 505 50 744 750
19.0 6 178 446 35 577 1071
37.5 5 158 395 29 518 1255
0.50 9.5 7.5 202 406 53 833 750
19.0 6 178 357 38 654 1071
37.5 5 158 315 32 583 1225
Relationship
between:

 Slump
 Aggregate
size
 W/C
 Cement
content
 Proportions to Make 1/10 m3 of
Concrete for Small Jobs
Air-entrained concrete
Nominal
maximum size Wet fine Wet coarse
coarse Cement, aggregate, aggregate, Water,
aggregate, mm kg kg kg kg
9.5 46 85 74 16
12.5 43 74 88 16
19.0 40 67 104 16
25.0 38 62 112 15
37.5 37 61 120 14
 Proportions to Make 1/10 m3 of
Concrete for Small Jobs

Non-air-entrained concrete
Nominal
maximum size Wet fine Wet coarse
coarse Cement, aggregate, aggregate, Water,
aggregate, mm kg kg kg kg
9.5 46 94 74 18
12.5 43 85 88 18
19.0 40 75 104 16
25.0 38 72 112 15
37.5 37 69 120 14
 Proportions by Bulk Volume of
Concrete for Small Jobs
Air-entrained concrete
Nominal
maximum size
coarse
aggregate, mm Wet fine Wet coarse
(in.) Cement aggregate aggregate Water
9.5 (3/8) 1 2¼ 1½ ½
12.5 (1/2) 1 2¼ 2 ½

19.0 (3/4) 1 2¼ 2½ ½

25 (1) 1 2¼ 2¾ ½
37.5 (1½) 1 2¼ 3 ½
 Proportions by Bulk Volume of
Concrete for Small Jobs
Non-air-entrained concrete
Nominal
maximum size
coarse Wet fine Wet coarse
aggregate, in. Cement aggregate aggregate Water
9.5 (3/8) 1 2½ 1½ ½

12.5 (1/2) 1 2½ 2 ½

19.0 (3/4) 1 2½ 2½ ½

25 (1) 1 2½ 2¾ ½

37.5 (1½) 1 2½ 3 ½


Common Mix Design Mistakes
• Not varying water-cement
ratio (3 point curve)
• Not monitoring slump loss
during mix design to identify
false setting tendency in
cement
• Not monitoring early age
concrete temperatures to
identify retardation effects
of water reducers
 Exercise 1
Read and study more the details of
mix design preparation using ACI
method.

Compare the ACI method of mix

design with European (eg. DOE, DIN)
and Ethiopian practices.
Thank you !!!