Construction surveying

A Construction Survey is basically a survey that presents locations and marks for construction
activities. A construction survey, also called a layout or location survey is performed in order to
mark the position of new points on the ground

Purpose of construction surveys

The purpose of doing a construction survey is to maintain and establish the necessary vertical
and horizontal control distinctions needed for a construction project

Tasks in construction surveying

1. Research
2. Reconnaissance Survey
3. Control survey
4. Mapping of the project area

Instrument for construction:

For construction purpose there are different surveying instruments.

Tape Level Theodolite Profile board,

Ranging pole Staff rod Total station

Preparing theodolite for measurement (Temporary adjustment)

there are different ways to prepare a theodolite for measurements. Among these we noted the
below procedure.
This procedure contains four steps.
1. Setting up
Initially the tripod is set up at a convenient height and the instrument is approximately leveled.
2. Centering
It is place up the vertical axis exactly over the station. It is done by means of a foot screw.
3. Leveling up
- The circular bubble is then accurately leveled with the help of tripod and
- The cylindrical bubble of the instrument fairly leveled by using foot screws to level the
cylindrical bubble.
4. Focusing
this done in two steps. The first step is focusing the eye piece. This is done by turning either in or
out until the crosshairs are sharp and distinct. This will vary from person to person as it depends
on the vision of the observer. The next step is focusing the object. This is done by means of the
focusing screw where by the image of the staff is brought to the plane of the crosshairs.
 GIS
Definition of GIS
GIs is a computer based system that provides four sets of capabilities to handle geo-referenced
data:
 data input
 data management (data storage and retrieval)
 data manipulation and analysis
 data output
Objective of GIS
 to maximize the efficiency of decision making and planning,
 to distribution and handling,
 to eradication of the duplicated data,
 to integration of information from many sources,
 to analysis of queries involving geographical reference data for generation of new
information,
 to update data quickly and at the minimum cost
Capability of GIS
A GIS can answer five generic questions for any application. They are:
Location The answer to this question tells us about the location of any
Particular object in terms of XY coordinates or latitude/ longitude even sometimes in the form of
an address with place name and post code.
Condition: The answer to this question informs where the certain enlisted conditions are
satisfied.
Trends: This question seeks to find out what has changed since?
Pattern: It is about various spatial patterns, which exist.
Modeling: It is about hypothetical problems, what if ………? To determine what happens if
something is changed or something occurs.
The common GIS characteristics
 Detailed, high resolution graphic displays
 Large data files
 Intensive data analysis/computation So the design should include
 Powerful workstations
 Powerful servers for data retrieval and batch processing
 High capacity networks

Components of a GIS