Journal of Endourology

Page 1 of 19
© Mary Ann Liebert, Inc.
DOI: 10.1089/end.2020.0618
1

Risk factors of urinary tract infection after ureteral stenting for

patients with renal colic during pregnancy
This paper has been peer-reviewed and accepted for publication, but has yet to undergo copyediting and proof correction. The final published version may differ from this proof.

1 1 2 1 1*
He Maomao , Lin Xiaoting , Lei Ming , Xu Xiaolan , He Zhihui

1 Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou

Medical University,Guangzhou, China;
Journal of EndourologyRiskfactorsofurinarytractinfectionafterureteralstentingforpatientswithrenal colic during pregnancy (DOI: 10.1089/end.2020.0618)

2 Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University

,Guangzhou, China;

* Corresponding author, He zhihui ,PhD, No.151Yanjiang West Road,Yuexiu District,

Guangzhou, 510120, E-mail: 945523157@qq.com

Contacts:
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HMM- No.151,Yanjiang West Road,Yuexiu District,T:+86-020-8306-2640,

E-mail:hemaomao1982@126.com

LXT- No.151,Yanjiang West Road,Yuexiu District,T: +86-020-8306-2640, E-mail:

339604240@qq.com

LM- No.1,Kangda Road,Haizhu District,T:+86-020-3429-4153, lmlm_leiming@126.com

XXL- No.151,Yanjiang West Road,Yuexiu District, +86-020-8306-2640, E-mail:

1079995299@qq.com

HZH- No.151,Yanjiang West Road,Yuexiu District,T: +86-020-8306-

2640, 945523157@qq.com

Key Words: Ureteral Stenting,Urinary Tract Infection,Renal Colic,Pregnancy

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Introduction
Journal of EndourologyRiskfactorsofurinarytractinfectionafterureteralstentingforpatientswithrenal colic during pregnancy (DOI: 9/end.2020.0618)

Pregnancy with renal colic is one of the most common non-obstetric complications for
which pregnant women can be hospitalized. Approximately, 1:200–1:1500 pregnant
This paper has been peer-reviewed and accepted for publication, but has yet to undergo copyediting and proof correction. The final

women experience a symptomatic stone event which might be renal colic or complications
related to it (1) . Renal colic may cause adverse outcomes for mothers and fetuses, such as
premature delivery, premature rupture of membranes, urinary tract infections and
urosepsis, even pregnancy loss and the occurrence of preeclampsia (2,3) .
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Conservative treatment of renal colic during pregnancy is effective in 70–90% of patients

(4,5) . However, when conservative treatment is ineffective, persistent renal colic or
obstetric-related complications can occur; under these circumstances active surgical
intervention is necessary (6) . As a safe and effective treatment, ureteral stenting has
been used for patients with renal colic who did not respond to conservative treatment（

1,7）.

Ureteral stenting can serve as a drainage and supportive device to prevent obstruction,
ureteral stenosis, colic, and renal failure caused by ureteral edema or kidney stone
fragments; however, ureteral stenting is associated with complications such as pain, urinary
tract infections, sepsis, readmission, and long-term hospitalization（8）. A urinary tract
infection (UTI) not only reduces a patient’s quality of life and increases the cost of
treatment, but also affects the patient’s recovery and in some cases can lead to
pyelonephritis and systemic inflammatory response syndrome.

The aim of the present study was to analyze the risk factors for urinary tract infections
after ureteral stenting in patients with renal colic during pregnancy, and to provide a
theoretical basis for the prevention and treatment of such infections

Patients and Methods

We retrospectively reviewed the medical records of patients referred to the emergency

department with a complaint of renal colic with pregnancy. The study period was between
January 2009 and December 2019. In the past 10 years, a total of 418 patients were
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3
admitted to the hospital due to renal colic. Among them, 316 patients were effective after
conservative treatment, however, 102 patients required surgical treatment after
conservative treatment failed.
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In all cases, the diagnosis was based on clinical manifestations and confirmed by
urinary color Doppler. Patients after ureteral stenting were re-hospitalized due to UTI
Journal of EndourologyRiskfactorsofurinarytractinfectionafterureteralstentingforpatientswithrenal colic during pregnancy (DOI: 10.1089/end.2020.0618)

before delivery were evaluated.

The study evaluated demographic data, including patient age, gestational age, body mass
index (BMI), fever, previous history of urolithiasis, infection indicators (such as white
blood counts, C-reactive protein (CRP), and procalcitonin (PCT), urine culture, causes of
renal colic, stone size, stone location, stone number, hydronephrosis, surgery indication
(such as persistent renal colic, double kidney obstruction, purulent kidney, and isolated
kidney), and residual stones after surgery. All patients undergo urine culture examination
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after admission. Before the urine culture results were available, patients with fever and
elevated infection indicators need to be treated with antibiotics that we used second- or
third-generation cephalosporins empirically. When the urine culture results were
obtained, the medicine should be used according to the drug sensitivity test. The duration
of antibiotic use should be based on two consecutive negative urine cultures.Under
general or local anesthesia and antibiotic prophylaxis, cystoscopy was performed and a
guidewire was advanced to the kidney through the ureter under fluoroscopic control with
the patient in the lithotomy position. Surgeons experienced in endourological methods
performed the ureteral stenting procedures in all cases. A double J ureteral catheter was
applied at the end of the procedure according to the surgeon’s preference, depending on
the gestational week, we have chosen to place a stent for three months or six months or
even one year, Double J stents were removed at 4–6 weeks after delivery in all patients.

The definition of a urinary tract infection was that the patient had symptoms of urinary
tract irritation such as frequent urination, urgency, and dysuria, had tenderness in the
lower abdomen, or percussion in the kidney area with or without fever. Laboratory
examination showed urine test leukocytes of ≥10/high magnification field of view and
urine cultured with bacteria. The infected group was defined as patients who had a urinary
 This paper has been peer-reviewed and accepted for publication, but has yet to undergo copyediting and proof correction. The final published version may differ from this proof.
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tract infection after hospital discharge and before delivery. All patients were
categorized into groups according to postoperative UTI.
Journal of EndourologyRiskfactorsofurinarytractinfectionafterureteralstentingforpatientswithrenal colic during pregnancy (DOI: 10.1089/end.2020.0618)

Data were analyzed using SPSS 25. Numerical data are expressed as interquartile range
(Q1, Q3), while categorical data are given as numbers and percentages. To compare
patient groups, the Chi square and Mann-Whitney U tests were used. Factors affecting
the rates of urinary tract infection after ureteral stenting were revealed using multiple
binary logistic regression analysis. The level of significance was p < 0.05.

Results

A total of 102 patients were enrolled in this study.The mean patient age was 30 years (IQR
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2
= 26–33 years); mean patient BMI was 23 (IQR = 21–25) kg/m ; and gestational age was 22
weeks (IQR = 18–28)，The earliest gestational week is 11 weeks，The latest gestational
week is 32 weeks Postoperative urinary tract infection after ureteral stenting occurred in
20.6% of patients between hospital discharge and delivery. To assess factors for UTI
afterureteral stenting, UTI patients (n = 21) were compared to patients without UTI (n =
81). There was no statistically significant difference in age, BMI, white blood cells,
neutrophils, CRP, PCT, causes of renal colic, hydronephrosis, calculus site, or surgical site
between the urinary tract infection group and the control group. Univariate analysis results
showed that gestational age (p = 0.00), stone size ≥10mm (p = 0.00), residual stones after
surgery (p = 0.021), preoperative positive urine culture (p = 0.00), and surgery indication (p
= 0.04) were risk factors for urinary tract infections in patients with renal colic after ureteral
stenting. Baseline characteristics of the study population are shown in Table 1.

On multivariate analysis, preoperative urine culture positive (OR = 6.233, 95% CI: 1.830–
21.227), gestational age (OR = 1.147, 95% CI: 1.034–1.271), and stone size ≥10mm (OR =

0.124, 95% CI: 0.031–0.495) increased the risk of UTI after ureteral stenting. For the
UTI infection group, The average gestational age is 18 weeks，the earliest gestational
week is 11 weeks, the latest gestational week is 24 weeks, and for the non-UTI
infection group, The average gestational age is 23 weeks，the early gestational week
is 6 weeks, and the latest gestational week is 32 weeks. Among 21 patients with
postoperative urinary tract
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infection, 11 cases (52.4%) had a positive urine culture preoperatively; among 81 cases of
non-postoperative urinary tract infection, 11 cases (13.6%) had a positive urine culture
preoperatively. The positive rate of preoperative urine culture in patients with UTI was
This paper has been peer-reviewed and accepted for publication, but has yet to undergo copyediting and proof correction. The final published version may differ from this proof.

52.4%（11/21）, and the positive rate of preoperative urine culture in patients with non-
UTI was 13.6%（11/81）, the difference was statistically significant(χ2 = 12.64, p < 0.01).
Journal of EndourologyRiskfactorsofurinarytractinfectionafterureteralstentingforpatientswithrenal colic during pregnancy (DOI: 10.1089/end.2020.0618)

Compared with those who had a negative urine culture before surgery, the risk of
postoperative urinary tract infection was increased (OR = 6.233, 95% CI: 1.830–21.227). In
21 patients with postoperative urinary tract infections, 17 patients (81%) had stones
≥10mm; among 81 non-postoperative urinary tract infections, 21 patients (35.8%) had
stones ≥10mm. The difference was statistically significant (χ2 = 13.73, p < 0.01). Patients
with stones ≥10mm were at higher risk of urinary tract infection after surgery (OR = 0.124,
95% CI: 0.031–0.495; Table 2).
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The positive rate of urine culture in patients with postoperative UTI was 52.4%; however,
in the non-UTI group, the positive rate of urine culture was 13.6%. The pathogenic
bacteria in patients preoperatively were mainly E. coli (Table 3).

The UTI patients all had single pathogen infections; 19 pathogenic bacteria were isolated, 2
patients were admitted to hospital due to fever, empirical use of antibiotics, urine culture
failed to cultivate clear bacteria. Analysis of urine culture results after ureteral stent
placement in 21 UTI patients showed that 52.3% of the patients were still E. coli, and the
rest were Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Kepley pneumonia, Staphylococcus epidermidis,
Acinetobacter baumannii, Proteus mirabilis(Table 4). In patients with E. coli infection
before surgery, 63.6% still had an E. coli urine culture after ureteral stenting .

After analyzing drug resistance of the E. coli pathogen, the following Class B antibiotics
were effective during pregnancy: piperacillin/tazobactam, cefoxitin, ceftriaxone,
amoxicillin/clavulanate potassium, cefoperazone/sulbactam, cefazolin, cefotaxime,
cefuroxime sodium. Antibiotics sensitive to Paeruginosa aeruginosa and Klebsiella
pneumonia include Piperacillin/tazobactam, cefoxitin, cefoperazone/sulbactam.
 This paper has been peer-reviewed and accepted for publication, but has yet to undergo copyediting and proof correction. The final published version may differ from this proof.
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Discussion
Journal of EndourologyRiskfactorsofurinarytractinfectionafterureteralstentingforpatientswithrenal colic during pregnancy (DOI: 10.1089/end.2020.0618)

In this retrospective study, we explored the risk factors associated with urinary tract
infections after ureteral stenting in pregnant patients with renal colic and analyzed the
pathogenic bacteria. We report that the incidence of urinary tract infection after
ureteral stenting in these patients was 20.6%. Multivariate analysis showed that
gestational age, a preoperative positive urine culture, and stone size ≥10mm were
independent risk factors for urinary tract infection after ureteral stenting in patients
with renal colic during pregnancy.
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Postoperative urinary tract infection is a common complication after ureteral stenting

in non-pregnant patients. The incidence of UTI after ureteral stent placement has been
reported in the literature, ranging from 6 to 45% (9) including a recent prospectively
performed study reporting an 11% incidence of UTIs in stented patient(10). Reports of
the incidence of UTI after ureteral stenting in pregnancy is relatively small. While
pregnant women with a stone managed conservatively had a UTI rate of 3.7%, those
managed with ureteral stent and/or ureteroscopy had an increased UTI rate of 8.7%.
Urologic intervention with ureteral stent independently increased the risk of UTI at
delivery(11). Our research showed that the incidence of postoperative urinary tract
infection was

20.6%, and that gestational age was a high risk factor for postoperative urinary tract
infection. In the infected group, the average gestational week was 18 weeks, and in the
non-infected group, the average gestational week was 22 weeks. The average
gestational week of the infected group was 4 weeks longer than that of the non-
infected group， which increased the time for ureteral stent placement.A stent
residence time >30 days is associated with a 5-fold increase in postoperative urinary
tract sepsis risk (12) . In our study, the infection group had a 1.1-fold increased risk of
UTI infection compared to the non-infection group (OR = 1.147, 95% CI: 1.034–
1.271).The increase in the use of the stent is related to stent-linked infections, and
bacterial stent colonisation plays an important role in infections linked to the
stent(13,14). Bacterial colonization at the stent began 2 weeks after indwelling stent
placement and that stent colonization preceded urine colonization(15). The majority of
ste , but a subset of stented patients requires chronic indwelling stents over longer
nts periods,
pla
ced
are
re
mo
ved
wit
hin
tw
o
we
eks
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sometimes indefinitely, such as pregnancy (16). The bacteriuria rate was 4.2% for stents
removed within 30 days and 34% for stents removed after 90 days (17). A sharp rise in
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bacteriuria when the dwell time is greater than 6 weeks (18). Stent colonisation at the
time of removal is generally reported at rates over 40% (19), and rates of 90% or more
have been reported (20). In order to reduce urinary tract infections caused by long ureter
Journal of EndourologyRiskfactorsofurinarytractinfectionafterureteralstentingforpatientswithrenal colic during pregnancy (DOI: 10.1089/end.2020.0618)

retention time, First of all, we should reduce the time of indwelling as much as possible
and replace the ureteral stent in time, and secondly, We need to consider the material of
the ureteral stent(16). For patients who needed surgical treatment for renal colic during
pregnancy, we used the same type of stent. Stent encrustation is very common in
pregnancy, which was an important factor of UTI infection after Ureteral stent placement.
An indwelling stent presents multiple challenges with regards to infection, specifically, the
fouling and deposition of biomaterial on the stent, and the continual transient entry of
bacteria into the urinary tract (21) . Bioresorbable stents and a plethora of stent coatings
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have been developed to address stent associated complications including infection,pain,

and encrustation. However, these innovations continue to be preclinical and, in several
cases, have proven ineffective in clinical studies.Work continues on evolving stent
designs(22).

In our study, the rate of preoperative urine culture positive was 21.6% among 102
patients; 52.4% of preoperative urine cultures were positive in the UTI group, therefore, a
positive preoperative urine culture was a risk factor for postoperative urinary tract
infections. A positive urine culture before surgery is the most powerful predictor of
postoperative infection and an important risk factor for emergency admission after
surgery. Sohn et al. revealed that bacteriuria and catheterization were the strongest risk
factors for febrile complications （23）, Degree of pyuria was likely to be associated with
severity of postoperative febrile UTI（24）.The incidence of postoperative infectious
complications is still very high even if antibacterial treatment has been administered
before surgery and a sterile urine culture has been obtained before ureteral stenting (25)

.Although we gave reasonable antibiotic treatment in patients with positive urine cultures,
there were still 11 cases of urinary tract infection after surgery, consistent with previous
studies. A positive urine culture before surgery increased infection complications 4.75-fold
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This paper has been peer-reviewed and accepted for publication, but has yet to undergo copyediting and proof correction. The final published version may differ from this proof.

after laser lithotripsy in patients with calculi (26) .Patel et al. report that a positive PCNL
urine culture before surgery can increase the incidence of postoperative infectious
complications 4.89-fold (27) . Our study showed that a positive preoperative urine
Journal of EndourologyRiskfactorsofurinarytractinfectionafterureteralstentingforpatientswithrenal colic during pregnancy (DOI: 10.1089/end.2020.0618)

culture increased the incidence of urinary tract infections after ureteral stenting 6.3-
fold, the use of sensitive antibiotics in patients having a positive urinary culture before
surgery is very important. Therefore, Prevention of infection is thus a high priority for
any doctor. For now, the basic principles of prophylactic antibiotics at time of insertion,
minimising stent dwell time, and avoiding contamination remain the best practices to
avoid stent-related urinary infections(16). At the time of ureteral stent removal, the
most common organisms isolated from stents are common urinary pathogens, such as
E. coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus spp, and Enterococcus spp, though
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these probably vary with local infection patterns (28). By analyzing the pathogens in
preoperative urine cultures, we found that E. coli commonly caused urinary tract
infection after surgery. As many antibiotics are banned during pregnancy, empirical
therapy is essential before urine culture results become available. E. coli is sensitive to
drugs such as piperacillin/tazobactam, cefoxitin, and ceftriaxone; this has a strong
clinical significance and deserves special attention from obstetricians and urologists.
These related findings are particularly important because infections caused by urine
culture pathogens require timely and appropriate treatment, including empirical and
definitive antibiotic treatment, to reduce postoperative morbidity and cost.

Urinary tract infections are common in patients with urinary stones, and stone size is the
main factor affecting the passage of ureteral stones. Compared to patients who did not
experience an antepartum stone admission, stone patients had a higher rate of UTI prior to
delivery (40.0% vs 0.7%)(11). Stone diameter were considered to predict complications in
previous studies（29）, because a median stone size of 15 mm may be much larger than
that in previous reports that studied the complications of URS or endourological
procedures（30）. However, stone size was not significantly different between patients
with and without UTI in some study（24）. Our research showed that stone size ≥10mm
increased the risk of postoperative urinary tract infection. The risk of infection with stones
<10mm was 19%, and the risk of urinary tract infection with stone size >10mm was 81%.
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Therefore, we suggest that it is necessary to use antibiotics before surgery, especially
for patients with larger stones.
This paper has been peer-reviewed and accepted for publication, but has yet to undergo copyediting and proof correction. The final published version may differ from this proof.

Our research provides useful information for obstetricians and urologists. Determining
the risk factors for the postoperative urinary tract can improve the patient–clinician
relationship, and allow the clinician to identify patients who need to be re-admitted again
Journal of EndourologyRiskfactorsofurinarytractinfectionafterureteralstentingforpatientswithrenal colic during pregnancy (DOI: 10.1089/end.2020.0618)

after discharge. Appropriate guidance should be given to preoperative prevention and

postoperative care.

Limitation

Our research had some limitations. First of all, this was a single-center, retrospective study,
which may have led to selective bias. However, urology is a key discipline at The First Affiliated
Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University in China, and patients from all over the country
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seek their medical services. Secondly, no information was collected regarding operation time.
Finally, the incidence of renal colic during pregnancy is relatively low, 70-90% conservative
treatment of renal colic during pregnancy were effective, our success rate of conservative
treatment was about 75.6%（316/418）, therefore there were relatively few patients
undergoing surgery, the sample size was relatively small. Further evaluation of this subject
requires large-scale, multi-center prospective research.

Conclusion

Our study showed that a positive urine culture before surgery ,gestational age and stone
size ≥10mm, were important risk factors for urinary tract infection after ureteral stenting
in pregnant women with renal colic.However, due to the limitations of this single-center,
retrospective study, it is necessary to conduct a well-designed multi-center prospective
study in order to discover the postoperative risk factors for urinary tract infection.
Nevertheless, we suggest that it is important to use antibiotics rationally in patients with a
positive urine culture and stone size ≥10mm before surgery. For patients with no obvious
symptoms after ureteral stent placement, B-ultrasound stones size less than 10mm, and
negative urine culture, can we try to remove the stent earlier to reduce the UTI as much
as possible? This is worth discussing and further research.
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This paper has been peer-reviewed and accepted for publication, but has yet to undergo copyediting and proof correction. The final published version may differ from this proof.

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This paper has been peer-reviewed and accepted for publication, but has yet to undergo copyediting and proof correction. The final published version may differ from this proof.

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Journal of Endourology
Risk factors of urinary tract infection after ureteral stenting for patients with renal colic during pregnancy (DOI: 10.1089/end.2020.0618)

e
g
This paper has been peer-reviewed and accepted for publication, but has yet to undergo copyediting and proof correction. The final published version may differ from this proof.

infectiontracturinaryUTI=
proteinreactive-CCRP=

indexmass=bodyBMI
PCT=procalcitonin

19of13
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Journal of EndourologyRiskfactorsofurinarytractinfectionafterureteralstentingforpatientswithrenal colic during 10.1089/end.2020.0618)
pregnancy (DOI:

peer-reviewed and accepted for publication, but has yet to undergo copyediting and proof correction. published version may differ from this proof.

This paper has been The final

Page 14 of 19 Table 1. Comparison of clinical factors between patients with and without UTI after ureteral stenting

14
Total cases UTI group Non-UTI p
(n = 102) (n = 21) group (n = 81)
Age( years), 30 (26–33) 29 (27–34) 30 (26–32) 0.284
median (IQR)
Body-mass index, 23 (21–25) 21 (20.6–23) 23 (21–25) 0.451
2
(kg/m ), median
(IQR)
Gestational age 22 (18–28) 18 (14–22) 23 (21–25) 0.000
(weeks), median
(IQR)
History of previous 26 (25.5%) 8 (38.1%) 18 (22.2%) 0.137
stone treatment,
n(%)
Fever, n(%) 22 (21.6%) 8 (38.1%) 14 (17.3%) 0.077

White blood 13.25 (10.38– 12.64 (10.4– 12.1 (10.38– 0.477

9
count(10 /L), 15.3) 16.69) 15)
median (IQR)
9
Neutrophil(10 /L), 11.26 (8.0– 9.86 (8–13.19) 10.26 (8– 0.987
median (IQR) 13.72) 13.72)
CRP( mg/dl) 3.32 (0.73–3.81) 2.62 (1.07–6.32) 1.84 (0.72– 0.147
median (IQR) 3.25)
PCT, n(%) 22 (21.6%) 4 (19%) 18 (22.2%) 0.986
Preoperative urine 22 (21.6%) 11 (52.4%) 11 (13.6%) 0.000
culture, n(%)
Causes of renal colic, n(%) 1.000
Stones 82 (80.4%) 17 (81%) 65 (80.2%)
combined with
hydronephrosis
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Page 15 of 19
15
 Hydronephros 20 (19.6%) 4 (19%) 16 (19.8%)
is
Stone location, 0.654
n(%)
Kidney 30 (29.4%) 4 (19%) 26 (32.1%)
Ureter 16 (15.9%) 4 (19%) 12 (14.8%)
Both 36 (15.7%) 9 (42.9%) 27 (33.3%)
None 24 (23.5%) 4(19%) 20(19.6%)
Stone size, n(%) 0.000
<10mm 56 (54.9%) 4 (19%) 52 (64.2%)
≥10mm 38 (37.3%) 17 (81%) 21 (35.8%)
Stone number, n(%) 1.000
Single 22 (21.6%) 4 (19%) 18 (22.2%)
Multiple 60 (58.8%) 13 (61.9%) 47 (58%)
None 20 (19.6%) 4 (19%) 16 (19.8%)
Hydronephrosis laterality, n(%) 0.178
Left 24 (23.5%) 2 (9.5%) 22 (27.2%)
Right 40 (39.2%) 11 (52.4%) 29 (35.8)
Bilateral 38 (37.3%) 8 (38.1%) 30 (37%)
Surgery indication, n(%) 0.040
Persistent 55 (53.9%) 8 (38.1%) 47 (58%)
renal colic
Double kidney 17 (16.7%) 5 (23.8%) 12 (14.8%)
obstruction
Pus kidney 28 (27.5%) 6 (28.6%) 22 (27.2%)
Solitary kidney 2 (2%) 2 (9.5%) 0
Surgery laterality, n(%) 0.370
Left 48 (47%) 13 (61.9%) 35 (43.2%)
Right 30 (29.4%) 6 (28.6%) 24 (42%)
Bilateral 4 (4%) 2 (9.5%) 2 (14.8%)
d version

from this
10.1089/

publishe

proof.
differ
may
 Downloaded by McMaster University from www.liebertpub.com at 07/22/20. For personal use only.
Journal of EndourologyRiskfactorsofurinarytractinfectionafterureteralstentingforpatientswithrenal colic during pregnancy (DOI: end.2020.0618)
10.1089/end.2020.0618)
This paper has been peer-reviewed and accepted for publication, but has yet to undergo copyediting and proof correction. The final

Page 17 of 19
published version may

Downloaded by McMaster University from n(%)

≥1cm
<1cm
www.liebertpub.com at 07/22/20. For
Residual stone

personal use only.

Residual stone size
after DJ placement,

after DJ placement, n(%)

Journal of
50(49%)

26(25.5%)
76(74.5%)

reactive protein, PCT = procalcitonin.,DJ= Double J tube

7 (33.3%)
14 (66.7%)
15 (71.4%)

0.355

Abbreviations: IQR, interquartile range; UTI = urinary tract infection, CRP = C-

peer-reviewed and accepted for differ from this

publication, but has yet to undergo proof.
copyediting and proof correction. The
19 (23.5%)
62 (76.5%)
35 (43.2%)

final
16
Page 16 of 19

0.028
 EndourologyRiskfactorsofurinarytractinfectionafterureteralstentingforpatientswithr
enal colic during pregnancy (DOI:

This paper has been

Table 2. Multivariate analysis for UTI after ureteral stenting
17
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Journal of EndourologyRiskfactorsofurinarytractinfectionafterureteralstentingforpatientswithrenal colic during 10.1089/end.2020.0618)

age
pregnancy (DOI:

peer-reviewed and accepted for publication, but has yet to undergo copyediting and proof published version may differ from this proof.
Variables

Stone size
Gestational

Urine culture

UTI = urinary tract infection

OR

0.124
6.233
1.147

0.495
1.271

21.227
95% CI

0.031–
1.830–
1.034–

This paper has been correction. The final

p

0.003
0.003
0.009
Downloaded by McMaster University from www.liebertpub.com at 07/22/20. For personal use

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3.

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An
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Journal of 10.1089/end.2020.0618)
EndourologyRiskfactorsofurinarytractinfectionafterureteralstentingforpatientswithrenal colic
during pregnancy (DOI:
Page 18 of
19

18
peer-reviewed and accepted for publication, but has yet to undergo copyediting published version may differ from this proof.

Page 19 of 19
only.

E. coli,n(%)
Pseudomonas
aeruginosa,n(%)
Pathogenic bacteria

Kepley pneumonia,n(%)
UTI = urinary tract infection
stenting

(n = 21)

2 (9.5%)
2 (9.5%)
UTI group

7 (33.3%)
0 (0)
group
(n = 81)
Non-UTI

2 (2.5%)
9 (11.1%)

This paper has been and proof correction. The

final
p
pathogenic bacteria in patients with renal colic during pregnancy before ureteral

0.000
 )
Staphylococcus epidermidis 2(9.5%)
19 Acinetobacter baumannii 2(9.5%)
Table 4.
Not clear 2(9.5%)
Analysis
UTI = urinary tract infection
of urine
culture
pathogen
s in
patients
with UTI
after
ureteral
stent
placemen
t