Identification of Chlorophil-A Distribution in Piayu Waters,

Batam Island Using Terra Modis Satellite Image

Muhammad Zainuddin Lubis1,a), Gregorius Harry Saktian Sinaga1,b), Wenang

Anurogo1,c), Muhammad Ghazali1,d), Hanifah Widiastuti2,e), Agaton Mufubi3,f), Shaik
Asif Hossain4,g), Husnul Kusarian5,h), Fadli Suandi6,i), Dodi Prisma Resda6,j), Adlian
Jefiza7,k), Fandy Bestario Harlan5,l),

Author Affiliations
1
Geomatics Engineering, Politeknik Negeri Batam, Batam 29461, Indonesia
2
Mechanical Engineering, Politeknik Negeri Batam, Indonesia
3
Faculty of Science Kyambogo University, Kampala, Uganda
4
Department of ECE, Khulna University of Engineering and Technology, Bangladesh,
5
……………………..
6
Informatics Engineering, Politeknik Negeri Batam, Batam 29461, Indonesia
7
Electrical Engineering, Politeknik Negeri Batam, Batam 29461, Indonesia
8
Business Management, Politeknik Negeri Batam, Batam 29461, Indonesia

Author Emails
a)
Corresponding author: zainuddinlubis@polibatam.ac.id
b)
gregosinaga@gmail.com
c)
wenang@polibatam.ac.id
d)
m.ghazali@polibatam.ac.id
e)
hanifah@polibatam.ac.id
f)
sagatons@kyu.ac.ug
g)
asifruete@gmail.com
h)
husnulkausarian@eng.uir.ac.id
i)
fadli.suandi@polibatam.ac.id
j)
dodi.prima@polibatam.ac.id
k)
adlianjefiza@polibatam.ac.id
l)
fandybestario@polibatam.ac.id

Abstract
Batam Island has abundant natural resources in the sea area. This is due to the fact that Batam Island is surrounded by
the ocean. However, the potential of this great natural resource has not been fully exploited by people on Batam Island, especially
by the fishermen. This is due to the lack of information regarding the distribution value of chlorophyll-a which is required to
determine the potential location of various biodiversity in piayu waters. The aim of this study was therefore to determine the
distribution of chlorophyll-a in Piayu waters. The data processing method used was the extraction of Terra Modis image data
using Ocean Data View (ODV) software. From this research, a map of the distribution of chlorophyll-a in Piayu waters was
produced. The results showed that the highest distribution of chlorophyll-a occurred in May 2019 with a chlorophyll value of
2,462 mg/m3. The lowest distribution of chlorophyll-a in this study was in December 2018 with a value of 1,612 mg/m 3. The
content of chlorophyll-a is more abundant in the surface layer near the mainland waters of Piayu, Batam, while the closer it is to
the sea, the lower the chlorophyll-a content.
Keywords: Piayu Waters, Chlorophyll-a, Terra MODIS.

INTRODUCTION
Batam City is a city located in the Riau Islands Province of Indonesia. Batam City has a land area of 715
km², located at 0º.25'29''-1º15'00'' North Latitude and 103º.34'35'' - 104º.26'04'' East Longitude [1]. Batam has
abundant natural resources in the sea area, because Batam is surrounded by the ocean. However, this great potential
has not been fully felt by local communities in Batam, especially by the fishermen [2]. Piayu Sea has an area of
28,595 km² which includes a coastal area for fisheries sector as well as boat cruise. Therefore, it is necessary to the
distribution of chlorophyll-a as an indicator of phytoplankton and thus the fishery potential of the waters. Through
remote sensing technology, the sea surface temperature can be estimated. Remote sensing can observe objects
without having to go directly to the object. In remote sensing systems cover a wide area in a short time and
accurately. Remote sensing also functions to detect sea surface temperature so it can be used to monitor sea surface
temperature in waters. Remote sensing uses satellites that can estimate Sea Surface Temperature, one of which is
Moderate Resolution Imaging [3-4].

Phytoplankton is a single cell plant that has a very small size that is a source of food for organisms in the
waters. In the waters, phytoplankton is organisms that contain chlorophyll-a. The notion of Chlorophyll-a is a green
leaf substance found in plants [5]. The temperature in the waters is one of the parameters that affect the organisms
in the sea. The level of hot and cold sea surface temperatures will affect the metabolism and distribution of fish in
the waters [6]. High nutrient content can stimulate the growth of phytoplankton affecting its abundance in the waters
[7]. The presence of these phytoplankton can be detected from the chlorophyll content of the waters [8-9]. The
concentration of chlorophyll which also identifies the presence of phytoplankton can be determined from remote
sensing data. Chlorophyll is very important in the process of plant photosynthesis, a process that is the basis of the
formation of organic substances in nature. The most dominant chlorophyll content possessed by phytoplankton is
chlorophyll-a [10-11]. With the above, it is important to conduct research on the distribution of sea surface
temperature and chlorophyll-a in the waters of Piayu Batam using satellite imagery. As such it is very critical to
determine the distribution of chlorophyll a in the waters of Piayu batam. However, an underwater biomass
determination process can be classified as acoustic and non-acoustic ways [12-15]. In this paper, a non-acoustic
process is used.

RESEARCH METHODS

Study area
This research was conducted in the waters of Piayu Batam Island, Riau Province of Indonesia. Piayu
Island lies between 0°58'58.14” - 1°2'31.75” North Latitude and 104° 6'3.67" - 104° 6' 10.92” East Longitude
(Figure 1).

Figure 1. Location of study area– Piayu Waters

 Data Processing Techniques

Chlorophyll-a
In this study, data obtained from Terra MODIS satellite imagery for one year, from October 1, 2018 to
October 30, 2019, which was downloaded from the website https://oceancolor.gsfc.nasa.gov/ To obtain the
distribution of chlorophyll-a, data processing was conducted using ODV (Ocean Data View) software. Terra
MODIS image data was extracted and then imported into Microsoft Excel so that the data can be sorted to obtain the
appropriate data. This was followed by image analysis which included the following stages: Rescale, Gridline,
Coastline, Landmax, Cursor position, Read and profile, color bar, Output. The results were displayed in form of
images using Tiff/Geotiff format.

RESULT AND DISCUSSION

From the results of data extraction processing of Terra MODIS satellite images carried out in the study,
namely in October 2018. The values of chlorophyll ranged from 0.54 to 1.98 mg/m³ with an average value of 0.86
mg/m³. On the map of the distribution of Chlorophyll-a in October 2018 it can be concluded that the level of
chlorophyll in the Piayu sea waters of Batam Island indicate presence of moderate chlorophyll-a concentrations in
the range 0.3 – 1 mg/m³ (Figure 2).

From the results of the extraction of Terra MODIS satellite image data in December 2018, values ranged
from 1.01 to 1.16 mg/m with an average value of 1.06 mg/m³. The map of the distribution of Chlorophyll-a in
December 2018 indicate presence of high chlorophyll-a concentrations in the range >1 mg/m3 (Figure 4). For
January 2019, the values ranged from 0.73 to 1.31 mg/m³ with an average value of 0.75 mg/m³. The chlorophyll-a
distribution map for January 2019 indicate presence of moderate chlorophyll-a concentrations (0.3 – 1 mg/m³)
(Figure 5).

Figure 3. Distribution Map of Chlorophyll-a November

Figure 2. Distribution Map of Chlorophyll-a 2018
October 2018
Figure 4. Distribution Map of Chlorophyll-a December Figure 5. Distribution Map of Chlorophyll-a January
2018 2019

Figure 6. Distribution Map of Chlorophyll-a February Figure 7. Distribution Map of Chlorophyll-a March
2019 2019

Figure 8. Distribution Map of Chlorophyll-a April Figure 9. Distribution Map of Chlorophyll-a May 2019
2019

For February 2019, the values ranged from 0.85 to 2.25 mg/m3 with an average value of 1.26 mg/m³. The
map of the distribution of Chlorophyll-a in February 2019 indicates presence of high chlorophyll-a concentrations
(>1 mg/m³) (Figure 7). For March 2019, the values ranged from 0.61 – 2.32 mg/m³ with an average value of 1.12
mg/m³. Consequently the map of the distribution of Chlorophyll-a in March 2019 reveal high chlorophyll-a
concentrations (> 1 mg/m3) (Figure 7).
 For April 2019 the values ranged from 0.72 to 2.10 mg/m3 with an average value of 0.75 mg/m³. The
chlorophyll-a distribution map for April 2019 reveals high concentration of chlorophyll-a (1.19 mg/m³) (Figure 8).
Finally for May 2019 the values ranged from 1.05 to 2.46 mg/m³ with an average value of 1.38 mg/m³ and the
chlorophyll-a distribution map in May 2019 revealed presence of high chlorophyll-a concentrations (>1 mg/m³)
(Figure 9).

CONCLUSIONS

Horizontally from the distribution map, Chlorophyll-a is more abundant in the surface layer near the
mainland waters of Piayu, Batam, where as the closer to the sea, the lower the chlorophyll-a concentration. This is
because the land provides a lot of nutrient input into the waters, to the north of the Piayu waters, Batam. This can
result in the waters of Piayu, Batam being categorized as fertile waters which provide benefits for phytoplankton to
carry out photosynthetic activities. This is evidenced by [16] previous research that the geophysical processes that
occur can affect the entry of nutrients from land through ocean currents which causes variations in nutrient
concentrations (especially phosphates, nitrates and silicates) in the sea. In a previous study by [17], the
classification of chlorophyll-a concentration values from Aqua-Modis satellite imagery data indicate that if the
chlorophyll-a concentration value is 10 mg/m³ then the waters are in a hazard category. This shows that the
distribution of chlorophyll-a in piayu waters, Batam is still relatively safe. According to [18-19] the concentration of
chlorophyll-a that exceeds 0.2 mg/m³ is classified as fertile waters, thus the piayu waters of Batam are still
classified as fertile waters.

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