Professional Documents
Culture Documents
ALTERNATING CURRENT
SYNOPSIS I or E
+
sinusoidal form of ac
Where (w t + f) is called phase
IorE
E0 or 0I
Positive half cycle
+
+ + +
I or E
− − −
O T/4 t or θ
_
T/2
Negative
half cycle
T
Triangular form of ac
128
NARAYANA MEDICAL ACADEMY
NEET-PHYSICS-VOL-III ALTERNATING CURRENT
Iavg = 0 = 0 =0
é 1- cos2 wt ù I 2 é sin2wt ù T
T T T
I 02
ò dt ò dt =
T ò ê
ëê 2
ú dt = 0 êt -
ûú 2T êë
ú
2w ûú 0
0
0 0
For half cycle: I 02 I0
= ; \ I rms = = 0.707 I 0
T
2
T
2 2 2
∫ Idt ∫I 0 sin ωtdt
2 I0 • It is equal to that direct current which produces
<I> = 0
= 0
= = 0.636I 0 same heating in a resistance as is produced by
π
T T
2 2
∫ dt
0
∫ dt
0
the A.C. in same resistance during same time.
MEAN SQUARE VALUE OF A.C. < I2 >
I avg = 63.7% of I 0 I0 2
• < I2 > =
2
2E o
• Similarly Eavg = = 0.637 E0 = 63.7% E0 FORM FACTOR
π
rmsvalue
(+)
Between A and B, Form factor = averagevalueoverhalf cycle
I or E B
A Iavg = 0
Note: a) t Eavg = 0 I rms E
(-) Form factor = = rms
I avg E avg
(+) A
Between A and B, I0
We know that I rms =
2I
I or E I avg = 0 and I ave = 0
b) t Eavg = 0 2 p
(-) B
129
NARAYANA MEDICAL ACADEMY
ALTERNATING CURRENT NEET-PHYSICS-VOL-III
I0 p p T
\ Formfactor = ´ = = 1.11 W = E0 I 0 cos φ X
2 2I 0 2 2 2
Note : Average power over complete cycle,
• ac ammeter and voltmeter read the r.m.s value W E0 I 0
Pavg = = cos φ
i.e., effective value of alternating current and T 2
voltage respectively.
E0 I 0
• ac can be measured by using hot wire ammeters = cos φ = Erms Irms cos φ
or hot wire voltmeters because the heat generated 2 2
is independent of the direction of current. c) Apparent or virtual power : The product
• ac produces the same heating effects as that of apparent voltage and apparent current in an
electric circuit is called apparent power. This
of dc of magnitude i = i rms is always positive.
E I
• ac is more dangerous than dc of same voltage. Papp = E rms I rms = 0 0
2
100V ac means Erms = 100V , E0 = 100 2 V W.E-1: You have two copper cables of equal length
for carrying current. One of them has a single
100V dc is equivalent to Erms wire of area of across section A, the other has
• ac can be produced by the principle of ten wires each of cross section area A/10.
electromagnetic induction. Judge their suitability for transporting ac and
dc.
POWER IN ac CIRCUITS :
Sol: For transporting d.c.., both the wires are equally
In dc circuits power is given by P = VI. But in suitable, but for transporting a.c., we prefer wire
ac circuits, since there is some phase angle
of multiple strandsac . is transmitted more by the
between voltage and current, therefore power is
defined as the product of voltage and that surface of the conductor. This is called skin effect
component of the current which is in phase with .Due to this reason that several strands of thin
the voltage. insulated wire, instead of a single thick wire,
need be used.
Thus P = EI cos f , where E and I are r.m.s.
W.E-2: If the voltage in an ac circuit is represented
values of voltage and current.
by the equation.
Power factor:The quantity cos f is called
V = 220 2sin ( 314t − φ ) volt calculate (a)
power factor.
a) In stantaneous power : Suppose in a circuit peak and rms value of the voltage, (b) average
E = E0 sin wt and I = I 0 sin(wt + f) then
voltage, (c) frequency of ac.
Sol: (a) As in case of ac,
Pinstantaneous = EI = E0 I0 sin wt sin(wt + f) V = V0 sin ( ωt − φ ) ; The peak value
b) Average power (True power) : The average
V0 = 220 2 = 311V and as in case of ac.
of instantaneous power in an ac circuit over a
full cycle is called average power. Its unit is V0
watt i.e. Vrms = ; Vrms = 220V ; (b) In case of ac
2
T T
W ∫ P.d t ∫ Pdt
. T
Vavg =
2 2
V0 = × 311 = 198.17V
; W = ∫ Pdt
Pavg = = 0
T
= 0
. π π
t T
∫ dt
0
0
(c) As ω = 2 π f , 2π f = 314
T T 314
W = E0 I0 cos φ ∫ sin 2 ωtdt +
E0 I 0
sin φ ∫ sin2ωtdt i.e, f = = 50 Hz
0 2 0
2×π
130
NARAYANA MEDICAL ACADEMY
NEET-PHYSICS-VOL-III ALTERNATING CURRENT
W.E-3: A current is made of two components a dc • RESISTANCE (R) It is the opposition offered
component i1 = 3A and an ac component by a conductor to the flow of direct current.
i 2 = 4 2sin ωt . Find the reading of hot wire • IMPEDANCE (Z) It is the opposition offered
ammeter? by a conductor to the flow of alternating current.
Sol: i = i1 +i2 = 3 +4 2sin w t | alternatin g emf |
Z = | alternatin g current |
ò (3 + 4 )
T T
ò
2
2sin wt dt
2 peak value of alternatin g voltage
i dt = peak value of AC
irms = =
2 0 0
T
T
ò dt
RMS value of alternatin g voltage
= RMS value of AC
0
• ADMITTANCE(Y): Reciprocal of impedance
( )
T
= 1 2
T
1
1 T
2
i.e, I eff = ∫0 ( a 2 + 2 bsin ωt + b 2 + sin2 ω t ) dt
T
But as
1 T 1 T 1
T ∫ 0
sin ωt dt = 0 and
T ∫0
sin 2 ωtdt =
2 • In the above figure , OA and OB represent two
1/2 rotating vectors having magnitudes E0 and I0 in
1
So, I eff = a 2 + b 2 anti clock wise direction with same angular
2
velocity ‘w ’.
131
NARAYANA MEDICAL ACADEMY
ALTERNATING CURRENT NEET-PHYSICS-VOL-III
E and I
• The phasor diagram, in a simple representation I
is
t
Y Y O
I
I
E
φ π
φ
ωt
X X E=E 0 sin ωt ; I = I 0 sin ( ω t − φ ) where φ =
O O 2
• Current lags emf by π /2
WE-5: Use a phasor diagram to represent the sine or
waves in the following Figure. emf leads current by π /2
A.C THROUGH A RESISTOR
• A pure resistor of resistance R is connected
across an alternating source of emf
R
E O X
t I E
O
133
NARAYANA MEDICAL ACADEMY
ALTERNATING CURRENT NEET-PHYSICS-VOL-III
135
NARAYANA MEDICAL ACADEMY
ALTERNATING CURRENT NEET-PHYSICS-VOL-III
or tan φ = =
R R
Note: In series LR circuit, emf leads the current or VC E
(or)
the current is said to lag behind the emf by an XC
angle φ
\ Current in L-R series circuit is given by B C
-Y
E E
I= = 0 sin( wt - f )
Z LR Z LR • In figure VC is represented by OB along negative
(or) I = I 0 sin( w t - f ) Y - axis and the current I is represented along
Note: X - axis.
• Z LR = R 2 + L2 ω 2 = R 2 + L2 × 4π 2 f 2 . • VR is represented by OA along X - axis.
Thus ZLR increases with the frequency of ac, so
• The resultant potential difference of VC and VR is
ZLR is low for lower freqeuncy of ac and high
for higher frequency of ac represented by OC.
• The phase angle between voltage and current • Also, the emf and current are in phase when ac
increases with the increase in the frequency of flows through the resistor. So, VR is represented
ac by OA along X-axis.
C-R SERIES CIRCUIT WITH • Therefore, the resultant potential difference of
ALTERNATING VOLTAGE VC and VR is represented by OC and is given
• Let an alternating source of emf E =E0 sin w t is by
connected to a series combination of a pure OC = OA2 + OB2 orE = VR + VC
2 2
= + ç ÷
ZCR = R + X C çç ÷÷
2 2 2
E R
è Cw ø
• Let I be the r.m.s value of current flowing through
the circuit. The potential difference across the Where ZCR is the effective opposition offered
136
NARAYANA MEDICAL ACADEMY
NEET-PHYSICS-VOL-III ALTERNATING CURRENT
by the CR circuit to ac, which is the impedance of • The current I lags VL by an angle π / 2 .
CR circuit.
Let φ be the angle made by E with X-axis • The P.D across capacitance is VC = I .X C .
tan φ =
AC VC IX C
= = • The current I leads VC by an angle π / 2 .
OA VR IR
XC I • The voltage VL and VC are represented by OB
or tan φ = =
R CωR and OC respecitvely.
In series CR circuit, emf lags behind the current
or in other words, the current is said to lead the Y
emf by an angle φ given by the above equation. B
\ Current in C-R series circuit is given by VL
E E
I= = 0 sin( wt + f)
Z CR Z CR
(or) I = I 0 .sin( w t + f) O X
I
Note:
C
• The resultant potential difference of VC and VR is VC
represented by OC Impedance of CR circuit. -Y
1
Z CR = R 2 + X C = R 2 + 2 2
2
137
NARAYANA MEDICAL ACADEMY
ALTERNATING CURRENT NEET-PHYSICS-VOL-III
Power factor cos φ = cos π / 2 = 0 . WE-11: When 100 volt dc is applied across a coil,
a current of 1 amp flows through it; when 100
So, power consumed in L - C circuit is V ac of 50 Hz is applied to the same coil, only
P = Vrms × Irms × cos φ = 0 0.5 amp flows. Calculate the resistance and
inductance of the coil.
∴ In L - C circuit no power is consumed.
Sol: In case of a coil, i.e, L - R circuit,
Note:
V
1 I = with Z = R2 + X L 2 = R2 + (ω L )2
• In L - C, circuit, the impendence Z = ω L − Z
ωC So when dc is applied, ω = 0, so Z = R
E V V 100
Current I = . and hence I = , i . e, R = = = 100Ω
Z R I 1
and when ac of 50 Hz is applied.
So, the impedence and current varies with
V V 100
frequency. I = , i,e. Z = = = 200Ω
Z I 0.5
1
• At a particular angular frequency, ω L = but Z = R 2 + ω 2 L2 , i.e, ω 2 L2 = Z2 − R2
ωC
i.e, ( 2π fL ) = 2002 − 1002 = 3 ×104
2
E
and current I = becomes maximum ( I 0 ) and
Z 3 ×10 2 3
L= = H = 0.55H
resonance occurs. 2π × 50 π
E0 WE-12: A 10µF capacitor is in series with a 50Ω
At resonance Z = 0 and I 0 = = ∞. resistance and the combination is connected
Z to a 220V, 50 Hz line. Calculate (i) the
1 capacitive reactance, (ii) the impedance of the
Resonant angular frequency ω0 = circuit and (iii) the current in the circuit.
LC
Sol: Here, C = 10µF = 10 × 10−6 = 10− 5 F
1 R = 50ohm,E rms = 220V, ν = 50Hz ,
Resonant frequecny f 0 = .
2π LC (i) Capacitive reactance,
1 1 1
WE-10: A 0.21 H inductor and a 12 ohm XC = = = = 318.5 Ω
ω C 2 πνC 2 × 3.14 × 50 × 10−5
resistance are connected in series to a 220 V.
(ii) Impedance of CR circuit.
50 Hz ac source. Calculate the current in the
Z CR = R2 + X C = ( 50 ) + ( 318.5) = 322.4Ω
2 2 2
circuit and the phase angle between the
current and the source voltage . E rms 220
(iii) Current, I rms = = = 0.68A
Sol: Here Z CR 322.4
X L = ω L = 2π fL = 2π × 50 × 0.21 = 21π Ω WE-13: A coil has an inductance of 0.7 H and is
joined in series with a resistance of 220 Ω .
Z = R 2 + X L2 = 122 + ( 21π ) = 144 + 4348 When an alternating e.m.f of 220 V at 50 cps
2
is applied to it, then the wattless component
of the current in the circuit is
V 220
Z = 4492 ; 67.01Ω ; I = Z = 67.02 = 3.28 A X ω L 2π × 50 × 0.7
Sol: tan φ = L = = =1
R R 220
−1 X −1 21π
φ = tan L = tan ∴φ = 45°, Z = R 2 + X L2 = 2202 + 2202
R 12
The current will lag the applied voltage by an = 220 2Ω
Wattless component of currnet = I v sinφ
−1 21π
angle tan . Ev 220 1
12 = sin45° = × = 0.5 A
Z 220 2 2
138
NARAYANA MEDICAL ACADEMY
NEET-PHYSICS-VOL-III ALTERNATING CURRENT
R +( XL -X C )
2 ;
R + Lω −
2
C ω
2
pure capacitor of capacitance (C) and resistor
of resistance (R), all joined in series, is shown
in figure. • Let φ be the phase angle between E and I, then
• Let E be the r.m.s value of the applied alternating
emf to the LCR circuit. from Phasor diagram
V − VC IX L − IX C X − XC
tan φ = L = = L
VR IR R
Lω − 1
Cω
tan φ =
I
R
\ Current in L-C- R series circuit is given by
E E
• The potential difference across L, I = = 0 sin( wt ± f )
Z Z
VL = IX L .....(i) (or) I = I 0 .sin( w t ± f)
I capacitive
\ Impedance (Z) of LCR circuit is given by • If X L = XC , then the circuit will be purely
Z = R2 + ( XL − X C ) resistive.
2
the value of frequency of alternating source WE-14: In a circuit L, C and R are connected in
of emf. series with an alternating voltage source of
• At some frequency of alternating source, frequency f. The current leads the voltage
by 45° . The value of C is :
X L > XC and for some other frequency, XL < XC .
Sol: As current leads the voltage by 45° ,
There exists a particular value of frequency
where XL = XC (This situation is X C − XL
∴ tan θ = = tan45° = 1
explained under resonance of LCR series R
circuit ) ∴ X C − X L = R or X C = X L + R
Note:Relation between applied pd & pd’s across 1
1
= ωL + R ⇒ C =
ω (ωL + R )
the components in L - C - R circuit or
ωC
L C R L C R
1
C=
VL VC VR VL VC VR
2π f ( 2π fL + R )
WE-15: In a series LCR circuit, the voltage across
~ the resistance, capacitance and inductance is
V E 10V each. If the capacitance is short circuited
For ‘dc’ For ‘ac’ then the voltage across the inductance w i l l
be
V = VR + VL +VC V = IZ Sol: As VR = VL = VC ; R = X L = X C
Z = R ; V = IR = 10volt
(only before steady state) When capacitor is short circuited,
= I R 2 + (X L − X C ) ( IR )2 + ( IX L − IX C )
2 2
;= Z = R2 + X L2 = R 2 + R2 = R 2
V 2 = VR 2 + ( VL - VC )
2
V 10
I New current, I ' = V / Z =
=
where VL = IX L = I ω L and VC = IX C = R 2 R 2
ωC Potential drop across inductance
and VR = IR 10 × R 10
= I ' XL = I 'R = = volt
Note: Rules to be followed for various R 2 2
combinations of ac circuits 200
WE-16 : An inductance of mH . a capacitance
• Compute effective resistance of the circuit as R π
• Calculate the net reactance of the circuit as 10− 3
1 of F and a resistance of 10Ω are
X = XL - XC where X L = ω L , X C = . π
ωC connected in series with an AC source of 220
• Resistance offered by all the circuited elements V, 50 Hz. The phase angle of the circuit is
to the flow of ac is impedance ( Z )
200 200 ×10−3 0.2
Sol: Here, L = mH = H =
\ Z = R 2 + X 2 = R 2+ ( X L - X C )
2 H
π π π
E0 10−3
• Calculate the peak value of current as 0 I = C = F , R = 10Ω ; Ev = 220V , n = 50 Hz
Z π
• The phase difference between emf & current can 0.2
be known by constructing an ac triangle as X L = ω L = 2π nL = 2π × 50 × = 20 Ω
X π
tanf =
R 1 1 π
XC = = = = 10Ω
X
Z sin f =
X
Z
ωC 2π nC 2π × 50 ×10−3
cos f =
R
tan φ =
( X L − X C ) = 20 − 10 = 1 φ = π
φ Z ;
f R 10 4
R
140
NARAYANA MEDICAL ACADEMY
NEET-PHYSICS-VOL-III ALTERNATING CURRENT
= = 242W
Z = R2 + ( XL − XC )
2
200
WE-18: An LCR circuit has L = 10 mH. R = 3
ohm and C = 1µ F connected in series to a = 1002 + ( 850 − 21.2 ) = 835 Ω
2
Resonant frequency,
Heat produced in resistance = 2 ×10 = 20J
1 1
ω0 = = = 10 rad/s
4
If t is the required time, then
LC 10 −2 × 10−6
20 20
P × t = 20 ⇒ t = = = 348s
Actual frequency, ω = ( 90% ) ω0 P 0.0574
= 9 ×103 rad/s RESONANT FREQUENCY
Electrical Resonance Series L-C-R Circuit
X L = ω L = 9 ×103 × 10−2 = 90 Ω Electrical resonance is said to take place in a
1 1 1000 series LCR circuit, when the circuit allows
XC = = −6
= Ω maximum current for a given frequency of
ω C 9 × 10 × 10
3
9
141
NARAYANA MEDICAL ACADEMY
ALTERNATING CURRENT NEET-PHYSICS-VOL-III
alternating supply, at which capacitive reactance Note: Series LCR circuit at resonance admit
becomes equal to the inductive reactance. maximum current at particular frequencies, so they
The current (I) in a series LCR circuit is given by can be used to tune the desired frequency or filter
unwanted frequencies. They are used in transmitters
E E
I= = and receivers of radio, television and telephone
Z
2
1 .....(i)
R + Lω −
2
carrier equipment etc.
Cω RESONANCE IN L - C CIRCUIT :
From the above equation (i), it is clear that At resonance ,
current I will be maximum if the impedance (Z) a) Net reactance X = 0
of the circuit is minimum. b) X L = X C
At low frequencies, L ω = L × 2 π f is very small c) Impedance Z = 0
1 1 E0
and C ω = C × 2 πf is very large. d) peak value of current I0 = =¥
Z
1
Resonant frequency f0 =
1
At high frequencies, Lω is very large and is e)
Cω 2π LC
very small. p
1 f) Voltage and current differ in phase by
For a particular frequency (f0 ), L ω = i.e. 2
Cω
Power factor cos f = 0
X L = X C and the impedance (Z) of LCR circuit g)
is minimum and is given by Z = R. RESONANCE IN L - C - R CIRCUIT :
At resonance,
Therefore, at the particular frequency ( f 0 ), the a) Net reactance X = 0
current in LCR circuit becomes maximum. The b) X L = X C
frequency ( f 0 ) is known as the resonant c) Impedance Z = R ( minimum )
E0 E0
d) peak value of current I0 = = ( maximum but
frequency and the phenomenon is called
electrical resonance. Z R
not infinity )
Again, for electrical resonance (XL–Xc) = 0. 1
i.e. XL = XC e) Resonant frequency f0 =
1 1
2π LC
or Lω = ⇒ ω2 = f) Voltage and current will be in phase
Cω LC g) power factor cos φ = 1
1 1
or ω = ⇒ ( 2 πf 0 ) = h) Resonant frequency is independent of value of R.
LC LC i) A series L - C - R circuit behaves like a pure
1 resistive circuit at resonance.
or f 0 = .....(ii)
2 π LC HALF POWER FREQUENCIES AND
This is the value of resonant frequency. BAND WIDTH.
The resonant frequency is independent of the • The frequencies at which the power in the circuit
resistanace R in the circuit. However, the is half of the maximum power (The power at
sharpness of resonance decreases with the resonance) are called half power frequencies.
increase in R.
Series LCR circuit is more selective when Pmax
resistance of this circuit is small.
Y
R>R>R
I0
3 2 1
P Pmax
P=
R1 2
R2
I
R3
.
O f0
X ω1 ω2 ω3 V
f
142
NARAYANA MEDICAL ACADEMY
Table for values of different parameters for different components applied to ac
π
2) Resulting current I = I0 sin (ωt – φ) I = I0 sin (ωt + φ) I = I 0 sin ωt ± 2 I = I0 sin (ωt ± φ)
NEET-PHYSICS-VOL-III
–1 1 1
4) Net reactance X = XL = ωL X = XC = X = ωL – X = ωL –
ωC ωC ωC
2 2 2
5) Impedance 1 1 1
Z = R2 + ( ωL) 2 Z = R2 + Z = ωL – Z = R2 + ωL –
ωC ωC ωC
143
ALTERNATING CURRENT NEET-PHYSICS-VOL-III
greater than ω 2 . At this frequency the circuit is Pav = 0, i.e.., in resistanceless circuit the power
inducitve. consumed is zero, Such a circuit is called the
wattless circuit and the current flowing is
• Band width ( ∆ω ) : The difference of half power called the wattless current.
frequencies ω1 and ω 2 is called band width Or
The component of current which does not
( ∆ω ) and∆ω = ω3 − ω1. contribute to the average power dissipation
• For series resonant circuit it can be proved is called wattless current.
( ∆ω = R / L ) wattless current = I rms sinφ
144
NARAYANA MEDICAL ACADEMY
NEET-PHYSICS-VOL-III ALTERNATING CURRENT
• Choke coil for different frequencies are made by WE-21 : An electric bulb has a rated power of 50
using different substances in their core. W at 100 V. If it is used on an AC source of
• For low frequency L should be large thus iron 200 V, 50 Hz, a choke has to be used in series
core choke coil is used. For high frequency ac circuit, with it. This choke should have an inductance
L Should be small, so air cored choke coil is used. of
• The choke coil can be used only in ac circuits not in Sol: Here, P = 50W , V = 100volt
dc circuits, because for dc frequency v = 0 . Hence
P 50 V 100
X L = 2π vL = 0. I= = = 0.5 A, R = = = 200Ω
V 100 I 0.5
• Choke coil is based on the principle of wattless Let L be the inductance of the choke coil
current.
E E 200
E ∴ I v = v = or Z = v = = 400 Ω
• The current in the circuit I = with Z Iv 0.5
Z
Now X L = Z 2 − R2 = 4002 − 2002
Z = ( R + r ) + (ω L) .
2 2
ω L = 100 ×2 3
• The power loss in the choke
pav = Vrms I rms cos φ → 0 200 3 200 3 200 3 2 × 1.732
L= = = = = 1.1 H
ω 2π v 100π 3.14
r r r LC OSCILLATIONS
as cos φ = Z = = →0
r 2 + ω 2 L2 ω L A capacitor (C) and an inductor (L) are
WE-20: An ideal choke coil takes a current of 8 connected as shown in the figure. Initially the
ampere when connected to an AC supply of charge on the capacitor is Q
100 volt and 50 Hz. A pure resistor under the
same conditions takes a current of 10 ampere.
If the two are connected to an AC supply of
150 volts and 40 Hz. then the current in a
series combination of the above resistor and
inductor is
Sol: For pure inductor,
Q2
E0 100 25 ∴ Energy stored in the capacitor UE =
XL = = = Ω 2C
Iv 8 2 The energy stored in the inductor, UB = 0.
The capacitor now begins to discharge through
25 25 25 1
ωL = ;L = = = H the inductor and current begins to flow in the
2 2ω 2 × 2π × 50 8π circuit. As the charge on the capacitor decreases,
1 2
R=
V 100
= = 10Ω UE decreases but the energy UB = LI in the
2
I 10 magnetic field of the inductor increases. Energy
For the combination, the supply is 150 v, 40 is thus transferred from capacitor to inductor.
Hz When the whole of the charge on the capacitor
disappears, the total energy stored in the electric
1
∴ X L = ω L = 2π × 40 × = 10Ω field in the capacitor gets converted into
8π magnetic field energy in the inductor. At this
stage, there is maximum current in the inductor.
Z = X L2 + R2 = 102 + 10 2 = 10 2ohm Energy now flows from inductor to the capacitor
except that the capacitor is charged oppositely.
Ev 150 15 This process of energy transfer continues at a
Iv = = A= A
Z 10 2 2 definite frequency (v ). Energy is continuosly
shuttled back and forth between the electric field
145
NARAYANA MEDICAL ACADEMY
ALTERNATING CURRENT NEET-PHYSICS-VOL-III
in the capacitor and the magnetic field in the
1 V
inductor. * In L - C oscilations C = q tells us the potential
If no resistance is present in the LC circuit, the
LC oscillation will continue infinitely as shown. difference required to store a unit charge
F
+q0 * In a mechanical oscillation K = tells us the
t x
-q0
external force requred to produce a unit
displacement of mass
However in an actual LC circuit, some resistance * In L - C oscillations current is the analogous
is always present due to which energy is quantity for velocity of the mass in mechanical
dissipated in the form of heat. So LC oscillation oscillations
will not continue infinitely with same amplitude * In L - C oscillations energy stored in capacitor
as shown. is analagous to potential energy in mechanical
+q0 oscillations
* In L - C oscillations energy stored in inductor is
t
analogous to kinetic energy of the mass in
-q0 mechanical oscillations
Let q be the charge on the capacitor at any * In L - C oscillations maximum charge on
capacitor q0 is analogous to amplitude in
di mechanical oscillations
time t and be the rate of change of current.
dt * ∴ As V Vmax = Aω in mechanical oscillations,
Since no battery is connected in the circuit, I 0 = q0ω 0 in L- C oscillations
q di
− L. = 0 dq Analogies between Mechanical and Electrical Quantities
c dt but i = − Mechanical System Electrical System
dt
from the above equations, we get Mass m Inductance L
Force constant k Reciprocal capacitance 1/C
q d 2q d 2q 1
+L 2 =0⇒ 2 + q=0 Displacement x Charge q
C dt dt LC Velocity v = dx/dt Current I = dq/dt
d2 x Mechnical energy Electromagnetic
The above equation is analogus to 2 + ω2 x = 0 energy
dt
(differential equation of S.H.M)
Energy of LC Oscillations: Let q0 be the
1 1
Hence on comparing ω = ⇒ω= initial charge on a capacitor. Let the charged
2
q02 q2 Pout Vs is
U E + UM = (cos 2 ωt + sin 2 ω t) = 0 \ i.e., η % = P × 100 = V i ×100
2C 2C in P P
As q0 and C, both are time independent, this • For an ideal transformer Pout = Pin so
sum of energies stored in capacitor and induc η = 100% (But efficiency of practical transformer
tor is constant in time. Note that it is
lies between 70% - 90 %)
equal to the initial energy of the capacitor.
TRANSFORMER For practical transformer Pin = Pout + Plosses
• A transformer works on the principle of mutual P
So η = P × 100
out
induction.
•` It is a static device that is used to increase or in
•
decrease the voltage in an AC circuit.
On a laminated iron core two insulated copper =
Pout (P − P )
× 100 = in L × 100
coils called primary and secondary are wound. ( Pout + PL ) Pin
• Primary is connected to an alternating source of • In an ideal transformer the input power is equal to
emf, By mutual induction, an emf is induced in the output power. V1 I1 = V2 I2
the secondary. The efficiency of an ideal transformer is 100%.
VOLTAGE RATIO: LOSSES IN A TRANSFORMER:
• If V1 and V2 are the primary and secondary • The losses in a transformer are divided in to two
voltages in a transformer, N1 and N2 are the types. They are copper losses and iron losses.
number of turns in the primary and secondary
• The loss of energy that occurs in the copper coils
V1 N1 of the transformer (i.e. primary and secondary coils)
coils of the transformer, then V = N . is called ‘copper losses’. These are nothing but joule
2 2
• In a transformer the voltage per turn is the same heating losses where electrical energy is converted
in primary and secondary coils. in to heat energy.
• The ratio N2 /N 1 is called transformation ratio. The loss of energy that occurs in the iron core of
• The voltage ratio is the same as the ratio of the the transformer (i.e. hysteresis loss and eddy current
number of turns on the two coils. loss) is called ‘iron losses’.
CURRENT RATIO: MINIMIZING THE LOSSES IN A
• If the primary and secondary currents are I1 and TRANSFORMER:
I 2 respectively, then for ideal transformer • The core of a transformer is laminated and each
V2 I1 N lamination is coated with a paint of insulation to
= = 2 . reduce the ‘eddy current’ losses.
V1 I 2 N1
• In an ideal transformer the ampere turns are the • By choosing a material with narrow ‘hysteresis
same in primary and secondary coils. loop’ for the core, the hysteresis losses are
minimized.
• If N s > N P voltage is stepped up, then the Uses of transformer:
transformer is called step - up transformer. • A transformer is used in almost all ac operations,
• If N s < NP voltage is stepped down, then the e.g
transformer is called step - down transformer. • In voltage regulators for TV, refrigerator, computer,
• In step - up transformer, VS > VP and I S < I P air conditioner etc.
• In the induction furnaces.
• In step - down transformer, VS < VP and I S > I P • Step down transformer is used for welding
• Frequency of input a.c is equal to frequency of purposes.
output a.c • In the transmission of ac over long distnace.
• Transformation of voltage, is not possible with
d.c • Step down and step up transformers are used in
EFFICIENCY OF TRANSFORMER (η ) electical power distribution.
Effeiciency is defined as the ratio of output • Audio Frequency transformers are used in
power and input power. radiography, television, radio, telephone etc.
• Radio frequency transformers are used in radio
outputpower
Efficiency = communication.
input power
147
NARAYANA MEDICAL ACADEMY
ALTERNATING CURRENT NEET-PHYSICS-VOL-III
148
NARAYANA MEDICAL ACADEMY
NEET-PHYSICS-VOL-III ALTERNATING CURRENT
9. If a capacitor is connected to two different A.C. 16. The phase angle between current and voltage
generators, then the value of capacitive in a purely inductive circuit is
reactance is 1) zero 2) π 3) π / 4 4) π / 2
1) directly proportional to frequency 17. Ratio of impedence to capacitive reactance
2) inversely proportional to frequency has
3) independent of frequency 1) no units 2) ohm 3) ampere 4) tesla
4) inversely proportional to the square of 18. An inductor coil having some resistance is
frequency connected to an AC source. Which of the
10. In general in an alternating current circuit following have zero average value over a
1) the average value of current is zero cycle
2) the average value of square of the current is 1) induced emf in the inductor only
zero 2) current only 3) both 1 and 2 4) neither 1 nor 2
3) average power dissipation is zero 19. The current does not rise immediately in a
4) the phase difference between voltage and circuit containing inductance
current is zero 1) because of induced emf
A.C ACROSS R-L,R-C,L-C & 2) because of high voltage drop
L-C-R SERIES CIRCUIT 3) both 1 and 2 4) because of joule heating
11. The magnitude of induced e.m.f in an LR 20. In an AC circuit containing only capacitance
circuit at break of circuit as compared to its the current
value at make of circuit will be 1) leads the voltage by 180º
1) less 2) more 2) lags the voltage by 90º
3) some times less and some times more 3) leads the voltage by 90º
4) nothing can be said 4) remains in phase with the voltage
12. The emf and current in a circuit are such that 21. A bulb is connected first with dc and then ac
of same voltage.Then it will shine brightly with
E = E0 sin ω t and I = I0 sin (ω t −θ ) . This AC 1) AC 2) DC 3) Equally with both
circuit contains. 4) Brightness will be in ratio 1/14
1) R and L 2) R and C 3) only R 4) only C 22. A capacitor of capacity C is connected in A.C.
13. The correct graph between the resistance of circuit. If the applied emf is V = V0 sin ωt ,
a conductor with frequency is then the current is
1) Y 2) Y
V0 V0 π
1) I = sin ωt 2) I=
ωC
sin ωt +
R R Lω 2
π
3) I = V0 Cω sin ωt 4) I = V0Cω sin ωt +
f X f X 2
23. At low frequency a condenser offers
Y Y 1) high impedance 2) low impedance
3) 4)
3) zero impedance
R R
4) impedance of condenser is independent of
frequency
f X f X 24. Statement ( A ) : The reactance offered by
14. Same current is flowing in two alternating an inductance in A.C. circuit decreases with
circuits. The first circuit contains only increase of AC frequency.
inductance and the other contains only a Statement ( B ) : The reactance offered by a
capacitor. If the frequency of the e.m.f. is capacitor in AC circuit increases with increase
increased, the current will of AC frequency.
1) increase in first circuit and decrease in the 1) A is true but B is false
other 2) Both A and B are true
2) increase in both circuits 3) A is false but B is true
3) decrease in both circuits 4) Both A and B are false
4) decrease in first circuit and increase in the 25. Statement ( A ) : With increase in frequency
other of AC supply inductive reactance increases.
15. When an a.c source is connected across a Statement ( B ) : With increase in frequency
resistor of AC supply capacitive reactance increase
1) The current leads the voltage in phase 1) A is true but B is false
2) The current lags behind the voltage in phase 2) Both A and B are true
3) The current and voltage are in same phase 3) A is false but B is true
4) The current and voltage are out of phase 4) Both A and B are false
149
NARAYANA MEDICAL ACADEMY
ALTERNATING CURRENT NEET-PHYSICS-VOL-III
26. In an A.C circuit having resistance and 32. In series L - C - R resonant circuit, to increase
capacitance the resonant frequency
1) emf leads the current 1) L will have to be increased
2) current lags behind the emf 2) C will have to be increased
3) both the current and emf are in phase 3) LC will have to be decreased
4) current leads the emf. 4) LC will have to be increased
27. Select the correct options among the 33. If in a series L - C - R ac circuit, the voltages
following: In an R-C circuit across R, L, C are V1 ,V2 ,V3 respectively.
a) instantaneous A.C is given by Then the voltage of applied AC source is
I = I0 sin ( wt + φ ) always equal to
b) the alternating current in the circuit leads 1) V1 +V2 +V3 2) V12 + (V2 + V3 ) 2
the emf by a phase angle φ .
3) V1 -V2 -V3 4) V12 + (V2 − V3 ) 2
c) Its impedance is R + (ω c )
2 2
34. In non-resonant circuit, the nature of circuit
d) Its capacitive reactance is ω c for frequencies greater than the resonant
1) a, b are ture 2) b, c, d are true frequency is
3) c, d are true 4) a, c are true 1) resistive 2) capacitive
28. If the frequency of alternating e.m.f. is f in L- 3) inductive 4) both 1 and 2
C-R circuit, then the value of impedance Z 35. The phase difference between voltage and
will change with log (frequency) as current in an LCR series circuit is
1) increases 1) zero always 2) π / 4 always
2) increases and then becomes equal to 3) π 4) between 0 and π / 2
resistance, then it will start decreasing 36. In an LCR a.c circuit at resonance, the
3) decreases and when it becomes minimum current
equal to the resistance then it will start increasing 1) Is always in phase with the voltage
4) go on decreasing 2) Always leads the voltage
29. An inductance and resistance are connected 3) Always lags behind the voltage
in series with an A.C circuit. In this circuit 4) May lead or lag behind the voltage
1) the current and P.d across the resistance lead 37. An inductance L and capacitance C and
P.d across the inductance by π /2 resistance R are connected in series across
2) the current and P.d across the resistance lags an AC source of angular frequency ω . If
behind the P.d across the inductance by angle 1
π /2 ω2 > then
LC
3) The current across resistance leads and the 1) emf leads the current
P.d across resistance lags behind the P.d across 2) both the emf and the current are in phase
the inductance by π /2 3) current leads the emf
4) the current across resistance lags behind and 4) emf lags behind the current
the P.d across the resistance leads the P.d across 38. Consider the following two statements A and
the inductance by π /2 B and identify the correct answer.
30. An LCR circuit is connected to a source of A) At resonance of L - C - R series circuit, the
alternating current. At resonance, the applied reactance of circuit is minimum.
voltage and the current flowing through the B) The reactance of a capacitor in an A.C
circuit will have a phase difference of circuit is similar to the resistance of a
1) π / 4 2) zero 3) π 4) π / 2 capacitor in a D.C. circuit
31. The incorrect statement for L-R-C series 1) A is true but B is false
circuit is 2) Both A and B are true
1) The potential difference across the resistance 3) A is false but B is true
and the appleid e.m.f. are always in same phase 4) Both A and B are false
2) The phase difference across inductive coil is 39. Choose the wrong statement of the following.
90 0 1) The peak voltage across the inductor can be
3) The phase difference between the potential less than the peak voltage of the source in an
difference across capacitor and potential LCR circuit
difference across inductance is 90 0 2) In a circuit containing a capacitor and an ac
4) The phase difference between potential source the current is zero at the instant source
difference across capacitor and potential voltage is maximum
0
difference across resistance is 90
150
NARAYANA MEDICAL ACADEMY
NEET-PHYSICS-VOL-III ALTERNATING CURRENT
3) When an AC source is connected to a 48. A step up transformer is connected on the primary
capacitor,then the rms current in the circuit gets side to a rechargable battery which can deliver a
increased if a dielectric slab is inserted into the large current. If a bulb is connected in the
capacitor. secondary, then
4) In a pure inductive circuit emf will be in phase 1) the bulb will glow very bright
with the current. 2) the bulb will get fused
40. The essential difference between a d.c. 3) the bulb will glow, but with less brightness
4) the bulb will not glow
dynamo and an a.c. dynamo is that 49. The ratio of primary voltage to secondary
1) a.c. has an electromagnet but d.c. has a voltage in a transformer is ‘n’. The ratio of
permanent magnet the primary current to secondary current in
2) a.c. will generate a higher voltage the transformer is
3) a.c.has slip rings but the d.c. has a commutator 1) n 2) 1/n 3) n2 4) 1/n2
4) a.c. dynamo has a coil wound on soft iron, 50. In a step down transformer, the number of
but the d.c. dynamo has a coil wound on copper turns in the primary is always
41. The unit of impedence is 1) greater than the number of turns in the
1) ohm 2) mho 3) ampere 4) volt secondary
42. The power factor of a.c. circuit having L and 2) less than the number of turns in the secondary
R connected in series to an a.c. source of 3) equal to the number of turns in the secondary
angular frequency ω is given by 4) either greater than or less than the number of
turns in the secondary
R 2 + ω2 L2 R ωL R 51. The transformer ratio of a step up transformer
1) 2) 2 2 3) 4)
R R +ω L
2
R ωL is
43. The capacitor offers zero resistance to 1) greater than one 2) less than one
3) less than one and some times greater than one
1) D.C. only 2) A.C. & D.C.
4) greater than one and some times less than one
3) A.C. only 4) neither A.C. nor D.C.
52. A stepup transformer develops 400V in
44. Power factor is defined as secondary coil for an input of 200V A.C. Then
1) apparent power/true power the type of transformer is
2) true power/apparent power 1) Steped down 2) Steped up 3) Same
3) true power (apparent power)2 4) Same but with reversed direction
4) true power x apparent power 53. Assertion(A) : If changing current is flowing
TRANSFORMER through a machine with iron parts, results in
45. The core of a transformer is laminated so that loss of energy.
Reason(R): Changing magnetic flux through
1) energy loss due to eddy currents may be
an area of the iron parts causes eddy currents.
reduced
1)Both A and R are individually true and R is
2) rusting of the core may be prevented the correct explanation of A
3) change in flux may be increased 2)Both A and R are individually true but R is
4) ratio of voltage in the primary to that in the not the correct explanation of A
secondary may be increased 3)A is true but R is false
46. A step up transformer is used to 4)Both A and R are false
1) increase the current and increase the voltage 54. Transformers are used in
2) decrease the current and increase the voltage 1) d.c circuits only 2) a.c. circuits only
3) increase the current and decrease the voltage 3) Both a.c and d.c circuits 4) Integrated circuits.
4) decrease the current and decrease the voltage 55. The magnitude of the e.m.f. across the
47. A transformer changes the voltage secondary of a transformer does not depend
1) without changing the current and frequency on
2) without changing the current but changes the 1) The number of the turns in the primary
frequency 2) The number of the turns in the secondary
3) without changing the frequency but changes the 3) The magnitude of the e.m.f applied across the
current primary
4)The resistance of the primary and the
4) without changing the frequency as well as the secondary
current
151
NARAYANA MEDICAL ACADEMY
ALTERNATING CURRENT NEET-PHYSICS-VOL-III
56. For an ideal transformer ratio of output to the capacitive reactance equals inductive reactance
input power is always 1
1) greater than one 2) equal to one 4) current will be leading voltage if ω > LC
3) less than one 4) zero 64. The value of current in two series L C R
57. Consider the following two statements A and circuits at resonance is same when connected
B and identify the correct answer. across a sinusoidal voltage source. Then
A) In a transformer a large alternating 1) both circuits must be having same value of
current at low voltage can be transformed into capacitance and inductance
a small alternating current at high voltage 2) in both circuits ratio of L and C will be same
B) Energy in current carrying coil is stored in
3) for both the circuits X L / X C must be same at
the form of magnetic field.
1) A is true but B is false that frequency
2) Both A and B are true 4) both circuits must have same impedance at
3) A is false but B is true all frequencies
4) Both A and B are false 65. When an AC source of emf e = E0 sin (100t )
58. Statement ( A ) : Flux leakage in a is connected across a circuit, the phase
transformer can be minimized by winding the difference betwen the emf e and the current
primary and secondary coils one over the
other. π
i in the circuit is observed to be ahead,If
Statement ( B ) : Core of the transformer is 4
made of soft iron the circuit consists possibly of R − C or
59. Statement (A ) : In high current low voltage
windings of a transformer thick wire is used R − L or L − C in series, find the relationship
between the two elements:
to minimize energy loss due to heat produced
Statement ( B ) : The core of any transformer 1) R = 1k Ω, C = 10 µ F 2) R = 1k Ω , C = 1µ F
is laminated so as to reduce the energy loss 3) R = 1kΩ , L = 10 H 4) R = 1kΩ , L = 1H
due to eddy currents 66. An AC voltage source of variable angular
60. Statement ( A ) : Step up transformer
frequency ω and fixed amplitude V0 is
converts low voltage, high current to high
voltage, low current connected in series with a capacitance C and
Statement (B) : Transformer works on both an electric bulb of resistance R (inductance
ac and dc zero). When ω is increased
61. To reduce the iron losses in a transformer, the 1) the bulb glows dimmer
core must be made of a material having 2) the bulb glows brighter
1) low permeability and high resistivity 3) total impendance of the circuit is unchanged
2) high permeability and high resistivity 4) total impendance of the circuit increases
3) low permeability and low resistivity ASSERTION & REASON
4) high permeability and low resistivity
1) Both Assertion and Reason are true and
62. Maximum efficiency of a transformer depends
on Reason is the correct explanation of
Assertion.
1) the working conditions of technicians.
2) Both Assertion and Reason are true but
2) weather copper loss =1/2 x iron loss
3) weather copper loss = iron loss Reason is not the correct explanation of
4) weather copper loss =2 x iron loss Assertion.
63. For a LCR series circuit with an A.C. source 3) Assertion is true but Reason is false
of angular frequency ω 4) Assertion is false but Reason is true
67. Assertion (A): The average value of
1
1) circuit will be capacitive if ω > <sin 2ωt > is zero.
LC
Reason (R): The average value of function
1
2) circuit will be inductive if ω = F ( t ) over a period T is < F ( t ) >=
1
∫ F (t )dt
T
LC T 0
3) power factor of circuit will be unity if
152
NARAYANA MEDICAL ACADEMY
NEET-PHYSICS-VOL-III ALTERNATING CURRENT
68. Assertion (A): If current varies sinusoidally C. U. Q - KEY
the average power consumed in a cycle is
zero. 1) 4 2) 4 3) 1 4) 2 5) 4 6) 2 7) 1
Reason (R): If current varies sinusoidally the 8) 2 9) 2 10) 1 11) 2 12) 1 13) 1 14) 4
average power consumed is zero 15) 3 16) 4 17) 1 18) 3 19) 3 20) 3 21) 3
69. Assertion (A) : The power consumed in an 22) 4 23) 1 24) 4 25) 1 26) 4 27) 1 28) 3
electric circuit is never negative 29) 2 30) 2 31) 3 32) 3 33) 4 34) 3 35) 4
Reason (R) : The average power consumed 36) 1 37) 1 38) 1 39) 4 40) 3 41) 1 42) 2
V2 43) 4 44) 2 45) 1 46) 2 47) 3 48) 4 49) 2
in an electric circuit is P = = I2 R 50) 1 51) 1 52) 2 53) 1 54) 2 55) 4 56) 2
R
70. Assertion (A): The inductive reactance limits 57) 2 58) 4 59) 2 60) 1 61) 2 62) 3 63) 3
the current in a purely inductive circuit in the 64) 3 65) 1 66) 2 67) 4 68) 4 69) 1 70) 2
same way as the resistance circuit. 71) 4 72) 1 73) 1 74) 2 75) 1 76) 1
Reason (R): The inductive reactance is C. U. Q - HINTS
directly proportional to the inductance and to
the frequency of the varying current. 67. < sin 2 ω t >= 1 / 2
71. Assertion (A) : An ac emf which oscillates
1 2
symmetrically about zero, the current it 68. < P >= i m R
sustains also oscillates symmetrically about 2
zero. 69. I is scalar in Joules heating effect is independent
Reason (R): In any circuit element, current is an direction of current.
always in the phase with voltage V V
72. Assertion (A): A lamp is connected in series 70. I = X & i = R X L = ωL = 2π vL
with a capacitor and ac source connected L
across their terminals consequently current π
flow in the circuit and the lamp will shine. 71. In inductor current lags the voltage by
Reaosn(R): capacitor block dc current and 2
allow ac current π
73. Assertion (A): An electric lamp is connected In capcitor current leads the voltage by
2
in series with a long solenoid of copper with
air core and then connected to AC source. If 1
72. X C =
an iron rod is inserted in solenoid the lamp 2π fC
will become dim.
Reason (R): If iron rod is inserted in solenoid, for dc f = 0 then X L = ∞
the induction of solenoid increases. for ac f ≠ 0 then X C = finite
74. An inductor, capacitor and resistance
connected in series. The combination is 73. L ∝ µr
connecte across AC source. more voltage is present across inductor
Assertion (A): Peak current through each so less voltage across bulb
remains same 74. In series current is same, inductor and capacitor
Reason (R) : Average power delivered by does not consume power
source is equal to average power consumed 75. At resonance X L = X C and frequency
by resistance.
75. Assertion (A): when frequency is greater than 1 1
resonance frequency in a series LCR circuit, f0 = If f > f 0 then X L > X C , so it
it will be an inductive circuit. 2π LC
Reason (R): Resultant voltage will lead the will be an inductive circuit. AC current must lag
current AC voltage.
76. Assertion (A): Maximum power is dessipated 76. At resonance P = Imax2
R and VL and VC are out
in a circuit (through R) in resonance
Reason (R) : At resonance in a series LCR of phase. I max is due to Z min = R which is due
circuit, the voltage across indcutor and to out of phase of VL and VC .
capacitor are out of phase.
153
NARAYANA MEDICAL ACADEMY