Lecture 1 Equivalent Infinitesimal, Continuous: High Wait Number Study

10/11/21, 6:08 AM Lecture 1 Equivalent infinitesimal, continuous
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Lecture 1 Equivalent infinitesimal, continuous
➢ Comparison of infinitesimal order

➢ Equivalent infinitesimal
➢ The continuity of the function at a certain point
➢ The continuity of the function in a certain interval
➢ Break point of function
➢ The properties of continuous functions on closed intervals
Lecture 7 No.1
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3. Comparison of Infinitesimal Convergence Rate
x 0
1
2 3xsin  0
2x x 3x x
 Infinitive
x 2x x3 x 0
   
2 0  Divergence
The different limits of the two infinitesimal quotients reflect the different "speeds" of tendencies.
Lecture 7 No. 2
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.The concept of infinitesimal comparison
    
lim lim 0( 0) o (1) o (1)

Comparison: difference? ratio?
lim(  
 )
0
The difference of an infinitesimal amount is still an infinitesimal amount.

, Use division to compare infinitesimal quantities, and compare magnitudes

lim

Lecture 7 No.3
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● Higher-order infinitesimal
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lim   lim   0 (   0)   o (1)   o (1)


lim   0   o () Than　higher-order infinitesimal
x2 
lim 0 x 2  oxx
()(  0)
x 0 x
Lecture 7 No. 4
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● Low-order infinitesimal
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lim   lim   0 (   0)   o (1)   o (1)


lim    Than the　low-order infinitesimal

 lim  0   o ()

( x  2) 2  
lim ( x  2) 3  ox((  2) 2)( x  2)
x  2 ( x  2) 3
Lecture 7 No.5
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● Infinitesimals of the same order, equivalent infinitesimals

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lim   lim   0 (   0)   o (1)   o (1)


lim   
C 0 And is an infinitesimal of the same order

lim   1   
~ And is equivalent to infinitesimal
x2  1  ( x  1)( x  1) 
lim lim 2 x 2  1 ~ 2( x  1)( x  1)
x 1 x  1 x 1 x 1
sin x  sin ~xxx

(  0)
lim

1
x 0 x
Lecture 7 No.6
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Infinitesimal comparison
x 0
1
2 3xsin
2x x 3x x sin x
3
x 2x x x x
    
2 0  Divergence 1
● And is an infinitesimal of the same order

● Infinitely smaller than the higher order,
● Than the low-order infinitesimal,
● Is an infinitesimal of the same order,
Andandis the equivalent infinitesimal,
Lecture No. 7
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.Important equivalence infinitesimal relations
sin 
~  →(
study
0)
x→ 0
sin ~xx arcsin ~xx sin2 ~x 2 x

2 2
tan ~xx arctan ~xx sin x ~ x
x x
1 2 sin( e - 1) ~ ( e - 1)
1 -cos ~ x x sinsin ~xsin x
2
x x
e - 1~ x a - 1 ~ ln xaa ( > 0)
α
ln(1 + x ) ~ x (1 + x ) 1-~ α x (α ≠ 0)
Lecture 7 No. 8
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example
Prove: ( ,example)
Proof: Let ,but

Hour,
x
e - 1 y 1 1
lim = lim = lim = lim 1
x→0 x y → 0 ln(1 + y ) y → 0 1 +
y→ 0
y
y ln(1 y) ln(1 + y )
1 Lecture
6 3, 11 P
1
= 1
= =1
ln e
lnlim(1 + y ) y
y→ 0
Lecture 7 No. 9
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.Equivalent infinitesimal substitution ★ ★ ★ ★ ★
theorem ① lim α = lim α ′ = lim β = lim β ′ = 0

~ ′
②αα β β~ ′
β′ β β′
③ lim ′ exist ⇒ lim = lim
α α α′
Prove: β ⎛ β β′ α′ ⎞
lim = lim │ ∙ ∙ │
α ⎝ β′ α′ α ⎠
′ ′ ′
= lim ββ ′ ∙lim α
β ′ ∙lim αα = 1∙ lim α
β ′ ∙1
Lecture 7 No.10
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high sin ~xx arcsin ~xx

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study Example　,example)
( tan ~xx arctan ~ xx
 0
tan2 x 1 2
lim
begging 1 -cos ~ x x
x → 0 sin5 x  0 2
x x
e - 1~ x a - 1 ~ ln
xaa ( > 0)
α
ln(1 + x ) ~ x (1 + x ) - 1 ~ α x (α ≠ 0)
x→ 0 tan ~xx sin ~xx
tan2 x 2x 2
∴ lim = lim =
x→ 0 sin5 x x→ 0 5x 5
Lecture 7 No.11
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study Example　,example)
( tan ~xx arctan ~ xx
+ x 
ln(1 2) 0 1 2
lim
x → 0 arcsin3 x  0 2
x x
e - 1~ x a - 1 ~ ln
xaa ( > 0)
α
ln(1 + x ) ~ x (1 + x ) - 1 ~ α x (α ≠ 0)
x→ 0 ln(1 + x ) ~ x arcsin ~xx
+ x
ln(1 2) 2x 2
∴ lim = lim =
x→ 0 arcsin3 x x→ 0 3x 3
Lecture 7 No.12
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example tan ~xx arctan ~ xx

1 -cos2 x 0 1 2
lim 1 -cos ~ x x
x→ 0 2
begging x sin2 x  0 x x
e - 1~ x a - 1 ~ ln
xaa ( > 0)
α
ln(1 + x ) ~ x (1 + x ) - 1 ~ α x (α ≠ 0)
1
x→ 0 1 -cos ~ x x2 sin ~xx
2
1 2
(2 x)
1 -cos2 x
∴ lim = lim 2 =1
x→ 0 x sin2 x x→ 0 xx∙2
Lecture 7 No.13
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Classroom practice tan ~xx arctan ~ xx
arctan3 x 1 2
lim
x→ 0 5x 2
x x
e - 1~ x a - 1 ~ ln
xaa ( > 0)
α
ln(1 + x ) ~ x (1 + x ) - 1 ~ α x (α ≠ 0)
e5x - 1
lim
x→0 sin2 x
Lecture 7 No.14
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arctan3 x  0 1 -cos ~ x
1
x
2
lim
begging
x→ 0 5x  0 2
x
e - 1~ x a x - 1 ~ ln
xaa ( > 0)
α
ln(1 + x ) ~ x (1 + x ) - 1 ~ α x (α ≠ 0)
e5x - 1
lim
x→0 sin2 x
x→ 0 arctan ~xx
arctan3 x 3x 3
∴ lim = lim =
x→ 0 5x x→ 0 5x 5
Lecture 7 No.15
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arctan3 x 1 2
lim
x→ 0 5x 2
ex - 1 ~ x a x - 1 ~ ln
xaa ( > 0)
α
ln(1 + x ) ~ x (1 + x ) - 1 ~ α x (α ≠ 0)
e5x - 1  0
lim 
x→0 sin2 x 0
x→ 0 ex ~ x sin ~xx
e5x - 1 5x 5
∴ lim = lim =
x→0 sin2 x x→ 0 2x 2
Lecture 7 No.16
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● Order infinitesimal (not required)

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lim   lim   0 (   0)   o (1)   o (1)


lim  k  
C (0, k  0) Is the　order of infinitesimal
2 x
2sin
1
cos x 2  1 1
5
Lecture, 8 lim 
example: 2
lim 2
1
cos ~ x x2
x 0 x x  0 x 2 2
Is infinitesimal
Lecture 7 No.17
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example( )( )
when When, compare the following functions with.

1
(1)xx 2
(2) xx 9 (3) xx2  3 (4)tan 2 x (5) xx 2
sin
x
xx 2
 lim(1   
lim

x) 1 xxx 2 ~
x 0 x x 0
xx 9
 lim(1  x 8 )   9
lim
 
0 xxox ()
x 0 x x 0
Lecture 7 No.18
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example( )

1
(1)xx 2
(2) xx 9
(3) xx2  3
(4)tan 2 x (5) xx 2
sin
x
x2  x3   2  2  3
x 0 x 0
lim x lim( xx )0 xxox ()
x2  x3  x 2 (1  x )   2 3 2
lim
 2
lim
 2
lim(1

x) 1 xxx ~
x 0 x x 0 x x 0
Lecture 7 No.19
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example( )

1
(1)xx 2
(2) xx 9
(3) xx2  3
(4)tan 2 x (5) xx 2
sin
x
tan ~xx
0
tan 2 x 0  tan x  lim tan x limtan x  100
lim lim tan x
x 0 x 0 x x 0 x x 0
x
 () (
tan 2 xox x  0)
lim tan 2 x  (lim tan x ) 2  1 tan 2 xx~ 2
x 0 x2 x 0 x
Lecture 7 No.20
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example( )

1
(1)xx 2
(2) xx 9
(3) xx2  3
(4)tan 2 x (5) xx 2
sin
x
1
xx 2
sin
lim x  lim(1  x sin) 1  
1 01
 
x 0 x x 0 x

1
lim

x0 sin 1
x 0 x
1
xx  0)
2
sin ~ ( xx
x
Lecture 7 No.21
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Rational limit
3x2  5 0
lim
x  7 x  4 x  1
3 2
2 x 3  3 x 2  5 3
lim
x  7x3  4x2  1 7
2 x 3  3 x 2  5 
lim
x  4x2  1
 
0 nm

n 
  
lim
Pnx()  lim ax0 axa
n 1 n 
a 0 nm Infinity comparison

Q mx() x   bx
m 
 bxb  b
x
0  m 1 m 
0

 
nm
Lecture 7 No.22
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example tan ~xx arctan ~ xx

tan2 x + cos x - 1 0 1 2
lim
begging
x→ 0 sin3 x  0 1 -cos ~ x 2 x
x x
e - 1~ x a - 1 ~ ln
xaa ( > 0)
α
ln(1 + x ) ~ x (1 + x ) - 1 ~ α x (α ≠ 0)
1
x→ 0 tan ~xx 1 -cos ~ x x2 sin ~xx
2
tan2 x + cos x - 1 tan2 x 1 -cos x

∴ lim = lim - lim
x→ 0 sin3 x x→0 sin3 x x→ 0 sin3 x
1 2
x
2x 2 2
= lim - lim =
x→ 0 3 x x→0 3 x 3 Lecture 7 No.23
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example
untie tan ~xx arctan ~ xx
tan2 x + cos x - 1 1 2
lim
x→ 0 sin3 x 2
x x
e - 1~ x a - 1 ~ ln
xaa ( > 0)
α
ln(1 + x ) ~ x (1 + x ) - 1 ~ α x (α ≠ 0)
1 2
x→ 0 tan ~xx 1 -cos ~ x 2x sin ~xx
1 2 1
2x - x 2- x
tan2 x + cos x - 1 2 2 =2
∴ lim
x→0 sin3 x
X= lim
x→ 0 3x
= lim
x→ 0 3 3
Lecture No. 24
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Why the solution is wrong
9 2
x - x
①: = lim 2
=- 1
2 9
x→ 0
x
( xx- ) --
( xx )
lim 2 2
xx-
x→ 0
x 9
~x
xx- ~x
xx-
②: = lim
x → 0
x
2
=0
X
Lecture 7 No.25
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Infinitesimal Replacement Collection
β β′
theorem lim = lim
α α′
Applicable situation
.Fractional
.
. ,
. exist
Lecture 7 No.26
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summary
The variable (function) that defines the limit is called infinitesimal .
• The algebraic sum of a finite number of infinitesimals is still infinitesimal.
• The product of a bounded function and an infinitesimal is an infinitesimal.
fxa  
lim () ()  
fxa lim   0
Lecture 7 No.27
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Summary infinitesimal comparison
Infinitesimal lim   lim   0 (   0)


lim 0    o ()
Than　higher-order infinitesimal 
lim   0    o (1)

lim
And is an infinitesimal of the same order 
C 0    O ()


lim 1  
~
And is equivalent to infinitesimal 

Than the　low-order infinitesimal lim       o ()
Lecture 7 No.28
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The important equivalent infinitesimal
.Infinitesimal
The relationship between infinitesimal and limit: .
The relationship between infinitesimal and infinite:.
.
x→ 0 sin ~xx arcsin ~xx

tan ~xx arctan ~xx
1 2
1 -cos ~ x x
2
ex - 1 ~ x a x - 1 ~ ln
xaa ( > 0)
α
ln(1 + x ) ~ x (1 + x ) 1-~ α x (α ≠ 0)
Lecture 7 No.29
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summary type
₩ rational function: factorization, zero elimination factor

The first important limit of ₩ : including trigonometric functions
₩ equivalent infinitesimal replacement: including trigonometric, exponential, and logarithmic functions
Lecture 7 No.30
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study Section 5 Function Continuity
1. The continuity of the function

Second, the operational nature of continuous functions
Three, the break point of the function
Fourth, the properties of continuous functions on closed intervals
Lecture 7 No.31
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Lecture summary
Function graph f(x 0 )
Can you draw with one stroke? Undefined Defined

No trend A B Cut off
x→x0 D a≠f(x 0 ) Cut off
C
f(x) → a E a=f(x 0 ) even
Cut off
CEB
CBD
A E D
Lecture 7 No.32
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Function is continuous at one point
Defined　set function exist Is defined in a certain neighborhood of
lim ()fx  fx()

 0
xx 0
Function exist Continuous at the point ( ) , Called The consecutive points .
lim( ()fx  fx()) 0 

 0
xx 0
lim (() fx  fx()) 0 

0
xx 0 0
Lecture 7 No. 33
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example( ,example) lim ()fx  fx()
 0
xx 0
Test proof: function exist Continuous.
lim

()fx  lim

sin
x 1 0 f (0)
x 0 x 0 x
1
sin  1 lim x  0
x x 0
Known by the definition, the

exist
function
Continuous.
Lecture 7 No.34
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Change amount (incremental)
definition
Change of independent variable (increment):
 
xxx 0
The amount of change (increment) of the corresponding function :

yfx ()  fx()  fx(  x ) fx()
0 0 0
Lecture 7 No. 35
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Function is continuous at one point
function exist Continuous at points
lim ()fx  fx() Function function value

 0
xx 0

lim (() fx  fx()) 0 
 0
xx 0 0

lim  

y 0 Function increment 0
x 0

 y When the independent variable changes slightly, the function value ch
Lecture 7 No.36
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Continuous: When the independent variable changes slightly, the function does not change much
 y
B
BD
Lecture 7 No. 37
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1. The function is continuous at one point
Set function Is defined in a certain neighborhood, exist Continuous at the point ,

If and only if:
lim ()fx  fx()
definition 
xx
0
0
definition lim 
y 0

x 0
Lecture 7 No.38
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lim ()fx  fx()
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example 
xx 0
0

lim  
y 0
x 0
Test proof: function exist Continuous.
lim ()fx  lim x 2  lim lim

x  x
2
2
f (2)

x 2 x 2  x 2 x 2
Known by the definition, theexist

function Continuous.
lim  y  lim ((2f  x )  ((2
f (2)) lim  x )2 2)
2
 
x 0  x 0
x 0
 lim (4  
x ( x ))2 0
 x 0
Known by the definition, theexist

function Continuous.
Lecture 7 No.39
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Conclusion 1
Polynomial in The upper point is continuous.
Pnx()  ax0 n 
 axa
n 1

n
lim ()Pnx  ax n  
 axn  1 0  
an Pnx()
 00 0
xx 0
Lecture 7 No. 40
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Two, left continuous and right continuous
Define function exist Left continuous at the point :

lim ()fx  fx()
Left limit function value  0
x  x0
function exist Point right consecutively :

lim ()fx  fx()
Right limit function value   0
x x0
Left and right are generally continuous in

➢ Interval endpoint
➢ Piecewise point of piecewise function
have a discussion
Lecture 7 No.41
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theorem
function Continuous at the point if and only ifContinuously at the left and right points:
lim ()
fxlim 
() fx  fx()
   0
xx 0 xx 0
Lecture 7 No. 42
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Continuity of piecewise function


 x2 1 x 0
fx() 
2
xbx  0
Lecture 7 No. 43
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Example discussion of the continuity of the,example)
piecewise function (
Known function function exist Continuous,
untie: Segment point

2
lim ()fx
x 0

 xlim
 0 ( x  1)

1
lim ()fx  lim(2 xb 
)  bf (0)
 
x 0 x 0
Because At the pointContinuous, so

1 fx () 
lim () lim  
f x  b f (0)
x 0 x 0
 
b 1
Lecture 7 No.44
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Third, the continuity of the function on the interval
definition
function exist Inner continuous
function exist On continuous
The function is continuous in an interval, and its graph is a continuous curve.
One stroke
Lecture 7 No.45
Page 46
high lim ()fx  fx()

Wait  0
xx
number
example( ,example) 0
study
lim 
y 0
 x 0
Prove: In the interval Within continuous.
Prove:
x0 
( , )
?
lim

sin x  sin x 0
xx 0
Lecture 7 No.46
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high lim ()fx  fx()

Wait  0
xx
number
example( ,example) 0
lim  
study

y 0
x 0
Prove: In the interval Within continuous.
Proof: for any

y sin( x 0  x ) sin x0
 xx x 0  xx 0  x x
 2cos( x 0
P 357
0
)sin 2cos( x 0  )sin
2 2 2 2
x x
 2  y  2 cos x  1 sin x  x
2 2
 lim  
y 0
 x 0
In the interval Within continuous.

Lecture 7 No. 47
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Second, the operational nature of continuous functions
Theorem function , If the points are continuous, their sum, difference, product, quotient (denom
Cannot be) continuous at the point.
, Continuous , Continuous
∴Limits exist ∴Limit function value
lim( () ()) ±
fxgx = lim ()
fxlim±() gx = fx() 0() ± gx 0
xx→ 0 xx→ 0 xx→ 0
continuous
Lecture 7 No.48
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.Continuity of the inverse function
Theorem if function Continuous on a certain interval, its inverse functionand also

Continuous in the corresponding interval.
Lecture 7 No.49
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.The continuity of composite functions
Theorem if function , Form a composite function,
lim  x u
() lim ()fu  fu()
 0  0
xx 0 uu 0

lim (())
f  x  f ( lim  ())
x  fu())
  0
xx 0 x x0
x0 It can be infinite! ! !
Lecture 7 No.50
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Compound rule
()
lim

()
uxvx
x
if lim ()
ux 
a (R , 0) lim ()
vx 
b( R)
x  x 
lim ()
ux vx() 

lim ()vx  b

 
but x  lim
x 
()
ux x
 a
Lecture 7 No.51
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example( )
The example has been proved: cosx is continuous in the interval (﹣∞, +∞).

 sin x  cos( x  )
2
∴ sinx is continuous in the interval (﹣∞, +∞).

 tan x  sin x cot x 
cos x
cos x sin x
∴ Trigonometric functions such as tanx are continuous in the defined interval.
∴ The inverse trigonometric function is continuous in its defined interval.

Lecture 7 No.52
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study
.Continuity of elementary functions
Theorem All elementary functions are continuous in their defined interval .
ye
x
y  ln x
y xx2 (  1) 3
[1,  )
x {0} 
Lecture 7 No.53
Page 54
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study
example( )( )
ex
lim lim x2  
2x 5
x 2 2 x  1 x  1
x 4
1 1
lim lim aax (  0) limln(1  x)x

x  53
x  4 x  x  0
e x continuous
  e2 e
2
untie: lim f (2)
x 2 2 x  1 2
2 1 5
continuous
lim

x 
2
2x 5  f (1)  12  
2 152
x 1
Lecture 7 No. 54
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example( )
x 4 lim(

x 
4) 0
lim x 4
x 4 x  53 lim( x  53)
   4 5 3 0
x 4
The fraction is Not

in defined, discontinuous
Rationalize
x 4  lim ( x  4) ( x  
5 3)
lim

x 4 x  53 x  4 ( x  53) ( x  5  3 )
( x  4) ( x  
5 3)
 lim
x 4
x 4
Zero suppression factor

continuous
lim(

x 
5 3) 4
5 36
x 4
Lecture 7 No.55
Page 56
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study
example( )
1
lim

aax (  0)
x
untie: Continuous in its domain
:
1
lim

0
x x
1 1
lim
lim

ax  a x  x 
a0 1
x
Lecture 7 No.56
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example( )( ,example)
1
limln(1  x) x
x 0
untie: Continuous in its domain

1
lim(1  x) x  e
: x 0
1 1
limln(1  x ) x  lnlim(1  x ) x  ln e  1
x 0 x 0
Lecture 7 No.57
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Stippling
fx()  
xe
x
 y
x f(x)=x+exp(-x)
-3.00 17.0855
-2.60 10.8637
-2.20 6.8250
18.0000
-1.80 4.2496
-1.40 2.6552 16.0000
-1.00 1.7183 f(x)=x+exp(-x)
-0.60 1.2221 14.0000
-0.20 1.0214
0.20 1.0187 12.0000
0.60 1.1488
10.0000
1.00 1.3679
1.40 1.6466 8.0000
1.80 1.9653
2.20 2.3108 6.0000
2.60 2.6743
3.00 3.0498 4.0000
3.40 3.4334
2.0000
3.80 3.8224
4.20 4.2150 0.0000
4.60 4.6101 -4.00 -3.00 -2.00 -1.00 0.00 1.00 2.00 3.00 4.00 5.00 6.00
5.00 5.0067
5.40 5.4045
Lecture 7 No.58
Page 59
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Stippling
1
hx() 
x 1
lim

0?
x h(x)=1/x
x 0 x
-5.25 -0.1905
-4.75 -0.2105
-4.25 -0.2353
-3.75 -0.2667
-3.25 -0.3077 5.0000
-2.75 -0.3636 h(x)=1/x 4.0000

-2.25 -0.4444
3.0000
-1.75 -0.5714
-1.25 -0.8000 2.0000
-0.75 -1.3333 1.0000

-0.25 -4.0000 0.0000
0.25 4.0000 -6.00 -4.00 -2.00 0.00 2.00 4.00 6.00
-1.0000
0.75 1.3333
1.25 0.8000 -2.0000
1.75 0.5714 -3.0000
2.25 0.4444
-4.0000
2.75 0.3636
3.25 0.3077 -5.0000
3.75 0.2667
4.25 0.2353
4.75 0.2105
5.25 0.1905 Lecture 7 No.59
Page 60
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Continuous application
() Provides a way to find the limit of elementary functions:
lim ()fx  fx() ( x0  D )

 0
xx 0
() The limit symbol can be interchanged with the function symbol;
lim

f  x )  f ( lim  ()x )
(()
x x0 xx 0
() The basis of stipple drawing method.

Lecture 7 No. 60
Page 61
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study
Consecutive conditions
function :
exist Is defined in a certain neighborhood,
when Hour, The limit exists,
The limit value is equal to the, function value

lim ()fx  fx()
 0
xx 0
Function Continuous at the point.
Discontinuity= discontinuous
Lecture 7 No. 61
Page 62
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Three, the break point of the function
function :
exist Point is not defined,
Situation
exist Point is defined, but when Hour, situation

The limit of does not exist,
exist Point is defined, when Hour, The limit exists, but the limit value is not equal to
Function value , situation
Function Discontinuous at the point.
Lecture 7 No. 62
Page 63
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①No definition ②No limit ③Limit function value

study
The increment can be arbitrarily small?
y  ()
yfx
o x
Lecture 7 No.63
Page 64
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Example discuss the continuity of the function f(x)
⎧x+ 2 x≥0
fx() =⎨
⎩x- 2 x<0
Analyze suspected discontinuities:

•Define the end points of the interval

• Piecewise point of piecewise function
? ?
x0 
lim ()fxlim () fx  fx()
  0
xx 0 xx 0
Lecture 7 No.64
Page 65
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study
Example discuss the continuity of the function f(x)
⎧x+ 2 x≥0
fx() =⎨
⎩x- 2 x<0
untie: The domain of definition is

Hour, Is elementary function, continuous.
Hour, Is elementary function, continuous.
lim () fx
Hour,   lim ( x  
2) 2 lim () fx  lim ( x  
twenty two
   
x 0 x  0 x  0  x 0

x 0 x  0
lim ()fxlim () fx
exist Discontinuous at any point, but continuous at other points.
Lecture 7 No.65
Page 66
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Fourth, the properties of continuous functions on closed intervals
➢ Maximum value theorem
➢ Zero theorem
Lecture 7 No.66
Page 67
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study
.Boundedness of the Maximum Theorem
yx
Theorem Continuous function on closed interval 
yfx ()
There must be a maximum and minimum:
fx( min
)  fx()  fx( max
)
Boundedness: The continuous function on the closed

O ainterval must be bounded. x min xmax b x
Lecture 7 No. 67
Page 68
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Conditions for the validity of the maximum value theorem: closed interval, continuous
y  () y
yfx
 ()
yfx
O x O x
Bounded must have maximum and minimum values?
Lecture 7 No.68
Page 69
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study
.Zero Theorem
Theorem if function In closed intervalOn continuous, andand Different number (different

Number), then At least a little bit,
. Zero point, root, solution

y 
yfx ()
ξ1 ξ2 ξ3
a
O b x
fafb
() ()0
f ()ξ1 = f ()ξ 2 = f ()ξ 30 = Lecture 7 No.69
Page 70
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number
study
example
equation In the interval There must be one inside.
untie: In closed intervalOn continuous, and
f (0) 10 f (1)  2 0
exist :
()  
f 3 42  10
Is the equation In the interval Roots within .
Lecture 7 No. 70
Page 71
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Zero theorem betweenness
Corollary ( Intermediate Value Theorem ) A function that is continuous in a closed interval must be able
Any value between values.
That is, the value range of the
. function is
y

yfx ()
M
O a b x
C
gx() = fx()C -
m
Lecture 7 No.71
Page 72
high
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study
example
exist Upper continuous, non-negative.

, Reason , , The curve enclosed by the shaft
；
The area of the side trapezoid. Must exist
S  f ()(
 ba )
 y  fx()
S
f () 
ba
S

Lecture 7 No. 72
Page 73
high
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study
exampleProve
Prove: exist The upper is continuous, so there are minimum and maximum values.
(  ) SM ba (  )
mba 
yfx ()
S
S
m   M
ba
S
make C   
ba
From the intermediate value of the continuous function on: the closed interval, it must exist
S
f ()  C S  f ()(
 ba )
ba
Lecture 7 No. 73
Page 74
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Summary continuous
. Two consecutive definitions
lim ()fx  fx() lim  

y 0
 0 
xx 0 x 0
The three conditions that must be met by the function to be continuous at one point:
There is a definition, there is a limit, the value of the limit function

The elementary function is continuous in its defined interval
.Discontinuity
. Suspected point of function discontinuity
Lecture 7 No.74

Lecture 1 Equivalent Infinitesimal, Continuous: High Wait Number Study

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Lecture 1 Equivalent Infinitesimal, Continuous: High Wait Number Study

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10/11/21, 6:08 AM Lecture 1 Equivalent infinitesimal, continuous

Lecture 1 Equivalent infinitesimal, continuous

➢ Comparison of infinitesimal order

lim lim 0( 0) o (1) o (1)

The difference of an infinitesimal amount is still an infinitesimal amount.

lim   lim   0 (   0)   o (1)   o (1)

lim   lim   0 (   0)   o (1)   o (1)

● Infinitesimals of the same order, equivalent infinitesimals

lim   lim   0 (   0)   o (1)   o (1)

sin x  sin ~xxx

● And is an infinitesimal of the same order

sin ~xx arcsin ~xx sin2 ~x 2 x

Proof: Let ,but

theorem ① lim α = lim α ′ = lim β = lim β ′ = 0

high sin ~xx arcsin ~xx

x→ 0 tan ~xx sin ~xx

high sin ~xx arcsin ~xx

x→ 0 ln(1 + x ) ~ x arcsin ~xx

high sin ~xx arcsin ~xx

high sin ~xx arcsin ~xx

high sin ~xx arcsin ~xx

high sin ~xx arcsin ~xx

● Order infinitesimal (not required)

lim   lim   0 (   0)   o (1)   o (1)

when When, compare the following functions with.

when When, compare the following functions with.

when When, compare the following functions with.

lim tan 2 x  (lim tan x ) 2  1 tan 2 xx~ 2

when When, compare the following functions with.

high sin ~xx arcsin ~xx

tan2 x + cos x - 1 tan2 x 1 -cos x

high sin ~xx arcsin ~xx

x→ 0 tan ~xx 1 -cos ~ x 2x sin ~xx

The variable (function) that defines the limit is called infinitesimal .

• The algebraic sum of a finite number of infinitesimals is still infinitesimal.

• The product of a bounded function and an infinitesimal is an infinitesimal.

Infinitesimal lim   lim   0 (   0)

x→ 0 sin ~xx arcsin ~xx

₩ rational function: factorization, zero elimination factor

₩ equivalent infinitesimal replacement: including trigonometric, exponential, and logarithmic functions

1. The continuity of the function

Function graph f(x 0 )

Can you draw with one stroke? Undefined Defined

Defined set function exist Is defined in a certain neighborhood of

lim ()fx  fx()

Function exist Continuous at the point ( ) , Called The consecutive points .

lim( ()fx  fx()) 0 

lim (() fx  fx()) 0 

Test proof: function exist Continuous.

Known by the definition, the

The amount of change (increment) of the corresponding function :

function exist Continuous at points

lim ()fx  fx() Function function value

Set function Is defined in a certain neighborhood, exist Continuous at the point ,

lim ()fx  lim x 2  lim lim

Known by the definition, theexist

Known by the definition, theexist

Polynomial in The upper point is continuous.

Define function exist Left continuous at the point :

function exist Point right consecutively :

Left and right are generally continuous in

Known function function exist Continuous,

untie: Segment point

Defined　set function exist Is defined in a certain neighborhood of