Introduction To Biology: Department of Medical Genetics, Peking University Schoo U Dan

9/16/21, 7:15 AM Introduction to Biology
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Introduction to Biology
Department of Medical Genetics, Peking University Schoo

U Dan
danw@bjmu.edu.cn
Page 2
Course progress adjustme
https://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_f 1/36
On October 21st, 5-8 festivals, 7-8 festivals, Yifu Building 402
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Reference materials
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Assessment method
•The composition of the assessment results: 15% of usual grades + 20
• Usual quizzes: scan the code in class, 3 points/time, 5 times in total
• Thesis requirements:
• Type: Literature review, about 3000 words
• Title: the specified life science field, self-made title
• Template: see example for details
• Submission method: online (submit the electronic version in the Chao
• Submission time: Before 12:00 on November 13
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About the exam

• Multiple choice questions: single choice, 40 points
• Fill in the blank questions: 20 points 100 points 65 points

• Short answer questions: 5 questions×8 points, 40 points
• Usually test: 5 times, 3 points/time, 15 points in total
• Thesis: 20 points . Write a summary essay according to the scope of the prop
• Exam time: November 18 (Wednesday) 13:00-15:00
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About usual quizzes

Format: Scan the QR code to answer the question

Require:
1. Duplicate submission is not allowed , the results are only recorded for
2. Fill in the complete student ID ( consistent with the student ID ), major
First name ( consistent with student ID )
3. The answer must be submitted within 15 minutes of the teacher’s anno
The submitter has no results.
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Thesis direction
• The basic unit of life-the latest research progress in the domestic and foreign research on
• Molecular basis of genetics-the progress of human chromosome detection technology
• The origin of life-the theory of biological evolution
• Microbial diversity, gene mutations-microbes and medicine; tumor pathogenesis and trea
progress
• Evolution-human evolution and the progress of labor tools
• Colony ecology-the application of ecological principles in medicine, such as tumor colon
Dao flora ecology, etc.
• Developmental genetics-the research progress of stem cells
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thread s
The vast and boundless universe, with countless stars, shining brightly
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biology
(BIOLOGY)
Postgraduates the science of the nature and the law of occurrence and
Therefore, it is also called LIFE SCIENCES. Broad life sciences
Also includes the intersection of biotechnology, biology and environment, b
field. It involves the life and death of all things and all aspects of human life
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Questions explored in life sciences
➢ What is life? Where did it come from?
➢How to continue?
➢ The earth breeds life, how does life give back to the earth?
➢ How do humans learn and remember?
➢ What is the process of oncogene action? Can cancerous cells be revers
➢ ……
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The development of biology (1)
Plant cultivation middle

Animal breeding medicine
Mulberry sericulture dimension
untie
Sa Cut
Sauce making inside
study
... Family
B.C. 10th century AD 16th century AD
physiologist Species naming

Under the microscope
Hippocrates Harvey Cell hook Linna
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thin
Cell
study
Say
1839 1859 1865
Mendelian
Evolutionary Darwin
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1944 In 1953 1965 1973 1975 1985 1997
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Life Sciences in the 21st Century
Main development trends of life sciences

• In- depth study of gene function, to improve the understanding and re
• Molecular biology is the dominant force.
• Combination of basic research and applied research.
• The research field of vision shifted from the earth to the universe. Ast
• Development of artificial intelligence combining biological sciences a
It provides the possibility of diagnosis, treatment, and new drug deve
• Interdisciplinary and penetration
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Basic characteristics of life

1. The unity of composition structure
Macromolecular basis: nucleic acid + protein
The "central law" of the flow of genetic information
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2. Strict and orderly structure

Functional structure system with cell as the basic unit
Cell→Tissue→Organ→System→Individual
↓
Ecosystem ← Community ← Population
Virus-non-small
Cell structure of life
body
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3. Metabolism
The basic movement form of living beings, the most basic characteris
Metabolism (METABOLISM) refers to the biological and surround
The continuous exchange of matter and the flow of energy in the environ
My update process.
1. Anabolism (ANABOLISM): Synthesize organic in vivo

Matter (living matter) and the process of storing energy, also called ass
use.
2. Catabolism (CATABOLISM): Decompose organic matter in the bod
And the process of releasing energy is also called alienation.
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4. Growth, development and reproduction
GROWTH: Growth in volume or quantity. Quantitative change

Development: involves the differentiation of cells, what happens in organisms
The change process of a series of structure and function . Including growth, aging, d
Education is a procedural change process that is precisely regulated . Qualitative
REPRODUCTION: The continuation of life phenomena from generation to ge
The ability of the individual. Asexual (genetic consistency), sexual (with genetic diff
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V. Heredity, Variation and Evolution
Heredity (HEREDITY): The genetic material is passed from the previous g
Traits such as characteristics or physiological characte
Variation (VARIATION): between the previous generation and the next gen
The difference phenomenon.
Both heredity and mutation are universal life phenomena, and both ex
EVOLUTION: It is caused by the long-term effects of heredity, mutation an
The creatures from low to high, from simple to compl
Change process.
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Six. Adapt to the environment

Irritability (IRRITABILITY): The organism can produce to external stim
The characteristics of the corresponding
Adaptation (ADAPTATION): Living organisms can respond and self-re

I adjust and adapt to the environment.
Homeostasis: The internal environment and ecosystem remain relativel

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• The unity of the composition structure, the cell is the basic uni
• Metabolism
• Growth, development and reproduction
• Heredity, mutation and evolution
• Adapt to the environment
Life is a form of material existence with the above comm
Highly ordered, self-regulating open system
Material flow
Energy flowInformation Evolutionary
Flow flow
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Biodiversity and the Five Realms Cla

Earth creatures: 5-10 million species
Extinct organisms: ~ 15 million species.
500,000 species of vertebrates

260,000 species of plants

Named ~ 2 million species
750,000 species of insects
other
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Five Realms Classification System

In 1969, the American scholar RHWHITTAKER proposed
• Prokaryotes : bacteria, rickettsiae, mycoplasma,
• Protist kingdom : eukaryotic single cell, amoeba, paramecium, eug
• Fungus : eukaryotic multicellular, algae, ascomycetes, basidiomyc
• Plant Kingdom : bryophytes, ferns, gymnosperms, angiosperms
• Animal kingdom : invertebrates, vertebrates
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Five Realms Classification System

Six Realms Classification
Virus
China Professor Chen Shixia
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Course overview
Inheritance of life Developmental legacy evolution

The chemistry of life substance Pass the basics Human Evolution
Chapter 1 Chapter 2 Chapter 3 Chapter 4 Chapter 5 Chapter 6 Chapter 7 Chapter 8
Basic unit of life Gene mutation Origin of Life Ecology
cell Many microorganisms

Kindness
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Chapter 1 From Molecules to Cells

Section 1 The Chemical Basis of Life
The second section of the basic unit of life activities-cells
The third energy saving is obtained and released
Section 4 Cell Cycle and Regulation
Section 5 Cell Signal Transduction and Integration
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Section 1 The Chemical Basis of Life

• The elements that make up life
• Sugar
• Lipids
• protein
• Enzyme
• Nucleic acid
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Section 1 The Chemical Basis of Lif

1. The elements that make up life
1.1 The most abundant element in life is different from the earth
Elements that make up life
Constant element
O C H N Ca P K S Na Cl Mg
Mass score/% 65 18.5 9.5 3.3 1.5 1.0 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.2 0.1
Trace elements Ni Cr Cu Co FI Fe Mn Mo Se Si Sn V Zn
(Less than 0.01%)
Nature: the sum of C, H, N <1%
Organisms: the sum of C, H, O and N> 96%
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1.2 Life has the function of enriching rare elements
• Calcium (Ca) and phosphorus (P) : important components of teeth and bon
The second messenger.
• Potassium (K) and sodium (Na): important components of muscle and bloo
Buffer for blood acid-base balance.
• Iron (Fe) : Heme, cytochrome and certain enzyme components, oxygen in t
Iron is inseparable from transportation and redox reactions in cells.
• Zinc (Zn): extremely high in liver, retina, testes, hair and bones.
It is related to the growth and development of adolescents and the inciden
• Copper (Cu): In the heart, liver, pancreas, brain, and kidney, it is the cerulo
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• Molybdenum (Mo): related to enzyme activity, incidence of esophageal canc

• Iodine (I) : Endemic goiter caused by iodine deficiency, and idiotism in youn
• Manganese (Mn): Related to enzyme activity.
• Cobalt (Co): Related to enzyme activity. Adolescent girls 0.015mg/day.
• Fluoride (F) : It is related to dental health. Lack of fluoride can cause dental
Poisoning.
• Tin (Sn): Affects the rate of bone calcification.
• Silicon (Si): Silicosis, Si infiltrating cells.
• Selenium (Se) : Keshan disease caused by selenium deficiency is related to l
related.
• Vanadium (V): Molluscs are rich in vanadium; fish have a lower content.
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1.3 Isotopes in life

A group of atoms with the same number of protons but different numbers of n
For example, carbon isotope has 12 C, 13 C and 14 C, and the half-life of 14 C is

By measuring and calculating the ratio of 14 C/ 12 C in fossils or remains , it can be c
The age of the death of the thing.
1.4 Biomolecules are based on carbon chains
Biomolecules are carbon-containing compounds, formed and broken by carbo

Covalent bonds to achieve energy storage and release.
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2. The basic original that constitutes life
2.1 Sugar
The general structural formula
2 O)n of sugar: Cn (H
The function of sugar

1. Energy-supplying substances, such as glucose
2. The structural components of biological macromolecules, su
3. Raw materials for biosynthesis
4. Identify substances, such as blood group substances
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Sugars are divided into monosaccharides, oligosaccharides, and p

• Monosaccharides: the basic structure of sugar molecules, which can
Small molecule sugar. The structure is polyhydroxy aldehydes (ke
Has an aldehyde group; ketose, contains a ketone group
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• Disaccharides: It is the simplest form of two monosaccharides through t

Mono-oligosaccharides, the bonds formed between them are c
Oligosaccharides are sugar chains formed by linking 2-20 mon
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The main disaccharides are maltose, sucrose, lactose and cellobiose

➢ Maltose : Two molecules of glucose are connected by glycosidic bo
➢ Sucrose : fructose and glucose are connected by glycosidic bonds.
➢ Lactose : galactose and glucose bonded, is mainly present in breast
In animal milk.
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• Polysaccharides: According to their biological functions, they can be
Amylose: small molecular weight, no branching. 1,4-Glycoside

starch Key connection
Store
can Amylopectin: Larger molecular weight and highly branched. 1
many Glycoside linkage
sugarGlycogen: larger molecular weight, more branches, storage and energy
Liver, skeletal muscle
Knot Cellulose: small molecular weight, no branching, existing in plant cell

Structure Xylem
many
sugarOther polysaccharides: such as chitin, pectin and agar, etc.
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2.2. Lipids
Lipids are a general term for a large group of substances, which are solubl
• Simple lipids (true fat, neutral fat): glycerol + fatty acids, such as fat (triglyceride
fat)
Saturated fatty acids: Too much animal fat can cause cardiovascular disease. Need
Endooxidase decomposes into unsaturated fatty acids.
Unsaturated fatty acids: essential to the human body, provided by food , such as lin
DHA, EPA
• Complex lipid
• Derivative lipids
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R1 R3
CO CO
O H O
HC C CH
H O H
CO
R2
Triglyceride molecular structure
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2.2. Lipids
Lipids are a general term for a large group of substances, which are solubl
• Simple lipids (true fat, neutral fat): glycerol + fatty acids, such as fat (triglyceride
fat)
Saturated fatty acids: Too much animal fat can cause cardiovascular disease. Need
Endooxidase decomposes into unsaturated fatty acids.
Unsaturated fatty acids: essential to the human body, provided by food , such as lin
DHA, EPA
• Complex lipid
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2.2. Lipids
Lipids are a general term for a large group of substances, which are soluble
• Simple lipid (true fat, neutral fat)
• Complex lipids : such as phospholipids, which mainly exist in the cell membrane syst
Acid), sphingomyelin
Phosphatidic acid: Lecithin (containing choline), cephalin (containing chol
Important phospholipids into biological membranes. Phosphatid
Acid) coagulation factor
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R1 R3
CO CO
O H O
HC C CH
H O H
CO
R2
Triglycerides Phosphatidic acid
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sweet
Oil
phosphorus
fat
Minute
son
Knot
Structure
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2.2. Lipids
Lipids are a general term for a large group of substances, which are soluble
• Simple lipid (true fat, neutral fat)
• Complex lipids: such as phospholipids, which mainly exist in the cell membrane sys
Acid), sphingomyelin
• Derivative lipids : sterols, terpenes, other lipids
✓ Sterols: steroids, bile acid, sex hormones, adrenal cortex hormones
Cholesterol: The main component of animal membranes, which participates in the fl
Raw materials of biochemical substances; too much cause gallstones, coron
✓Terpenes : Beta carotene
✓ Other lipids: lipoproteins , lipopolysaccharides, vitamins, etc.
Lipoprotein complex in the blood, three types of lipid + protein; low density lipopro
Contains more triglycerides, the culprit of arteriosclerosis; high-density lipoprotein (HDL
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2.2. Lipids
Lipid function:
• The composition of biological membranes: phospholipids, cholesterol

• Store energy
• Protective layer on biological surface
• Insulation: good insulator.
• Has biological activity: Vitamin AV
, V D, Steroid hormones, prostaglandins
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2.3 Protein
Protein is the most basic component of living organisms, it has defen

Various biological functions such as transport, support, exercise, regulatio
It is mainly composed of C, H, O, N and S elements.
• Amino acids are the basic structural units of proteins

• Protein is a polymer of amino acids
• The structure of the protein
• Denaturation and renaturation of protein
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Amino acid is the basic structural unit of protein

Common components of protein

There are 20 kinds of amino acids . Of which 8
Kind of essential amino acids. R
Different bases, composed of amino acids
Just different, decide different things
N (amino) terminalC (carboxyl) end
化性。 Nature.
The general structural formula of amino
Page 47
name Abbreviation name Abbreviation
Glycine Gly G Serine Ser S

Alanine Ala A Threonine Thr T
Valine Val V Asparagine Asn N
Isoleucine Ile I Glutamine Gln Q
Leucine Leu L Tyrosine Tyr Y
Phenylalanine Phe F Histidine His H
Proline Pro P Aspartic acid Asp D
Methionine Met M Glutamate Glu E
Tryptophan Trp W Lysine Lys K
Cysteine Cys C Arginine Arg R
English abbreviations of 20 standard amino acids
8 essential amino acids
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Protein is a polymer of amino acids
• Peptide bond polymerization

The carboxyl group of one amino acid molecule and the other a
The covalent bond formed by the condensation and dehydration of t
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Protein is a polymer of amino acids
• Peptide bond polymerization: the carboxyl group of an amino acid

A covalent bond formed by condensation and dehydration of ami
• Formation of oligopeptides: connected by a few to a dozen amino
The peptide chain. (Such as dipeptide, pentapeptide, octapeptide)
• Formation of peptides: longer peptide chains. Methionine (Met) is
Position; Proline (Pro) is in the hinge region;
• Synthetic protein: One or more polypeptide chains are connected b
constitute. Cysteine (Cys) forms disulfide bonds.
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• Primary structure of protein

The primary structure of a protein refers to the number of am
Order, type and arrangement order . The primary structure determ
High-level structure.
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• Secondary structure of protein
The secondary structure of a protein refers to the proximity of

A certain structure shape formed by two amino acids. Hydrogen bo
The chains form an α-helix , and the hydrogen bonds between the c
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• The tertiary structure of protein

The tertiary structure of protein refers to the entire peptide c
Fold around to form a compact, approximately spherical structure
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• Quaternary structure of protein

The quaternary structure of a protein refers to the position be
And structure. Therefore, the quaternary structure only exists betw
Composed of protein.
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Denaturation and renaturation of protein

Denaturation : refers to protein in heavy metal ions, acids, alkalis, organic s
As well as heating, ultraviolet radiation and other factors, leading to high-le
The process of destruction of structure (second, third, fourth grade) and los
Refolding : After removing the denaturing conditions, the mildly denatured

The physical activity is called renaturation.
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2.4 Enzyme
Enzymes are produced by living cells, are catalytically active and h
Specific proteins (a few are RNA, such as ribozymes), it can change
Metamorphic reaction rate, but not consumed by the reaction itself.

• Simple protein enzyme
Only protein ingredients. Protease, amylase, molecular biology
Commonly used tool enzymes.
• Binding protein enzymes
Need cofactors (metal ions, coenzymes, prosthetic groups) to be resp
Electrons, atoms or certain functional groups participate in catalysis. Bio
Most of the enzymes required in the chemistry require cofactors.
✓ Coenzyme: Small organic molecules that are loosely bound to proteins and
✓ Prosthetic group: It is covalently bound to protein and cannot be separated b
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Characteristics of biocatalyst enzymes
• Easy to inactivate: it is required to be under normal temperature,

react.
• High efficiency: Under optimal conditions, most enzymatic reacti
The reaction is 107-1013 times faster.
• Specificity: Reactions related to specific substrate conjugation an
answer.
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Enzyme activity regulation

• Active center: directly related to enzyme activity. Amino acids in binding and
Approach when forming high-level structures.
• Inhibitors and activators: reduce and increase enzyme activity, respectively
• Type of inhibition:
• Irreversible: the inhibitor is covalently bonded to the enzyme.
• Reversible: Competitive inhibitors are similar to substrates, compete with
The non-competitive inhibitor and the substrate simultaneously bin
Low enzyme activity.
• Enzyme covalent regulation: the conformation of the enzyme is changed by co
Change. Allosteric effect
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2.5 Nucleic acid
Composition and structure of nucleic acids
Deoxyribose Phosphate
DNA β-D-2-deoxyribose
Nucleotide
Deoxynucleosides
Base ( A, T, C, G )
Phosphate
RNA Ribonucleus β-D-ribose
Glycine Nucleosides
Base ( A, U, C, G )
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Primary structure of nucleic acid
The primary structure of a nucleic acid is the nucleotide sequence o
The nucleotide chain passes through 3'

5'
The ester bond is connected; no phosph
Acid diester bond, called 3'(or 5')
End.
When writing a nucleotide sequence,

Generally from 5'→3'
3'
Page 60
The secondary structure of nucleic acid-DNA double hel
Double-stranded flat Deoxynucleus

Line to Sugar and phosp
Circling right. Acid arrangemen
Interchain shape outer,
Into size Base in
ditch Inside.
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The function of nucleic acid (1)
➢ DNA: genetic material, the carrier of genetic information.
After self-replication, the genetic information is transmitted to the prog

Through germ cell meiosis, genetic information is passed on to offsprin
The genetic information is transcribed and translated to express the cor
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The function of nucleic acid (2)
➢ m RNA: genetic information transcribed from DNA and carried to the cy

The body, as a template for the synthesis of proteins, is called messenger RN
➢ tRNA: The amino acids carried to the ribosome are needed for protein sy
➢ rRNA: The place where it combines with protein to form ribosome and sy
➢Small RNA: composes a highly complex RNA regulatory network in cell

In cell proliferation, cell differentiation, embryonic development, tumo
And play an important role in the process of anti-virus.
Page 63
Denaturation and renaturation of nucleic acids
Denaturation: The double helix region of nucleic acid breaks into single
Renaturation: The denatured DNA can be separated from the two under
The process of recombination of the strands to form a double helix is
Applying the principles of denaturation and renaturation, invente

Technology, polymerase chain reaction PCR technology, DNA chip a
Page 64
Focus on
• Basic characteristics of life

• The main elements of life and the functions of important elements
• The functions of the chemical substances that make up life (carbohy

Enzymes, nucleic acids); important monosaccharides and disacchar
• The structure of the protein
• Composition of nucleic acid
• The structure of nucleic acid

Introduction To Biology: Department of Medical Genetics, Peking University Schoo U Dan

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Introduction To Biology: Department of Medical Genetics, Peking University Schoo U Dan

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9/16/21, 7:15 AM Introduction to Biology

Department of Medical Genetics, Peking University Schoo

Course progress adjustme

On October 21st, 5-8 festivals, 7-8 festivals, Yifu Building 402

About the exam

• Fill in the blank questions: 20 points 100 points 65 points

• Usually test: 5 times, 3 points/time, 15 points in total

• Exam time: November 18 (Wednesday) 13:00-15:00

About usual quizzes

Format: Scan the QR code to answer the question

Questions explored in life sciences

➢ What is life? Where did it come from?

➢ How do humans learn and remember?

➢ What is the process of oncogene action? Can cancerous cells be revers

The development of biology (1)

Plant cultivation middle

B.C. 10th century AD 16th century AD

physiologist Species naming

The development of biology (2)

1839 1859 1865

The development of biology (3)

1944 In 1953 1965 1973 1975 1985 1997

Life Sciences in the 21st Century

Main development trends of life sciences

Basic characteristics of life

Macromolecular basis: nucleic acid + protein

The "central law" of the flow of genetic information

2. Strict and orderly structure

Basic characteristics of life

1. Anabolism (ANABOLISM): Synthesize organic in vivo

Basic characteristics of life

GROWTH: Growth in volume or quantity. Quantitative change

Basic characteristics of life

Basic characteristics of life

Six. Adapt to the environment

Adaptation (ADAPTATION): Living organisms can respond and self-re

Homeostasis: The internal environment and ecosystem remain relativel

Basic characteristics of life

Biodiversity and the Five Realms Cla

500,000 species of vertebrates

260,000 species of plants

Five Realms Classification System

Five Realms Classification System

China Professor Chen Shixia

Inheritance of life Developmental legacy evolution

Chapter 1 Chapter 2 Chapter 3 Chapter 4 Chapter 5 Chapter 6 Chapter 7 Chapter 8

Basic unit of life Gene mutation Origin of Life Ecology

cell Many microorganisms

Chapter 1 From Molecules to Cells

Section 1 The Chemical Basis of Life

The second section of the basic unit of life activities-cells

The third energy saving is obtained and released

Section 4 Cell Cycle and Regulation

Section 5 Cell Signal Transduction and Integration

Section 1 The Chemical Basis of Life

Section 1 The Chemical Basis of Lif

Elements that make up life

Nature: the sum of C, H, N <1%

Organisms: the sum of C, H, O and N> 96%

1.2 Life has the function of enriching rare elements

• Molybdenum (Mo): related to enzyme activity, incidence of esophageal canc

1.3 Isotopes in life