lesson 3 数列

9/20/21, 5:50 AM Q&A requirements
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Content Limits of the Week
● Sequence
● The limit of the sequence
● The limit of the function
● The nature of the limit
➢ Advanced Mathematics for Medicine: Chapter 1, Sect
➢ Princeton Calculus Reader: Chapter 3 (Chinese versio
➢ Thomas Calculus: Chapter 1 (Chinese 10th Edition, p
➢ Princeton Calculus Reader: Chapter 3 (English versio

➢ Thomas Calculus: Chapter 2 (13th edition in English,
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§ The concept of limit
1. Limit examples
Second, the definition of the limit of the sequence
Three, the definition of function limit
Fourth, the nature of the limit
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1. Limit examples
Example calculation by parabola

, Axis and line The area enclosed by.
Curved triangle
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Example area
Will be the independentThe

variable
interval is equally divided, and the excess point is in
Area of a curved triangle
n
= The sum of the area of the rectangle
1 11 12 1 n- 1 2
S n = ∙ +0∙ + ∙ () 2 + 
+∙
2
() ( )
n nn nn n n
1
= 3 (0 21+2 +2 + +-2  ( n 1) 2)
n
2
1 ( n - 1) nn
(2 - 1) ⎛ ⎞i
= 3
n 6 │n │
⎝⎠ 1
2n 2 - 3n + 1 1 1 1
= =- +
6n
2
3 2 n 6n
2 n
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Example area
● , Equally divided
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Example area
● , Equally divided
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The area of a curved triangle,

Sum of rectangle area
● No matter how big it is to divide, , ；
: If you stay at the level of arithmetic operations, no matter how big you get
The exact value of the angular area ~
● Infinitely increase
n→∞
11 1 1
S n =- + 2
→ =S
32 n 6n 3
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Example for instantaneous speed
Know the equation of motion of an object , Ask for it The speed of the
untie: or
sts - 2
() (1) t3 - 2
vt() = = = 2( t 2 + +
t 1) (1)t ≠
t- 1 t- 1
Lectu
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Sufficiently close to, but not really reach
t → 1 ( 1t )≠
3 
2 t 2
vt()   2( t  
2
t 1)
t 1
(t  ) 1
Lectu
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Sufficiently close to, but not really reach t Avera

0.9910 5.94616
t → 1 ( 1t )≠ 0.9920 5.95212
0.9930 5.95809
0.9940 5.96407
2t  2
3
vt()  0.9950 5.97005

t 1 0.9960 5.97603
0.9970 5.98201
0.9980 5.98800
0.9990 5.99400
Lectu
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Sufficiently close to, but not really reach t Ave

0.9991 5.994
t → 1 ( 1t )≠ 0.9992 5.995
0.9993 5.995
2t  2
3 0.9994 5.996
vt() 
t 1 0.9995 5.997
0.9996 5.997
0.9997 5.998
0.9998 5.998
0.9999 5.999
Lectu
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Sufficiently close to, but not really reach t Average

1.0010 6.006002
t → 1 ( 1t )≠ 1.0009 6.005402
1.0008 6.004801
1.0007 6.004201
3 
 2 t 2 1.0006 6.003601
vt()
t 1 1.0005 6.003001
1.0004 6.002400
1.0003 6.001800
1.0002 6.001200
1.0001 6.000600
Lectu
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Example for instantaneous speed
Know the equation of motion of an object , Ask for it The speed of the
untie: or
t →1
sts - 2
() (1) t - 2
3
vt() = =  6  v(1)
t- 1 t- 1
( t1≠)
Lectu
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Changes in the concentration of the drug in the blood
Intravenous antipyrine Later, the concentration of antipyrine in plasma:
C () 
t 1.5 kt e

k 0
t
C ()
t 0
Lect
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limit
● During
Closeantoinfinite change
some real of the independent variable , the dependent variable
number.
n 
1 1  1 1
Sn    S n 
36 n2 2n 3 1 1  1  1 
2
2t  2 t 1 36 n 2n 3
3
vt()   6  v(1)
t 1 t1 2t 3  2  t 1

t 
6
  kt
 t 1 t1
C ()
t 1.5 e 0
t 
 kt
1.5 e 0 
Lectu
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limit
● During an infinite change of the independent variable , the dependent variable

Close to some real number.
xDuring an infinite change of
fx()  a  0

 x 0
 1

sgn() x  
0 x0


1 x 0
x 0
sgn() x  0? ~~~ The limit does not exist
x 0
sgn() x0 1   1 0
x 0 Lectu
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Function limit note: the change process of the independent variable must be specified
Limit　infinitely variable process argument trend will function.
x  
arctan x 
2
x 

x 
xInfinite reduction 

 xInfinitely increase xInfinitely increase
x  
arctan x  
2 Lectu
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Function limit note: the change process of the independent variable must be specified

1 x 2 1
x 2
x 2
Lectu
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Function limit note: left and right limit

 1 x 0


Left and right limit: sgn()x  0 x0



1 x 0
①Segment point of piecewise function
x  0( x  0)
x  0, x  0 

sgn x 1

x 0

x 0

x  0( x  0)
sgn x  1 x  0, x  0 Lectu
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Function limit note: left and right limit
Left and right limit:   x

x  x
2 2 tan x
①Segment point of piecewise function
②The function defines the end point of the interval
 
x  ( x  )
2 2
tan x 
Lectu
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Function limit note: the difference between the sequence limit and the function limit
ya n fn() 
yfx ()
x  x  x0

n 1,2,3, 
x  x  x0

n
x  x x 0
x  x  x0 x 
x0
x  x0

x  x0

x  Lectu
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Second, the limit of the sequence
1 1  1  1
n  Sn  
3 2 n 6n 2 3
The definition is set with a sequence of numbers and constants. If it is large eno
The constant is called a sequence
The limitof( numbers Converges to, de
) , Or sequence of numbers
lim x n = a xn → an( → ∞ )
n →∞
If a sequence has no limit, it is said to be divergent .
Lectu
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Find the limit method: image
x  
arctan x  
2

x 0 
1 x
sgn x  1 0
x

x 0
sgn x   1
Lectu
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Finding the limit method: Numerical value
3
2 t 2
vt()   t → 1 (1)t ≠
t 1
t 0.995 0.996 0.997 0.998 0.999 1 1.001 1.002 1.003 1.004
v(t) = 5.97005 5.976032 5.982018 5.988008 5.994002 6.006002 6.012008 6.018018 6.024032 6.03
t 0.9995 0.9996 0.9997 0.9998 0.9999 1 1.0001 1.0002 1.0003 1.0004

v(t)= 5.997 5.9976 5.9982 5.9988 5.9994 6.0006 6.0012 6.0018 6.0024 6.0
Lectu
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example
12345
4.1 x n  2 n 4.6 0,,,,,, 
23456
n  (1) n
4.2 yn  2 n 4.7 x n 
n
1

 n 2k 1
2 n
4.3 wn  
( 2) n
4.8 yn 
 1

  n  2k
n 1
( n  101)( n  102)
4.4 u n  
( 1) n
4.9 bn 
n2
4.5 zn  sin n
Lectu
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● Example 1,
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,3
When increasing infinitely:

➢ :
Infinitely increase
➢ :
Infinite reduction
➢ :
Infinite increase in absolute value
None of the sequence of numbers converges to any real number.
Lect
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● Example 4,
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u n (1) n

➢ :
Take two values repeatedly endlessly
Does not approach any real number
➢ :
exist Oscillate between
Does not approach any real number
zn  sin n
Lectu
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➢ : ,
1.2
Approaches
1.0
-
0.8
n 1   1
xn 

1
n 1 1

n n
lim

0.6
n n 0.4

0.2

0 10 20 30 40
Lectu
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n
➢ :
Jumping up and down in the, approaching.
n
n
( 1) 1
lim
n  n
Lect
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1
 n  2k  1
2 n
yn 
When increasing infinitely:  1

 n  2k
n 1
➢ :
Approaches
lim yn  0
n 
Lectu
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( n  101)( n  102)
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example bn 
2
n
90
80
70 n 
60
50
bn  0?
40
30
20
10
0
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200
1.2
1.0
0.8
0.6
n 
bn 
0.4
0.2
0.8?
0.0
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000
Lectu
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 ( n  101)( n  102)
bn 2
Limited graphics and numerical methods are misleading n
Lectu
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example
 ( n  10001 )( n  102)
cn misleading 2
Limited graphics and numerical methods are n
Lectu
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.A qualitative description of the limit of a sequence of numbers
The definition is set with a sequence of numbers and constants. If it is large eno
The constant is called a sequence
The limitof( numbers Converges to, de
) , Or sequence of numbers
lim x n = a x n → an( → ∞ )
n →∞
big enough Can be arbitrarily small
n 1 1  9
n 10  9 1 10
n n
Lectu
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Reanalysis example
2.0
n  (1)
n
n 5 
1 0.2
1.5 n
When n is large enough
1.0
0.5
0 10 20 30
Lect
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Reanalysis example
2.0
n  (1)
n
n 5 
1 0.2
1.5 n
1.0
0.5
n  (1) n

n 10 1 0.1
n
0 10 20 30
Lect
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Reanalysis example
1.04
n  (1)
n
n 100  
1
1.02
n
1.00
0.98
50 100 15
Lect
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Reanalysis example
1.004
n  (1) n

n 1000  1 0.001
1.002 n
1.000
0.998
500 1000 1500 2000
Lect
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Reanalysis example
n
( 1) n
 (1) n
 1
1
n n n
n 10 x n 1 0.1
n 100 
n is large enough x n 1 0.01 Tend to approac
n 1000  x n 1 0.001
1
n xn  
1 

n is large enough
Arbitrarily close Lectu
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example

1 n
2k 1

2 n
yn  
0 
 1

 n  2k
n 1
n 9 yn 0 0.1
n 99 yn 0 0.01
n 999  yn 0 0.001
1
n yn  
0 
 1
Lectu
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Definition of sequence limit (understand, not required)
Sequence, constant:
Any given positive number　,

There are natural numbers,
big enough Arbitrarily close
Arbitrary ,
Lectu
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.Quantitative description of the limit of the sequence (understand, not required)
definition Cauchy ( )definition
With a series And constant, if for any given positive number (no matter how s
Positive integer, making for everythingof ,inequality
Are all true, call this constant a sequence

The limit
of numbers
of Converge to,
lim x n = a x n → an( → ∞ )
n →∞
Lectu
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Example to prove the Think
sequence
the limit
n  (1)
n
lim 1
Prove n
n
Analysis: For any given positive number ε, the following inequality is to be est
n  (1) n
 
1
n
n  (1) n
 (1) n
1
 
1
n n n

1
n
 Lectu
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Proof: Any given positive number ε exists For any , Have the follo
Established
n  (1) n
 (1) n
 1 1  1 
1 1 
n n n N 


which is
n
n
( 1) 1
lim
n  n
Lectu
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study Example　( ,example)
2 n 3  1 2
Prove lim
n  5n 3  2 5
2n  3  10 n  15
 2(5 n 3  2)
3 3
2   11
Prove:
5n 3  2 5 5(5 n 3  2) 25 n 3  10
 11  1  1
3
( n  1)
25n n3 n
Any given positive number ε, exists For any , The following inequal
2n 3  3 
2  1 1  1  
1 
5n 3  2 5 n N 

 Lectu
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study Example　( ,example)
Prove 2 n 3  1 2
lim
n  5n 3  2 5
Hour,
The development trend of the polynomial is determined by the term with the h
2n 2  1 
lim ?
n  5n 3  2
2n 3  1 n 
 2
3
5n  2 5 ( n  101)( n  102) ?
lim
n 
n2
( n  10001 )( n  102) ?
lim 2
n  n Lectu
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Summary limit
● thinking limit is due to seek some practical problems the exact solution gener
● Using the limit method to calculate the area of the curved shape, the displacem
Credits.
● Using the limit method to solve the problems of movement speed, rate of cha
n 
1 1  1 1
Sn    S
36 n2 2n 3
2t 3  2 t 1
vt()   6  v(1)
t 1 t 1
t 
C () 
t 1.5 e
 kt
 0
Lectu
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Summary The limit is the root of the tall tree
The concept of limit is the basis of continuity, derivative, differential, and defini
Continuity: lim ()fx  fx() 0

 xx 0
y
 fx()  fx() 0  fx()
lim 
Conductivity: lim
xx 0
 0
x 0 x x x 0
Integrable: lim

 fx() i

x
i

b
fxx
()d
max{ xi } 0 a
i
Law of Robida
Derivative D
differential
Find the best value
in
limit
Lectu
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summary Ways to find the limit
.image
.Value
.Proof of Limit Definition
Lectu
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Classroom practice
1 3
arccos = arctan =
2 3
2
arccos = arctan1 =
2
3 3
+
arcsin0 arccos0 = arcsin + arccos =
2 2
x
= () arcsin
yfx = f (0), (1),
f (1)f -
1 + x2
10x = ekx 1
2 x = e kx 1
kk , 2
begging
1
Lectu

lesson 3 数列

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lesson 3 数列

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9/20/21, 5:50 AM Q&A requirements

Any questions in the courseware, videos, homework can be at any time

When asking questions: Tell me about my understanding, or point out

Every student can help answer, thank you

Each lesson: minutes break between lessons minute

All classmates can give me feedback anytime after class

➢ Princeton Calculus Reader: Chapter 3 (English versio

Second, the definition of the limit of the sequence

Three, the definition of function limit

Fourth, the nature of the limit

Example calculation by parabola

Will be the independentThe

The area of ​a curved triangle,

● No matter how big it is to divide, , ；

Sufficiently close to, but not really reach

Sufficiently close to, but not really reach t Avera

vt()  0.9950 5.97005

Sufficiently close to, but not really reach t Ave

Sufficiently close to, but not really reach t Average

Intravenous antipyrine Later, the concentration of antipyrine in plasma:

● During an infinite change of the independent variable , the dependent variable

Limit infinitely variable process argument trend will function.

Limit infinitely variable process argument trend will function.

Limit infinitely variable process argument trend will function.

Limit infinitely variable process argument trend will function.

Left and right limit:   x

②The function defines the end point of the interval

Limit infinitely variable process argument trend will function.

If a sequence has no limit, it is said to be divergent .

t 0.9995 0.9996 0.9997 0.9998 0.9999 1 1.0001 1.0002 1.0003 1.0004

When increasing infinitely:

None of the sequence of numbers converges to any real number.

When increasing infinitely:

When increasing infinitely:

When increasing infinitely:

Jumping up and down in the, approaching.

big enough Can be arbitrarily small

500 1000 1500 2000

n 99 yn 0 0.01

n 999  yn 0 0.001

Any given positive number ,

definition Cauchy ( )definition

Are all true, call this constant a sequence

Continuity: lim ()fx  fx() 0

.Proof of Limit Definition

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The area of a curved triangle,

Limit　infinitely variable process argument trend will function.

Limit　infinitely variable process argument trend will function.

Limit　infinitely variable process argument trend will function.

Limit　infinitely variable process argument trend will function.

Limit　infinitely variable process argument trend will function.

Any given positive number　,