Reinforced Concrete Design II

Dr. Nader Okasha

Lecture 12
Design of eccentrically loaded single
footings
Footing

Footings
g are structural elements used to support
pp columns and walls and transmit their
loads to the underlying soil without exceeding its safe bearing capacity below the
structure.
Loads

B B Column

L L Beam
P P
M

Footing

Soil

٢
Isolated Footings
Isolated or single footings are used to support single columns. This is one of the most
economical types of footings and is used when columns are spaced at relatively long
distances.
P kN

B C2
C1

٣
Isolated Footings
Deformation of isolated footings

٤
Isolated Footings
Deformation of isolated footings

٥
C
Concentrically
t i ll Loaded
L d dF
Footings
ti
If the resultant of the loads acting at the base of the footing coincides with the centroid
of the footing area, the footing is concentrically loaded and a uniform distribution of
soil pressure is assumed in design.

Centroidal axis

P/A

٦
E
Eccentrically
t i ll Loaded
L d d Footings
F ti

٧
٧
E
Eccentrically
t i ll Loaded
L d d Footings
F ti
The pressure distribution on the base of footing that supports combined concentric load
(P) and moment (M) is given by the flexural formula:

P
P My P Pe y
q max = ± = ± e
min A I A I
Centroidal axis
P Pe (L/2) P⎛ 6e ⎞
= ± = ⎜ 1 ±
A BL 3 /12 A⎝ L ⎠ y
L

P/A
where My/I
e: The eccentricity of the load relative to the
centroidal axis of footing base area.
I: The moment of inertia about the centroidal
axis.
y: The distance from the centroidal axis to the qmin
point where the pressure is being calculated. qmax
٨
E
Eccentrically
t i ll Loaded
L d d Footings
F ti

This is referred to as Kern distance

distance.

If loads are applied within the kern, then the soil pressure distribution will be
compressive over the entire area of the footing.

٩
E
Eccentrically
t i ll Loaded
L d d Footings
F ti

١٠
E
Eccentrically
t i ll Loaded
L d d Footings
F ti

In this case, compressive

ppressure develops
p over
the entire base of the
footing.

١١
E
Eccentrically
t i ll Loaded
L d d Footings
F ti

Large eccentricities cause tensile stresses (uplift) on part of the base area of the
footing. In this case, the soil pressure cannot be calculated by the flexural
formula. To compute the soil pressure for such a situation it is necessary to
realize that the centroid of the upward soil pressure must coincide with the
centroid of the vertical component of the downward load (for equilibrium).
Assume that the distance to this point from the right end of the footing is a.
Then the soil pressure will spread over the distance 3a. The maximum soil
pressure is found as follows:

١٢
E
Example
l 1
Design an isolated footing to support an interior column 0.5m×0.3m in cross section
and carry the following service loads and moments:
PD = 1000 kN and PL = 600 kN
MD = 120 kN.m
k and
d ML = 700 kN.m
k

Use fc’= 25 MPa , fy = 420 MPa,

P
qall (gross) = 220 kN/m2, γsoil =17 kN/m3, γconc =25 kN/m3
M

Df=11.00

0.5
0.3

١٣
Solution
The footing may be designed by one of two methods:

Method 1: The footing is placed concentric with the center of the column. In this case,
the soil pressure under the footing will be trapezoidal or triangular.

Method 2: Move the center of the footing a distance equal to the eccentricity e from
the center of the column. In this case, the soil pressure under the footing becomes
uniformly distributed and the footing can be design as a concentrically loaded footing.
Not good for moments induced by EQ or wind due to load reversals.

L L

Method 1 Method 2 ١٤
Solution

Method
et od 1

١٥
Solution
1- Select a trial footing depth
Assume that the footingg is 0.6 m thick

2- Evaluate the net allowable soil pressure:

qall (net)
( ) = qall (gross)
( ) - γs (Df - hc) - γc hc

q all( net ) = 220 − ( 1 − 0.6 ) × 17 − 0.6 × 25 = 198.2 kN/m 2

3- Establish the required base area of the footing

Ps (1000 + 600)
Ag = = = 8.1m
81 2
q all(net) 198.2
8.1
Tryy L=4m,, B= = 2.02 → Tryy B=2.5 m
4
2.5 × 4 3
(A = 2.5 × 4=10m and I =
2
= 13.33m 4 )
12
Try φ 16 for longitudinal reinforcement
d avg = 600-75-16 = 509 mm
١٦
Solution

Check pressure:
M (120 + 70)
e= = = 0.119 < 6L = 64 = 0 . 67 (within the kern)
P (1000 + 600)
Ps M s C 1600 190 × 4.02
q min = − = − = 132 kPa
kP > 0
A I 10 13.33
Ps M s y 1600 190 × 4.02
q max = + = + = 1 89 kPa < q all , net OK
A I 10 13 33
13.33

4- Evaluate the net factored soil pressure

L
Pu = 1.2 (1000 ) + 1.6(600) = 2160 kN
M u = 1.2 (120 ) + 1.6(70) = 256 kN .m 177.6 kPa
254.4 kPa
Pu M u C 2160 256 × 42
q u,m ax = + = + = 254.4 kN /m 2
A I 10 13.33
Pu M u C 2160 256 × 42
q u,m in = − = − = 177.6 kN /m 2
A I 10 13.33
١٧
Solution
L

P
M
B

254.4 kPa

177 6 kPa
177.6 kP
254.4 kPa

B L

177.6 kPa
254.4 kPa
254.4 kPa

١٨
 x d2

Solution 1 2 3 4
d/2 d/2 d/2
d1

177.6 kPa
p1 254.4 kPa
p2 p3
p4
Slope
Pressure at key locations: 4 0.5 0.509
x3 = + + = 2.505
2 505m
254.4 − 177.6 2 2 2
Slope = = 0.0192kPa / mm
4000 p3 = 177.6 + 0.0192(2505) = 225.7kPa
4 0.5 0.509 4 0.5
x1 = − − = 1.496
1 496m x4 = + + 0.509
0 509 = 2.759
2 759m
2 2 2 2 2
p1 = 177.6 + 0.0192(1496) = 206.3kPa p 4 = 177.6 + 0.0192(2759) = 230.6kPa
4 0.5 4 0.5
x2 = + = 2.250
2 250m d1 = − − 0.509
0 509 = 1.241
1 241m
2 2 2 2
p 2 = 177.6 + 0.0192(2250) = 220.8kPa 4 0.5
d2 = − = 1.750m ١٩
2 2
Solution
5- Check footing thickness for punching shear

bo = 2[ ( 509 + 500 ) + ( 509 + 300 ) ] = 3636 mm

⎛ 206.3 + 225.7 ⎞

C1+d
⎟ ( 0.5 + 0.509 )( 0.3 + 0.509 ) = 1983.7kN

2..5m
Vu,max
, = 2160 − ⎜
⎝ 2 ⎠
C2+d
Φ VC is the smallest of
4.0 m
Φ0.33 fc ' bo d = 0.75
0 75 × 0.33 25 × 3636 × 509 = 2290 kN
d/2 d/2
⎛ 2 ⎞
Φ0.17 fc ' ⎜1 + ⎟ bo d 177.6 kPa
⎝ βc ⎠ 225.7 kPa
254.4 kPa
⎛ 2 ⎞
=0.75 × 0.17 25 ⎜1 + ⎟ 3636 × 509 = 2596 kN 206.3 kPa
⎝ 0.5/0.3 ⎠
⎛ α d⎞ ⎛ 40 × 509 ⎞
Φ0.083 fc ' ⎜ 2 + s ⎟ bo d=0.75 × 0.083 25 ⎜ 2 + ⎟ 3636 × 509 = 4378kN
⎝ b o ⎠ ⎝ 509 ⎠
Φ VC = 2290 kN > Vu = 1983.7 kN OK

٢٠
Solution

6- Check footing thickness for beam shear 1

In short direction (Sec 1-1)
2 2
230.6 + 254.4 ⎞
Vu = ⎛⎜

d
⎟ ×1.241× 2.5 = 752 kN d

2..5m
⎝ 2 ⎠
ΦVc = Φ0.17 fc' bd = 0.75 × 0.17 25 × 2500 × 509
= 811 kN > Vu 4.0 m
1

d
In long direction (Sec 2-2)
230.6 kPa
177.6 + 254.4 ⎞ ⎡⎛ 2.5 − 0.3 ⎞ ⎤
Vu = ⎛⎜
177.6 kPa 254.4 kPa
⎟ × ⎢⎜ ⎟ − 0.509⎥ × 4.0
⎝ 2 ⎠ ⎣⎝ 2 ⎠ ⎦
= 511 kN
ΦVc = Φ0.17 fc' bd
= 0.75 × 0.17 25× 4000 × 509 = 1297 kN > Vu

٢١
Solution 1

7- Compute the area of flexural reinforcement in each direction

In long direction (Sec 11-1)
1)

5m
2.5
P1 =220.8 × 1.75 × 2.5=966kN
1
=0 5 × (254.4
P2 =0.5 (254 4 − 220 8) × 1.75
220.8) 1 75 × 22.5=73.5kN
5=73 5kN 40m
4.0

1.75 2
M u = 966 × + 966 × ( × 1.75)=931 kN.m
2 3
177.6
0.85 × 25 ⎡ ⎤ 254.4
2 × 931 × 106 220.8 kPa
ρ= ⎢1- 1- 2⎥
420 ⎣⎢ 0.9 ( 0.85 ) 25 × 2500 × 509 ⎦⎥
= 0.004 ⇒ A s = 0.004 × 509 × 2500 = 5035 mm 2
As,min
s min = 0.0018 × 600 × 2500 = 2700 mm 2

As,req = 5035mm 2 ⇒ 20Φ18 mm 220.8 kPa

254.4

٢٢
Solution

7- Compute the area of flexural reinforcement in each direction

In short direction (Sec 2-2)
2.5 0.3
d3 = − = 1.1m
2 2

2..5m
2
177.6 + 254.4 2
w ave = ( ) × 4 = 864kN / m d3
2
w ave d 32 864 × 1.1
1 12 4.0 m
Mu = = = 523 kN .m
2 2
0.85 × 25 ⎡ 2 × 523 × 106 ⎤
ρ= ⎢1-
1 11- 2⎥
420 ⎢⎣ 0.9 ( 0.85 ) 25 × 4000 × 509 ⎥⎦ 177.6
254.4
= 0.00135
⇒ A s = 0.00135 × 509 × 4000=2754mm 2
A s ,min = 0.0018 × 4000 × 600 = 4320mm 2 > A s
Use A s = 4320mm 2

٢٣
Solution

7- Compute the area of flexural reinforcement in each direction

In short direction (Sec 2-2)
2
Central band ratio = ,
1+ β

2..5m
2
2
Long side dimension of footing 4 d3
β= = = 1.6
g 2.5
Short side dimension of footing 4.0 m

2
Central band reinforcement = × 4320
1 + 1.6
= 3323mm 2
177.6
⇒ Use 17Φ16mm in central band 254.4

F each
For h off th
the side
id bands,
b d
4320 − 3323 ⎞
A s = ⎛⎜ ⎟ = 500 mm
2

⎝ 2 ⎠
Use 3Φ16 mm in each of the two side bands.
٢٤
Solution

8- Check for bearing strength of column and footing concrete

For the column

A1 = 500 × 300 = 150000mm 2
φ Pn ,c = φ ( 0.85f c′A1 ) = 0.65( 0.85 × 25 × 150000 ) = 2072 × 103 N = 2072kN

For the footing

No need to check (WHY?)

φ Pn = 2072kN < Pu = 2160 kN

∴ Use dowel reinforcement
Pu − φ Pn 2160 × 103 − 2072 × 103
A s ,req = = = 323mm 2
φf y 0.65( 420 )
A s ,min = 0.005A1 = 0.005 × 500 × 300 = 750mm 2

Use 4φ16, As,sup = 804 mm2 ٢٥

Solution

9- Check for anchorage of the reinforcement

1
Bottom longitudinal reinforcement in long direction (Φ18mm)
α=1.0 for bottom bars, β=1.0 for uncoated bars
α β =1.0
1 0 <1.7
1 OKO

2.5m
γ=0.8 for Φ18mm, λ=1.0 for normal weight concrete
C the smallest of 75
75+18/2=84mm
18/2 84mm
1
[2500-2(75)-2(18/2)]/(18)(2)=65mm 4.0 m

i.e., C is taken as 65mm

C + K tr 65 + 0
= = 3.67 > 2.5
db 18
C + K tr
⇒ i.e.,use = 2.5
db
420 ⎞ ⎛ (1.0)(1.0)(0.8)(1.0) ⎞
l d = ⎜⎛ ⎟⎜ ⎟18 = 435 mm
⎝ 1.1
1 1 25 ⎠ ⎝ 25
2.5 ⎠
Available length =1750-75=1675> 300 mm > 435 mm OK
٢٦
Solution

9- Check for anchorage of the reinforcement

Bottom longitudinal reinforcement in short direction (Φ16mm)
α=1.0 for bottom bars, β=1.0 for uncoated bars
α β =1.0
1 0 <1.7
1 OKO
γ=0.8 for Φ16mm, λ=1.0 for normal weight concrete

2.5
C the smallest of 75
75+16/2=83mm
16/2 83mm 2

5m
2
[4000-2(75)-2(16/2)]/(16)(2)=120mm
i.e., C is taken as 83mm 4.0 m

C + K tr 83 + 0 C + K tr
= = 5.2 > 2.5 ⇒ i.e.,use = 2.5
db 16 db
420 ⎞⎛ (1.0)(1.0)(0.8)(1.0)
(1 0)(1 0)(0 8)(1 0) ⎞
l d = ⎜⎛ ⎟⎜ ⎟16 = 388 mm
⎝ 1.1 25 ⎠⎝ 2.5 ⎠
Available length
g =1100-75=1025> 300 mm > 388 OK

٢٧
Solution

9- Check for anchorage of the reinforcement

Dowel reinforcement (Φ16mm):

⎧ 0.24f y d b 0.24 × 420 × 16 ⎫

⎪ = = 323
323mm ⎪
l dc = max ⎨ fc' 25 ⎬ = 323mm > 200mm
⎪0.043 f d = 0.043 × 420 × 16=289mm ⎪
⎩ y b ⎭
Available length = 600-75-14-14 = 497 mm > 323 mm Î OK

Column reinforcement splices:

Considering that the column is reinforced with φ16 bars

ls = 0.071f
0 071f y d b = 0.071
0 071 × 420 × 16 = 478 mm > 300 mm
taken as 48 cm > ls (compn.)

٢٨
Solution

9- Prepare neat design drawings showing footing dimensions and provided

reinforcement

0.60 m

0.75m 2.50 m 0.75m

2.50 m
3Φ14

17Φ16

3Φ14
1
19Φ18

4.00 m

٢٩
Solution

Method
et od 2

٣٠
Solution
1- Select a trial footing depth
Assume that the footingg is 0.6 m thick

2- Evaluate the net allowable soil pressure:

qall (net)
( ) = qall (gross)
( ) - γs (Df - hc) - γc hc

q all ( net ) = 220 − ( 1 − 0.6 ) × 17 − 0.6 × 25 = 198.2 kN/m 2

3- Establish the required base area of the footing

Ps (1000 + 600)
Ag = = = 8.1m
81 2
q all(net) 198.2
8.1
Tryy L=4m,, B= = 2.02 → Tryy B=2.5 m
4
2.5 × 4 3
(A = 2.5 × 4=10m and I =
2
= 13.33m 4 )
12
Try φ 16 for longitudinal reinforcement
d avg = 600-75-16 = 509 mm
٣١
Solution
119mm
M (1 2 0 + 7 0 )
e= = = 0 .1
119m
P (1 0 0 0 + 6 0 0 )
L/2

M = Pe
In order to have uniform soil
pressure under the footing, the
0.3
footing is to be positioned in
0.5
suchh a way to
t balance
b l the
th given
i
moment through shifting the L
centroid of the footing 119 mm
away from the centroid of the
column as shown in the figure.

Continue the design as a concentrically loaded footing supporting

only the axial loads transmitted by the column.
٣٢
E
Example
l 2

٣٣
Solution

٣٤
Solution
Should use 1.2DL + 1.6LL

Pu = 1.2P
1 2PD + 1.6P
1 6PL = 69 tons

٣٥
Solution

Should use Φ as 0.75

٣٦
Solution

Should use Φ as 0.75

٣٧
Solution

Sh ld use Φ as 0.75
Should 0 75

٣٨
 Solution

0.85f c′ ⎡ ⎛ 2 ×105 M u ⎞ ⎤
ρ= ⎢1 − 1 − ⎜ 2 ⎟
⎥
fy ⎢ ′
⎝ 0.85 φ f c bw d ⎠ ⎦⎥
⎣
0.85 × 250 ⎡ ⎛ 2 × 105 × 0.87 ⎞⎤
= ⎢1 − 1 − ⎜ 2 ⎟
⎥ = 0.00003
4200 ⎢ ⎝ 0
0.85
85 × 0
0.99 × 250 × 400 × (40
(40.9)
9) ⎠ ⎥⎦
⎣

٣٩
Solution

٤٠
Solution

٤١
Solution

٤٢
Solution

٤٣