Footings and Foundations

Prepared by - Dr.
Kyaw Zeyar Win
TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY (THANLYIN)

Department of Civil Engineering
Chapter 16
Footings and Foundations
Conducted by –
Dr. Kyaw Zeyar Win
Professor and Head
Department of Civil Engineering
1
Types and Functions

➢ The substructure, or foundation, is the part of a structure that is
usually placed below the surface of the ground and that transmits
the load to the underlying soil or rock.
➢ All soils compress noticeably when loaded and cause the supported
structure to settle.
➢ To limit the settlements, it is necessary
1) to transmit the load of the structure to a soil stratum of sufficient
strength and
2) to spread the load over a sufficiently large area of that stratum to
minimize bearing pressure.
➢ If adequate soil is not found immediately below the structure, it becomes
necessary to use deep foundations such as piles or caissons to transmit the
load to deeper, firmer layers.
➢ If satisfactory soil directly underlies the structure, it is merely necessary to
spread the load, by footings or other means. 2
1
Prepared by - Dr. Kyaw Zeyar Win
Types Spread Footings

1. Wall Footing
2. Column Footing (single column footing or isolated footing)
It depends on column shape (square or rectangular)
3. Combined Footing (two or more column with single footing)
4. Strap Footing
Figure 16.1.
Types of spread footing
3
(2) Column footing
(1) Wall footing
(4) Strap footing

(3) Combined footing 4
2
Loads, Bearing Pressures, and Footing Sizes

➢ Footing sizes are determined for unfactored service loads and
allowable soil pressures.
➢ For concentrically loaded footings, the required area is
determined from
D+L
Areq =
qa
➢ When the effect of wind W or earthquake E are included,
D+L+ωW D+L+S+ Eൗ1.4

Areq = or Areq =
1.33qa 1.33qa
where, ω = 1.3 if the wind load is calculated based on ASCE/SEI 7 and 1.0
otherwise.
5
➢ For eccentrically loaded footings,

P Mc
qmax = ± ±
min A I
➢ For rectangular footings of
size l×b, the maximum
pressure can be found
2P
qmax =
3bm
Figure 16.1. Assumed bearing pressures under eccentrically loaded

6
footing
3
Wall Footings ➢ For footings supporting masonry

walls, the maximum moment is
computed midway between the middle
and the face of the wall.
➢ For footings under concrete walls,
1
Mu = qu b − a 2 ⇒ along section 1−1
8
➢ For determining shear stress, the vertical

shear force is computed on section 2-2,
located, as in beams, at a distance d from the
Figure 16.4. Wall footing
face of the wall.
b−a
Vu = qu −d
2
7
Example 16.1. Design of wall footing

A 16 in. concrete wall supports a dead load D = 14 kips/ft
and a live load L = 10 kips/ft. The allowable bearing pressure is qa =
4.5 kips/ft 2 at the level of the bottom of the footing, which is 4 ft
below grade. Design a footing for this wall using 4000 psi concrete
and Grade 60 steel.
Solution for Example 16.1
qa = 4.5 kΤft2 , f′c = 4 ksi , fy = 60 ksi
Assume 12 in thick footing.
Wt. of footing = 150×1 = 150 psf
Wt. of fill soil = 100×3 = 300 psf
Total = 450 psf
Effective bearing capacity, qe = 4500 – 450 = 4050 psf
8
4
14000+10000
Required footing area = = 5.93 ft2
4050
5.93
Width of the footing = = 5.93 ft ≈ 6 ft
1
Select 6 ft wide footing.
Determination of thickness of footing
Factored Load 1.2×14+1.6×10
Ultimate bearing capacity, qu = = = 5.47 ksf
Area 6×1
Shear force at critical section,
b−a 6− 16ൗ12 d
Vu = qu − d = 5.47× − = 12.76 − 0.46d
2 2 12
Design shear strength,
1
ϕVc = ϕ×2λ f′c bd = 0.75×2×1× 4000×12×d × = 1.138d
1000 9
Vu = ϕVc
12.76 − 0.46d = 1.138d
d = 7.98 in
Assume clear cover = 3 in
h = 7.98 + 3 + 0.5 = 11.48 in ≈ 12 in
Use h = 12 in, d = 12 – 3.5 = 8.5 in
Determination of Steel Area
2
1 1 16
B.M at critical section, Mu = qu b − a 2 = ×5.47× 6− ×12
8 8 12
= 178.69 k−in/ ft
Mu 178.69
= = 229 psi
ϕbd2 0.9×12× 8.52
From Graph A1-b, ρ = 0.0038 10
5
As = ρbd = 0.0038×8.5×12 = 0.39 in2/ft

Use No.5 bars @ 9.0 in C/C spacing. (As = 0.41 in2/ ft > 0.39 in2 / ft )
Temperature and Shrinkage/e Steel, As (min) = 0.0018 x 12 x 12 = 0.26 in2 /ft.
Use No.5 bars @ 12 in C/C spacing. (As = 0.31 in2 / ft > 0.26 in2 / ft.)
Check
As (max) = ρmaxbd = 0.0206 × 12 × 8.5 = 2.10 in2/ft
As (min)< As< As (max)
ld fy ψ t ψ e 60000 ×1 ×1
= = =37.95
db 25 f′c 25 4000
ld = 37.95×0.625 = 23.72 in ≈ 24 in
11
6×12 −16
Available Length = −3 = 25 in > Ld
2
16"
No.5 @ 12" C/C spacing
No.5 @ 9" C/C spacing
12"
6'-0"
12
6
Column Footings
Figure 16.5. Types of single-column footings

(a) Single slab (b) Stepped footing (c) Sloped footing
➢ In the simplest form, column footings consist of a single slab.

➢ Another type is that shown in Fig. (b), where a pedestal or cap is
interposed between the column and the footing slab; the pedestal provides
for a more favorable transfer of load and in many cases is required to
provide the necessary development length for dowels.
13
➢ This form is also known as a stepped footing. All parts of a

stepped footing must be cast at one time to provide monolithic
action.
➢ Sometimes sloped footings like those shown in Fig. (c) are
used. They require less concrete than stepped footings, but the
additional labor necessary to produce the sloping surfaces
(formwork, etc.) usually makes stepped footings more
economical.
➢ In general, single-slab footings Fig. (a) are most economical
for thicknesses up to 3 ft.
14
7
(a) Shear
Two different types of shear strength are distinguished in
footings:
i. two-way, or punching shear and
ii. one-way, or beam, shear.
Figure 16.7. Critical sections for shear

15
Figure 16.6. Punching-shear failure in single footing
(i) Two-way, or Punching Shear

➢ For elongated cross-section
Vc = 4λ f′c bo d
4
Vc = 2+ λ f′c bo d
β
➢ For case in which the ratio of critical perimeter to slab depth b0/d is very
large,
αs d
Vc = +2 λ f′c bo d
b0
where, bo = the perimeter of “abcd”

β = a/b = the ratio of the long to short sides of the column cross-
section
αs = 40 for interior loading
= 30 for edge loading
16
= 20 for corner loading
8
(ii) One-way, or Beam Shear

Vu d
Vc = 1.9λ f′c +2500 bd ≤ 3.5λ f′c bd
Mu
d
where, b = width of footing at a distance “d”
= ef in Figure 16.7
Vu = total factored shear force on that section
= qu times footing area outside that section
area of “efgh” in Figure 16.7
Mu = moment of Vu about “ef”
In footing design, the simple and somewhat more conservative is generally
used, i.e.,
Vc = 2λ f′c bd ➢ For design basic, Vu ≤ ϕVc

17
(b) Bearing: Transfer of Forces at Base of Column

Based on tests, ACI Code provides that when the supporting
area is wider than the loaded area on all sides, the design bearing
strength is
A
Pn = (0.85f′c A1 ) 2 ≤ (0.85f′c A1 )×2
A1
where, ϕ = 0.65 (for bearing)

f′c = the specified compressive strength of the footing concrete, which
frequently is less than that of the column
A1 = the loaded area (column area)
A2 = area of the lower base of the largest frustum of a pyramid, cone
or tapered wedge contained wholly within the support and
having for its upper base the loaded area and having side slope
of 1 vertical to 2 horizontal ( ≈ footing area) 18
9
Dowel Bars
Column Bar
Dowel Bar splice
Figure 16.8. Definition of A1 and A2
➢ Minimum area of reinforcement that crosses the bearing surfaces (dowel

or column bars) = 0.005Ag (where Ag = bh of column)
19
0.02fy db
Development length of dowel bars, ldc = ≥ 0.0003fy db
f′c
Splice length, lp ≥ ldc
lp ≥ 0.0005fy db
➢ When different size are lap-spliced in compression, the splice length is to
be the larger of the development length of the larger bar and the splice
length of the smaller bars.
Bending Moment, Reinforcement and Bond
➢ In square footings, the reinforcement is uniformly distributed over the
width of the footing in each of the two layers; that is, the spacing of the
bars is constant.
➢ The moments for which the two layers are designed are the same.
However, the effective depth d for the upper layer is less by 1 bar diameter
than that of the lower layer. 20
10
➢ Consequently, the required As is larger for the upper layer. Instead

of using different spacings or different bar diameters in each of
the two layers, it is customary to determine As based on average
depth and to use the same arrangement of reinforcement for both
layers.
✓ In rectangular footings, the reinforcement in the long direction is again
uniformly distributed over the pertinent (shorter) width.
✓ For reinforcement in the short direction, a portion of the total
reinforcement γsAs shall be distributed uniformly over a band width equal
to the length of short side of footing, centered on centerline of column or
pedestal.
✓ The remainder of the reinforcement required in the short direction (1−γs)As
shall be distributed uniformly outside the center band width of the footing
21
reinforcement in band width 2

γs = =
total reinforcement in short direction β+1
➢ Maximum spacing of bars in the span direction = 3h (or) 18 in

➢ Maximum spacing of temperature and shrinkage steel = 5h (or) 18 in
22
11
3 f′c 200bw d
Minimum flexural steel, As min = b d≥
fy w fy
Example 16.2. Design of a square footing

A column 18 in. square, with fc′ = 4 ksi, reinforced with eight No.8
(No.25) bars of fy = 60 ksi, supports a dead load of 225 kips and a live load
of 175 kips. The soil (fill) has a unit weight of 100 pcf. The allowable soil
pressure qa is 5 kips/ft2 . Design a square footing with base 5 ft below grade,
using fc′ = 4 ksi and fy = 60 ksi.
23

150+100
Assume unit wt. of concrete and fill soil = =125 pcf
2
Determination of required footing area
Effective bearing pressure, qe = 5000 - 125×5 = 4375 psf
225+175
A reqd = = 91.43 ft2
4.375
B = 9.5 ft
Select 9.5ft×9.5ft footing.
Determination of required footing thickness
1.2D+1.6L 1.2×225+1.6×175
qu = = = 6.1 ksf
A 9.5×9.5
24
12
Punching shear, Vu1 = bearing capacity (footing area – punching area)
18+d 2 18+d 2
= qu B2 − = 6.1 9.5 2 −
144 144
Nominal shear strength, ϕVc = ϕ4λ f′c b0 d
1
ϕVc = 0.75×4×1× 4000×4× 18+d d× = 0.76× 18+d d
1000
ϕVc = Vu 1 18  18.5
9 .5 −  − = 2 .46 '
2  12  12
18+d 2 g
0.76× 18+d d = 6.1 9.5 2 −
f
144 d
one-way shear area a b
d = 18.07 in d/2
18+d
9.5'
h = 18.07 + 4.5 = 22.57 in ≈ 23 in d/2
18"x18" abcd is punching shear area
d c
Use h = 23 in, d = 23 – 4.5 = 18.5 in 18+d
e h 25
9.5'
Check one-way shear

Vu2 = qu× one way shear area
= 6.1×9.5×2.46 = 141.98 k
Nominal one−way shear strength, ϕVc = ϕ2λ f′c bd

1
= 0.75×2×1× 4000×9.5×12×18.5× 1000
= 200.08 k >Vu (OK)
Use h = 23 in, d = 18.5 in
Determination of Required As
Check at the face ot the column along gh.
1 1
Mu = ×qu B−c 2 ×B = ×6.1× 9.5−1.5 2 ×9.5×12 = 5563.2 k−in
8 8
Mu 5563.2×10 3
R= = = 158.43 psi < 200 psi
ϕbd2 0.9×9.5×12×18.5 2
Graph A-1 is not useable. 26
13
2Mu 2×5563.2
a = d− d2 − = 18.5 − 18.52 − = 0.883 in
′
0.765fc b 0.765×4×9.5×12
Mu 5563.2
As = a = = 5.705in2
ϕfy d − ൗ2 0.9×60× 18.5 – 0.883ൗ
2
As min = ρmin bd = 0.0033bd = 0.003×9.5×12×18.5 = 6.96 in2
∴As min > As req
∴ Use As = 6.96 in2
Choose 12-No.7 bars in both directions. (As(prov) = 7.2 in 2 > As(reqd))
Check ld
l
From Table A−10, d = 47 ⇒ ld = 47×0.875 = 41.25 in
db
9.5×12−18
Available length = − 3 = 45 in > ld (OK)
2
27
Check bearing strength
A2
Bearing strength = ϕ0.85f′c ≤ ϕ0.85f′c ×2
A1
9.5×9.5 144
= 0.65×0.85×4× or 0.65×0.85×4×2 = 14 ksi or 4.42 ksi
18×18
Take bearing strength = 4.42 ksi

1.2D+1.6L 1.2×225+1.6×175
Actual bearing stress = = = 1.7 ksi < 4.42 ksi (OK)
Loaded area 18×18
Design of dowel bar

Minimum dowel area = 0.005Ag = 0.005×18×18 = 1.62 in2
Choose 8-No.6 bars. As = 3.52 in2 > As(min) = 1.62 in2 (OK)
28
14
Check ld for dowel bars
From Table A-11, Required ldc = 14 in

Available length = 23 – 3 – (2×0.875) = 18.25 in > 14 in (OK)
Splice Length
For No.8 bars, ldc = 19 in (From Table A-11)

For No.6 bars, lp = 0.0005fydb = 0.0005×60000×0.75 = 22.5 in
Use splice length = 22.5 in, Take 23 in
Total length of dowel bars = 23 + 18.25 = 41.25 in ≈ 3.5 ft
29
18"×18" Column 8-No.6 dowel bars
12-No.7 bars (Mesh)

23" Splice
23"
9'-6"
12-No.7 bars (Mesh)
9'-6"
9'-6" 30
15
Combined Footings
➢ Spread footings that support more than one column or wall are
known as combined footings.
➢ They can be divided into two categories: those that support two
columns and those that support more than two (generally large
numbers of) columns.
➢ When the bearing capacity of the subsoil is low so that large
bearing areas become necessary, individual footings are
replaced by continuous strip footings that support more than
two columns and usually all columns in a row.
➢ Sometimes such strips are arranged in both directions, in which
case a grid foundation is obtained, as shown in Fig. 16.13.
➢ Strip footings can be made to develop a much larger bearing
area much more economically than can be done by single
footings 31
Figure 16.13. Grid foundation

32
16
➢ In many cases, the strips are made to merge, resulting in a mat

foundation, as shown in Fig. 16.14.
➢ That is, the foundation consists of a solid reinforced concrete
slab under the entire building.
➢ In structural action, such a mat is very similar to a flat slab or a
flat plate, upside down, that is, loaded upward by the bearing
pressure and downward by the concentrated column reactions.
➢ The mat foundation evidently develops the maximum available
bearing area under the building.
➢ Mat foundations may be designed with the column pedestals, as
shown in Figs. 16.14, or without them, depending on whether
they are necessary for shear strength and the development
length of dowels.
33
Figure 16.14. Mat foundation

34
17
Two-column Footings
➢ It is desirable to design combined footings so that the centroid of
the footing area coincides with the resultant of the two column
loads.
➢ This produces uniform bearing pressure over the entire area and
forestalls a tendency for the footings to tilt.
➢ In plan, such footings are rectangular, trapezoidal, or T-shaped, the
details of the shape being arranged to produce coincidence of
centroid and resultant.
✓ If a single footing cannot be centered under an exterior column is
to place the exterior column footing eccentrically and to connect it
with the nearest interior column footing by a beam or strap.
✓ This strap, being counterweighted by the interior column load,
resists the tilting tendency of the eccentric exterior footing and
equalizes the pressure under it. Such foundations are known as
strap, cantilever, or connected footings. 35
Figure 16.15. Two-column footing
36
18
Figure 16.15. Continued 37
Example 16.3. Design of a combined footing supporting one

exterior and one interior column
An exterior 24×18 in. column with D = 170 kips, L = 130
kips, and an interior 24×24 in. column with D = 250 kips, L = 200
kips are to be supported on a combined rectangular footing whose
outer end cannot protrude beyond the outer face of the exterior
column. The distance center to center of columns is 18 ft 0 in., and
the allowable bearing pressure of the soil is 6000 psf. The bottom of
the footing is 6 ft below grade, and a surcharge of 100 psf is
specified on the surface. Design the footing for fc′ = 3000 psi and fy
= 60,000 psi.
18"×24" 24"×24"
18'-0"
38
19

I. Determination of required footing area
150+100
Assume unit wt.of concrete and fill soil = =125 pcf
2
qe = 6000 – (6×125 + 100) = 5150 psf = 5.15 ksf
D+L 170+130+250+200
Areqd = = = 145.631 ft2
qe 5.15
Distance of resultant force from center line of exterior column,
450×18
xത = =10.8 ft 300 450
750
18 ft
9" x
750
39
From edge of exterior column = 10.8+0.75 = 11.55ft

Total length of the footing = 2×11.55 = 23.1 ft
A 145.631
b= width of the footing = = = 6.304 ft ⇒ Take 6.5 ft
L 23.1
Take B = 6.5 ft, L = 23.25 ft
II. Determination of bending moment and shear
1.2D+1.6L 1.2 170+250 +1.6 130+200

qu = = = 6.83 kΤft2
A 23.25×6.5
qu kΤft = 6.83×6.5 = 44.4 kΤft
40
20
3.5 ft
18.75 ft
1.2x170+1.6x130 1.2x250+1.6x200
= 412 kips = 620 kips
1.5' 16.25' 2' From B.M.D,

+Mu = 272 k-ft
49.4 k/ft
-Mu = 1602.66 k-ft
376.1
x=7.78'
SFD
x=8.47' 155.1
345.4
272 k-ft
BMD
259 k-ft
1602.66 k-ft
41
III. Determination of required footing thickness, h

Based on one-way shear
d d
Shear force at distance d,Vu = 376 − qu × = 376−44.4×
12 12
1
ϕVc = 0.75×2λ fc′ bd = 0.75×2×1× 3000× 6.5×12 d× = 6.408d
1000
Vu = ϕVc
d
376−44.4× = 6.408d
12
d = 37.2 in
Required h = d + 3 + 0.5db = 37.2 + 3 + 0.5 = 40.7 in
Use h = 41 in, d = 41 – 3.5 = 37.5 in
42
21
Check on Punching Shear

36.75" 61.5"
61.5" 61.5" 6.5ft
37.5
18 + = 36.75"
2
24 + 37.5 = 61.5"
Under exterior column
b0 = (2×36.75) + 61.5 = 135 in
Vu = (1.2D+1.6L) - qu(Punching shear area)
36.75×61.5
= 412 − 6.83× = 304.8 kips
144
1
ϕVc = ϕ4λ fc′ b0 d = 0.75×4×1× 3000×135×37.5×
1000
= 831.85 kips >Vu = 304.8 kips (OK) 43
IV. Determination of steel area, As

For longitudinal beam
Mu = 1602.66 k-ft
2Mu 2×1602.66×12
a = d − d2 − = 37.5− 37.5 2 − = 2.98 in
0.765f′c b 0.765×3×6.5×12
Mu 1602.66×12
As = a = = 9.89 in2
ϕfy d − ൗ2 0.9×60× 37.5− 2.98ൗ
2
As(min) = ρminbd = 0.0033×6.5×12×37.5 = 9.65 in2
Use As = 9.89 in2
Use 10-No.9 bars (As(prov) = 10 in2 > As(req) = 9.89 in2)
44
22
Check ld
ld fy ψ t ψ e 60000 ×1.3 ×1
= = = 71.2
db 20 f′c 20 3000
ld = 71.2×1.128 = 80.31 in
Available length = (7.78+1.5)×12 – 3 = 108.36 in > ld (OK)
For cantilever portion
Mu = 272 k-ft
2Mu 2×272×12
a = d− d2 − = 37.5− 37.52 − = 0.489 in
0.765f′c b 0.765×3×6.5×12
Mu 272×12
As(req) = a = = 1.62 in2
ϕfy d − ൗ2 0.9×60× 37.5− 0.489ൗ12
As(min) = 9.75 in2 ; Use As = 9.75 in2 45
Use 10-No.9 bars. (As(prov) = 10 in2 ≈ As(req) = 9.75 in2)
Check ld
ld fy ψ t ψ e 60000 ×1×1
= = = 54.77
db 20 f′c 20 3000
ld = 54.77×1.128 = 61.78 in
Available length = 3.5×12 – 3 = 39 in < ld
Thus, anchorage is required.
Transverse beam under exterior column

Effective width = 36.75 in
1.2D+1.6L 412
qu = = = 20.697 ksf
A 6.5× 36.75ൗ12
46
23
1 1
Mu = ×qu B−c 2 ×Length = ×20.697× 6.5 − 2 2 ×36.75
8 8
= 1925.306 k−in
2Mu 2×1925.306
a = d− d2 − = 37.5− 37.52 − = 0.614 in
0.765f′c b 0.765×3×36.75
Mu 1925.306
As(req) = = = 0.959in2
ϕfy d − aൗ2 0.9×60× 37.5− 0.614ൗ
2
As(min) = ρminbd = 0.0033×36.75×37.5 = 4.55 in2
Use As = 4.55 in2
Use 8-No.7 bars. (As(prov) = 4.81 in2> As(req) = 4.59 in2)
47
Check ld
ld fy ψ t ψ e 60000 ×1×1
= = = 54.77
db 20 f′c 20 3000
ld = 54.77×0.875 = 47.9 in
6.5 − 2
Available length= ×12 − 3 = 24 in < ld
2
Transverse beam under interior column
Effective width = 61.5 in
1.2D+1.6L 620
qu = = = 18.61 ksf
A 6.5× 61.5ൗ12
1 1
Mu = ×qu B−c 2 ×Length = ×18.61× 6.5 − 2 2 ×61.5 = 2897.05 k−in 48
8 8
24
d = 37.5 – 1 = 36.5
2Mu 2×2897.05
a = d− d2 − = 36.5− 36.5 2 − = 0.567 in
0.765f′c b 0.765×3×61.5
Mu 2897.05
As(req) = a = = 1.481in2
ϕfy d − ൗ2 0.9×60× 36.5− 0.567ൗ2
As(min) = ρminbd = 0.0033×61.5×36.5 = 7.41 in2
Use As = 7.41 in2
Use 13-No.7 bars. (As(prov) = 7.82 in2> As(req) = 7.41 in2)
Check ld
ld fy ψ t ψ e 60000 ×1×1
= = = 54.77
db 20 f′c 20 3000
49
ld = 54.77×0.875 = 47.9 in
6.5 − 2
Available length= ×12 − 3 = 24 in < ld
2
9" 18' 4.5'
10- No.9 bars

13- No.7 bars
41"
8- No.7 bars 10- No.9 bars

36.5"~ 3' 61.5" ~ 5'
23.25'
50
25
Example 16.4. Design of a strap footing

An exterior 24×18 in. column with D = 170 kips, L = 130
kips, and an interior 24×24 in. column with D = 250 kips, L = 200
kips are to be supported on a strap or connected footing whose outer
end cannot protrude beyond the outer face of the exterior column.
The distance center to center of columns is 18 ft 0 in., and the
allowable bearing pressure of the soil is 6000 psf. The bottom of the
footing is 6 ft below grade, and a surcharge of 100 psf is specified
on the surface. Design the footing for fc′ = 3000 psi and fy = 60,000
psi.
18"×24" 24"×24"
18'-0"
51
Determination of Required Footing Area for each Column
150+100
Assume unit wt.of concrete and fill soil = =125 pcf
2
qe = 6000 – (6×125 + 100) = 5150 psf = 5.15 ksf
If the bottom of the strap is 6 in above the bottom of the footings to prevent
bearing on soil, the total depth to grade 5.5 ft.
Assume width of strap beam = 2′-6′′
Weight upon strap beam = 125×2.5×5.5 + 100×2.5 = 1968.75 lb/ft2 = 1.97 kips/ft
Assume the distance between footing = 8 ft
52
26
300 kips 450 kips
18'-0"
1.97 kips/ft
6"
8'-0"
Remaining 8'-3"
Without strap beam (Take -0 ) Without strap beam
6'-9"×6'-9" 9'-6"×9'-6"
(Take -0 ) (Take -0 )
The total weight of the strap = 1.97×8 = 15.76 kips

15.76
Half of the weight = = 7.88 kips
2
7.88 kips of will be added to the dead load of each column.
D+L 170+7.88 +130+ 250+7.88 +200
Areqd = = = 148.69 ft2
qe 5.15 53
Required Area for Exterior Footing (Eccentric Footing)
D+L 307.88
Required area for exterior footing = = = 59.78 ft2
qe 5.15
Take 15% increase for exterior footing area = 1.15×59.78 = 68.747 ft2
68.747
Take B = 6 ft, L = 11.46 ft Take 11.5 ft
6
Provided footing area = 6×11.5 = 69 ft2
Required Area for Interior Footing
Required area for interior footing = 148.69 – 69 = 79.69 ft2
Choose 9′-0″×9′-0″ square footing.

54
27
To find the load centroid,
18'-0"
11'-6" 18"×24" 2'-6" 24"×24" + 9'-0"
8'-3"
9'-0"
6'-0"
∑Ax 6×11.5 ×3+ 9×9 × 6+8.25+4.5

xത = = =11.505 ft
∑A 6×11.5 + 9×9
1.2D+1.6L 1.2× 170+250+15.76 +1.6× 130+200

qu = = = 7.01 kΤft2
Area 6×11.5 + 9×9 55
Design of Exterior Footing (As wall footing)

The exterior footing performs exactly like a wall footing with a length
of 6 ft because the balancing action of strap in uniform bearing pressure.
Determination of footing thickness based on one-way shear,
11.5−2.5 d 11.5−2.5 d
Vu =qu − = 7.01×6 −
2 12 2 12
1
ϕVc = ϕ2λ f′c bd= 0.75×2×1× 3000× 6×12 d× = 5.915d
1000
Vu ≤ ϕVc
11.5−2.5 d
7.01×6 − = 5.915d
2 12
d = 20.09 in
h = 20.09 + 3 + 0.5db = 23.59 in
Use h = 24 in, d = 24 – 3.5 = 20.5 in
56
28
Determination of required steel area,

1
q L − bs 2
300 kips
Moment at the face of strap, Mu =
8 u
1
Mu = × 7.01×6 × 11.5−2.5 2 = 425.86 k−ft
8
2Mu
a = d− d2 −
0.765f′c b
qu = 7.01 k/ft2
12
11.5-2.5 d
-
2×425.86×12
2
= 20.5− 20.5 2 −
One way shear failure line
= 1.57 in d
0.765×3×6×12
11'-6" 18"×24" 2'-6"
Mu
As(req) =
ϕfy d − aൗ2
425.86×12
= = 4.80 in2
0.9×60× 20.5− 1.57ൗ2
6'-0"
57
As(min) = ρminbh (For fy = 60 ksi)

= 0.0018×6×12×24 = 3.11 in2
Use As = 4.80 in2
Use 11-No.6 (No.19) bars @ 6′ width. (As(prov) = 4.84 in2 As(req) = 4.80 in2)
For distribution steel at 6′ direction, As(min) = 3.11 in2
Use 11-No.5 (No. 16) bars @ 11′ width. (As(prov) = 3.41 in2 = As(req) = 3.11 in2)
Check ld
fy ψ t ψ e 60000 ×1×1
ld = db = ×0.75 = 32.86 in
25 f′c 25 3000
11.5−2.5
Actual available length = ×12 −3 = 51 in > required ld
2
58
29
Design of Interior Footing (Isolated Footing)

Determination of footing thickness based on one-way shear,
One-way shear, Vu = qu× one way shear area
9−2 d
Vu = 7.01× − ×9
2 12
Nominal one−way shear strength, ϕVc = ϕ2λ f′c bd One-way shear

failure line
1
ϕVc = 0.75×2×1× 3000× 9×12 ×d×
1000
One-way shear
area
2'-6" = 30" 24"×24" + 9'-0"
d 9-2 d
-
2 12
59
9'-0"
Vu ≤ ϕVc
9−2 d 1
7.01× − ×9= 0.75×2×1× 3000× 9×12 ×d×
2 12 1000
d = 15.62 in
h = 15.62 + 3 + 1.5db = 20.12 in (For upper layer bars)
For h = 21 in, d = 21 – 4.5 = 16.5 in
Check on footing thickness based on punching shear,

Because of the presence of strap, punching shear cannot occur along the truncated
pyramid surface. Two-way shear should be checked along a perimeter section
located at a distance d/2 outward from the longitudinal edges. (d = effective depth
of footing)
60
Check for h = 21 in, d = 16.5 in
30
Punching shear, Vu = qu (footing area – punching area)
= 7.01 9 2 − 6.188×3.875 = 399.72 kips
Nominal shear strength, ϕVc = ϕ4λ f′c b0 d
1
ϕVc = 0.75×4×1× 3000× 2×6.188+3.875 ×12×16.5× = 528.72 kips > Vu
1000
Thus, use h = 21 in and d = 16.5 in
16.5
4.5+1+ = 6.188'
2×12
=3.875'
d/2
16.5
12
2'-6" = 30" 24"×24" + 9'-0"
2.5+
d/2
punching shear
failure line d/2
61
9'-0"
Determination of required steel area,

1
B.M at column face in X−direction, Mu = q B−c 2
8 u
1
Mu = × 7.01×9 × 9−2 2 = 386.43 k−ft
8
2Mu 2×386.43×12
a = d− d2 − = 16.5 − 16.52 − = 1.18 in
0.765f′c b 0.765×3×9×12
Mu 386.43×12
As(req) = a = = 5.40 in2
ϕfy d − ൗ2 0.9×60× 16.5− 1.18ൗ
2
As(min) = ρminbd = 0.0033×9×12×16.5 = 5.88 in2
Take As(req) = 5.88 in2
Use 14-No.6 (No.19) bars in X and Y directions. (As(prov) = 6.76 in2 > As(req)) 62
31
Check ld
fy ψ t ψ e 60000 ×1×1
ld = db = ×0.75 = 32.86 in
25 f′c 25 3000
9 − 2.5
Actual available length = ×12 − 3= 36 in < required ld
2
Consider in Y direction due to the least length
Design of Strap Beam
b = 30 in, h = 30 in, d = 30 – 3.5 = 26.5 in
The shear force and bending moment values can be obtained from shear force and
bending moment diagrams.
63
1.2(250+7.88) + 1.6×200 - 7.01(9× 9)

1.2(170+7.88) + 1.6×130 = 61.646 kips
= 421.456 kips
7.01×11.5 = 80.615 k/ft 7.01 k/ft2

Exterior Footing
0.75' 5.25'
18' 4.5'
➢ Wall footing
60.461 kips 62.234 kips ➢ Receive it loads from the
- + + strap
4.47' 0.78'
-
Shear Force Diagram ➢ Upward pressure from the
wall footing becomes a
load
360.995 kips
22.673 k-ft
Interior Footing
➢ Neglect the soil pressure

-
Bending Moment Diagram
under the footing due to
the effect of strap
759.880 k-ft
784.151 k-ft 64
32
Design of flexural reinforcement,

From bending moment diagram, Mu = 784.151 k-ft
To check if doubly-reinforced section is required
First check as singly-reinforced beam,
From Table A−4, ρ0.005 = 0.0135 for which ϕ = 0.9
As = ρbd = 0.0135×30×26.5 =10.733 in2
As fy 10.733×60
a= = = 8.42 in
0.85f′c b 0.85×3×30
a 8.42
c= = = 9.906 in
β1 0.85
a 8.42
ϕMn = As fy d− = 0.9×10.733×60× 26.5− = 12918.883 k−in
2 2
ϕMn = 6459.441 k−ft > Mu
65
The beam can be designed as singly reinforced beam.
2Mu 2×784.151×12
a = d− d2 − = 26.5 − 26.52 − = 5.79 in
0.765f′c b 0.765×3×30
Mu 784.151×12
As(reqd) = a = = 7.382 in2
ϕfy d− ൗ2 0.9×60× 26.5− 5.79ൗ
2
As(min) = ρminbd = 0.0033×30×26.5 = 2.624 in2
Use As(reqd) = 7.382 in2
Use 10-No.8 (No.25) bars. (As(provided) = 7.90 in2 > As(required) = 7.382 in2)
As 7.90
ρact = = = 0.0099 < 0.0181, OK, ϕ= 0.9 is valid.
bd 30×26.5
Check ACI Limitation

ρmax = 0.0181, ρmin = 0.0033
ρmin < ρact < ρmax (OK)
66
33
Design of Shear reinforcement,
From shear force diagram, Vu = 360.995 kips

9
Vu d =360.995−80.615× =300.53 kips
12
1
ϕVc = 2λ f′c bw d = 0.75×2×1× 3000×30×26.5× = 65.32 kips
1000
Choose No.4 (No.13) stirrups, Av = 2×0.2 = 0.4 in2
ϕAv fyt d 0.75×0.4×60×26.5
Required stirrup spacing, s = = = 2.03 in < 3 in
Vu − ϕVc 300.53−65.32
Choose 2- No.4 (No.13) stirrups, Av = 2×0.4 = 0.8 in2
ϕAv fyt d 0.75×0.8×60×26.5
Required stirrup spacing, s = = = 4.06 in (Take 4 in)
Vu − ϕVc 300.53−65.32
67
18'-0"
2-No.4(No.13) Stirrups
@ 4"C/C 10-No.8 (No.25) bars
18"×24" (Main steel in strap) 24"×24"
Column Column
2-No.4(No.13)
Stirrups @ 6"C/C
11-No.5 (No.16 bars)
for distribution steel
24" 21"
6"
11-No.6 (No.19 bars) 14-No.6 (No.19 bars)
Stirrup support (Mesh)
6'-0" Steel in strap 9'-0"
23'-3"
68
34

Footings and Foundations

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Footings and Foundations

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Prepared by - Dr.

Kyaw Zeyar Win

TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY (THANLYIN)

Types and Functions

Types Spread Footings

(2) Column footing

(1) Wall footing

(4) Strap footing

Loads, Bearing Pressures, and Footing Sizes

➢ When the effect of wind W or earthquake E are included,

D+L+ωW D+L+S+ Eൗ1.4

➢ For eccentrically loaded footings,

Figure 16.1. Assumed bearing pressures under eccentrically loaded

Wall Footings ➢ For footings supporting masonry

➢ For determining shear stress, the vertical

Example 16.1. Design of wall footing

As = ρbd = 0.0038×8.5×12 = 0.39 in2/ft

No.5 @ 12" C/C spacing

No.5 @ 9" C/C spacing

Figure 16.5. Types of single-column footings

➢ In the simplest form, column footings consist of a single slab.

➢ This form is also known as a stepped footing. All parts of a

Figure 16.7. Critical sections for shear

(i) Two-way, or Punching Shear

where, bo = the perimeter of “abcd”

(ii) One-way, or Beam Shear

Vc = 2λ f′c bd ➢ For design basic, Vu ≤ ϕVc

(b) Bearing: Transfer of Forces at Base of Column

where, ϕ = 0.65 (for bearing)

Dowel Bar splice

Figure 16.8. Definition of A1 and A2

➢ Minimum area of reinforcement that crosses the bearing surfaces (dowel

➢ Consequently, the required As is larger for the upper layer. Instead

reinforcement in band width 2

➢ Maximum spacing of bars in the span direction = 3h (or) 18 in

Example 16.2. Design of a square footing

Solution for Example 16.2

Punching shear, Vu1 = bearing capacity (footing area – punching area)

Nominal shear strength, ϕVc = ϕ4λ f′c b0 d

Check one-way shear

Nominal one−way shear strength, ϕVc = ϕ2λ f′c bd

Check bearing strength

Take bearing strength = 4.42 ksi

Design of dowel bar

Check ld for dowel bars

From Table A-11, Required ldc = 14 in

For No.8 bars, ldc = 19 in (From Table A-11)

Use splice length = 22.5 in, Take 23 in

Total length of dowel bars = 23 + 18.25 = 41.25 in ≈ 3.5 ft

18"×18" Column 8-No.6 dowel bars

12-No.7 bars (Mesh)

12-No.7 bars (Mesh)

Figure 16.13. Grid foundation

➢ In many cases, the strips are made to merge, resulting in a mat

Figure 16.14. Mat foundation

Figure 16.15. Two-column footing

Figure 16.15. Continued 37

Example 16.3. Design of a combined footing supporting one

Solution for Example 16.3

From edge of exterior column = 10.8+0.75 = 11.55ft

II. Determination of bending moment and shear

1.2D+1.6L 1.2 170+250 +1.6 130+200

1.5' 16.25' 2' From B.M.D,