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Lesson Outcome
At the end of this topic, students should be able to:
1 Understand the function of foundation. (CO1-PO2)
2 Estimate suitable footing dimension. (CO2-PO3)
3 Design the bending reinforcement and carry out shear
check of footing. (CO1-PO2, CO2-PO3)
4 Draw the reinforcement details for the footing. (CO2-
PO3)
REINFORCED CONCRETE DESIGN CES 522
Introduction
• A building generally composed of:
1. Superstructure – above the ground
2. Substructure – basement structures, foundation
• The function of a foundation is to transmit the actions from a
structure to the underlying ground through columns or walls in
such a way that the bearing strata taking the actions are not
over-stressed and that undue deformations occur neither in the
structure nor in the ground.
• Most important among the building structural elements. (this is
the last point for the building loads)
• Foundation failure can affect the overall stability of a structure.
(differential settlement, tilting of building, topple)
REINFORCED CONCRETE DESIGN CES 522
Types of Foundation
Types of foundations that can be applied to a structure are:
1. Pad footing
2. Combined footing
3. Strap footing
4. Strip footing
5. Raft foundation
6. Piled foundation
Selection of foundation type for a structure depends on:
• Type of structure and loading
• Soil properties and conditions (type and strength of soil, etc.)
• Permissible amount of differential settlement
It is vital that in all cases a full geotechnical survey be carried out not only to
determine the bearing pressures at the level likely to be needed for the
foundation but also below this level where there is a potential likelihood of
weak or soft strata which will cause problems with long term settlement.
REINFORCED CONCRETE DESIGN CES 522
Footing Design
EC7 gives 3 alternative methods to design simple spread foundations (strip &
pad footings):
1. Direct method: calculations are required for each limit state using partial
factors of safety.
2. Indirect method: allows for simultaneous blending of ultimate limit state
and serviceability limit state procedures.
3. Prescriptive method: an assumed safe bearing pressure is used to size the
foundations based on the serviceability limit state followed by detailed
structural design based on the ultimate limit state.
Pad Footing
Pad footing is selected to support and transmit loads from
piers and columns when:
• the soil that is supporting the structure is relatively strong
to cater for the loadings.
• the building is low rise where the loads acting from the
building is considered low.
• the distances between columns are far enough (enough to
avoid overlapping or footing coalition) (or else, need to
consider using combined, strip or raft footing)
Soffit of pad footing is usually located at 1.5 m below the
finish ground level (common practice).
REINFORCED CONCRETE DESIGN CES 522
Pad Footing
o Pad footing is the base supporting a single column.
o Pad footing may be square in plan. When there is a large moment acting
about one axis it may be more economical to have a rectangular base.
o Assuming there is a linear distribution, the bearing pressures across the
base will take one of the three forms according to the relative
magnitudes of the axial load, N and the moment, M acting on the base:
N
1. When there is no moment, the pressure is uniform
e=0
hence p = N/BD
p
REINFORCED CONCRETE DESIGN CES 522
Pad Footing
2. With a moment acting, the pressures are given by the equation for axial load plus
bending. This is provided there is positive contact between the base and the ground
along the complete length D of the footing.
?
P = N/BD ± My/I
where: I = 2nd moment area of the base about the axis of bending
y = distance from the axis to where the pressure is being calculated
N
Substituting for I = BD3/12 and y = D/2:
maximum pressure, p1 = N/BD + 6M/BD2
minimum pressure, p2 = N/BD - 6M/BD2 M
Pad Footing
3. When e > D/6 there is no longer a full +ve pressure along the length D the
pressure diagram is triangular as shown.
0.5pBY = N
N
maximum pressure: p = 2N/BY
where: Y = length of +ve contact. M
Pad Footing
• Determination of the structural strength of footing (thickness and areas of
reinforcements) should be based on the loadings and the resultant ground
pressures corresponding to the ultimate limit state.
• For most designs a linear distribution of soil pressure across the base of the
footing is assumed (as shown in [a]). [Assumption made is based on the soil
acting as an elastic material and the footing is having infinite rigidity.]
• In fact, most soils exhibit some plastic behaviours and all footings have a finite
stiffness, and the distribution of soils pressure varies with time.
• The actual distribution of bearing pressure at any moment may take the form
shown in [b] or [c], depending on the type of soil and the stiffness of the base
and the structure.
• The behaviour of foundations involves many uncertainties regarding the action
of the ground and the loading, it is usually unrealistic to consider an analysis
that is too sophisticated.
Arrangement of reinforcements
• For a square base the reinforcement to resist bending should be distributed
uniformly across the full width of the footing for both the directions.
• For a rectangular base the reinforcement in the shorter direction (transverse
direction) should be distributed with a closer spacing in the region under and
near the column, to allow for the fact that the transverse moments must be
greater nearer the column.
• It is recommended that at least 2/3 of the
c
reinforcement in the short direction should be
c + 3d Lap length
concentrated in a band width of (c + 3d)
where c is the column dimension in the long 75
h
direction and d is the effective depth.
• The main reinforcements in the long direction D
2/3A
is distributed uniformly across the full width s,trans
of the footing.
As,main
B
As,trans
REINFORCED CONCRETE DESIGN CES 522
Arrangement of reinforcements
• If the footing should be subjected to a large overturning moment so that there
is only partial bearing, or if there is a resultant uplift force, then
reinforcement may also be required in the top face.
• Dowels or starter bars should extend from the footing into the column in
order to provide continuity to the reinforcement. These dowels should be
embedded into the footing and extend into the columns a full lap length.
Sometimes a 75 mm length of the column is constructed into the same
concrete pour as the footing so as to form a ‘kicker’ or support for the
column’s shutters. In these cases the dowel’s lap length should be measured
from the top of the kicker.
REINFORCED CONCRETE DESIGN CES 522
h d
Maximum
Punching shear perimeter
shear 2.0d
= column perimeter + 4d
Shear
Bending
1.0d
REINFORCED CONCRETE DESIGN CES 522
Design Procedure
Following the Prescriptive Method the principal steps in the design calculations
are as follows:
1. Calculate the plan size of the footing using the permissible bearing pressure and the
critical loading arrangement for the serviceability limit state.
2. Calculate the bearing pressures associated with the critical loading arrangement at
the ultimate limit state.
3. Assume a suitable value for the thickness, h and effective depth, d. Check that the
shear force at the column face is less than 0.5v1 fcd ud = 0.5v1ud(fck /1.5) where u is
the perimeter of the column and v1 is the strength reduction factor
= 0.6(1 – fck /250).
4. Carry out a preliminary check for punching shear to ensure that the footing
thickness gives a punching shear stress which is within the likely range of acceptable
performance (say VRd,c at As,min).
5. Determine the reinforcement required to resist bending.
6. Make a final check for the punching shear.
7. Check the shear force at the critical sections.
8. Where applicable, both foundations and the structure should be checked for overall
stability at the ultimate limit state.
9. Reinforcement to resist bending in the bottom of the base should extend at least full
tension anchorage length beyond the critical section of bending.
REINFORCED CONCRETE DESIGN CES 522
Example 1
A footing is required to resist characteristic axial loads of 1000 kN permanent
and 350 kN variable from a 400 square column. The safe bearing pressure of the
soil is 200 kN/m2 and the characteristic material strengths are fck = 30 N/mm2
and fyk = 500N/mm2.
Assume a footing self-weight of 150 kN so that the total permanent load is 1150
kN and base the design on the Prescriptive Method.
Solution:
For serviceability limit state
total design axial load = 1.0Gk + 1.0Qk = 1150 + 350 = 1500 kN
Required base area = 1500/200 = 7.5 m2
Provide a 2.8 m sq. base = 7.8 m2
For ultimate limit state ##
column design axial load, NEd = 1.35Gk + 1,5Qk
= 1.35(1000) + 1.5(350)
= 1875 kN
Earth pressure = 1875/2.82
= 239 kN/m2
REINFORCED CONCRETE DESIGN CES 522
k = 1 + (200/d)1/2 2.0
= 1 + (200/370)1/2 = 1.73
crack check:
steel stress, s = fyk(Gk + 0.3Qk)/1.15(1.35Gk + 1.5Qk)
= 500(1000+0.3x350)/[1.15(1.35x1000+1.5x350)]
= 256 N/mm2
To avoid critical shear reinf’t increase reinf’t to 20H20 (6280 mm2) 1 = 0.006
(check steel content!)
VRd,c = 563 kN or 445 kN
= 563 kN > VEd (no shear reinforcement is required)
400 sq.
## • EC2 provides guideline for the
required shear reinforcement
calculation and detailing.
• If possible, try to avoid having
h = 450 d = 370
shear reinforcement in footing
due to difficulty in construction.
20H20@140 B.W.
2.8m sq.
Exercise: using similar set of design information, design a
rectangular footing where the length of the footing is 2 times its
width (L = 2B)
REINFORCED CONCRETE DESIGN CES 522
Instead of assuming a footing weight at the start, another way is by using a net safe
bearing pressure, pnet by assuming a preliminary thickness, h.
• This example shows how to design a pad footing with a centrally located set
of actions.
• If the actions are eccentric to the centroidal axis of the base,
when checking of punching shear, maximum shear stress, vEd need to
multiply with an enhancement factor (> 1).
• This factor accounts for the non-linear distribution of stress around the critical
perimeter due to the eccentricity of loading. (refer to EC2 Cl. 6.4.3)
REINFORCED CONCRETE DESIGN CES 522
Combined Footing
• When 2 columns are close together or the bearing capacity is low, it is
sometimes necessary or convenient to combine their footings to form a
continuous base.
• The dimensions of the footings should be chosen so that the resultant load
passes through the centroid of the base area. This may be assumed to give a
uniform bearing pressure under the footing and help to prevent differential
settlement.
• For most structures the ratios of permanent and variable loads carried by
each column are similar so that if the resultant passes through the centroid
for the serviceability limit state then this will also be true – or very nearly – at
the ultimate limit state, and hence in these cases a uniform pressure
distribution may be considered for both limit states.
• The shape of the footing may be rectangular or trapezoidal. The trapezoidal
base has the disadvantage of detailing and cutting varying lengths of
reinforcing bars; it is used where there is a large variation in the loads carried
by the two columns and there are limitations on the length of the footing.
REINFORCED CONCRETE DESIGN CES 522
Combined Footing
• Sometimes in order to strengthen the base and economise on concrete a
beam is incorporated between the two column so that the base is designed
as an inverted T-section.
• The proportions of the footing depend on many factors. If it is too long, there
will be large longitudinal moments on the lengths projecting beyond the
columns, whereas a short base will have a larger span moment between the
columns and the greater width will cause large transverse moments.
• The thickness of the footing must be such that the shear stresses are not
excessive.
REINFORCED CONCRETE DESIGN CES 522
Example 2
Two columns (300 mm sq. and 400 mm sq.) are arranged so that
they are spaced 3000 mm apart (as shown). Due to the loads (as
shown) carry by these two columns and the soil bearing capacity, a
combined footing is more suitable to support the two columns.
Given: safe bearing pressure = 300 kN/m2; fck = 30 N/mm2; fyk = 500
N/mm2, design the combined footing and draw the details.
Gk = 1000 kN Gk = 1400 kN
Qk = 200 kN Qk = 300 kN
REINFORCED CONCRETE DESIGN CES 522
Solution:
Assume a base thickness, h = 850 mm
Base area
net safe bearing pressure, pnet = 300 – 25h = 300 – 25 x 0.85
= 278.8 kN/m2
total load = 1000 + 200 + 1400 + 300 =
2900 kN
area of base req’d = 2900/278.8 = 10.4
m2 2.3 m 1.24 m
Resultant
provide a rectangular base, 4.6 m x 2.3
load
m. area = 10.58 m2
850
Resultant of column loads and centroid of base
Taking moments about the centre line of
the 300 sq. 400 sq.
column column
400 mm sq. column:
2.3 m
x = 1200 x 3 / (1200 + 1700)
= 1.24 m
0.54 m 3.0 m 1.06 m
the base is centred on this position 4.6 m of the
resultant of the column loads as shown.
REINFORCED CONCRETE DESIGN CES 522
Assuming d = 790 mm for the longitudinal bars (main) and mean dmean = 780 mm
for punching shear calculations:
At the column face: max. shear resistance, VRd,max = 0.5ud[0.6(1-fck /250)](fck /1.5)
Longitudinal bending moments and shear forces diagrams at the ultimate limit
state for a net upward pressure of 377 kN/m2 are shown below:
Longitudinal bending
maximum moment is at mid-span between the columns
As = MEd /0.87fykz = 679x106/(0.87x500x0.95x790) = 2080 mm2
(proof that z = 0.95d)
As,min = 0.0015bd = 0.0015x2300x790 = 2726 mm2
?
Also: check for the maximum bar size and maximum bar spacing for cracking
Shear check
Punching shear cannot be checked, since the critical perimeter 2.0d from
the column lies outside the base area.
Critical section for shear is taken from 1.0d from the column face.
Design shear, VEd = 1420 – 377x2.3(0.78 + 0.2) = 570 kN
REINFORCED CONCRETE DESIGN CES 522
# Continue with shear check in transverse direction (for both columns) - SCL