Creep repeat

A plot of the logarithm of strain rate ( steady state creep rate) versus the
logarithm of stress yields a straight line with slope of n; this is shown in Figure
8. for an S-590 alloy at four temperatures. Clearly, one or two straight-line
segments are drawn at each temperature. Now, when the influence of
temperature is included
 Larson-Miller Relation for Creep

 s  A  exp(G / RT )
G
ln( s )  ln( A) 
RT
G
 T  (ln( A)  ln( s ))
R
Since  s  tr  Cons tan t
G
 T  ( B  ln(tr ))
R
LMP  T  (C  log(tr ))
 Data Extrapolation Methods
The need often arises for engineering creep data that are impractical to
collect from normal laboratory tests. This is especially true for prolonged
exposures (on the order of years). One solution to this problem involves
performing creep and/or creep rupture tests at temperatures in excess of
those required, for shorter time periods, and at a comparable stress level, and
then making a suitable extrapolation to the in-service condition. A commonly
used extrapolation procedure employs the Larson–Miller parameter, m, defined
as

where C is a constant (usually on the order

of 20), for T in Kelvin and the rupture
lifetime tr in hours.
The rupture lifetime of a given material
measured at some specific stress level
varies with temperature such that this
parameter remains constant(m).
Alternatively, the data may be plotted as
the logarithm of stress versus the Larson–
Miller parameter, as shown in Figure. Use
of this technique is demonstrated in the
following design example.
Stress rupture data

Log of rupture time Vs. 1/T @ various stresses

Constancy of C at all values of stress

G.E. Dieter
 Larson-Miller Plot
Extrapolate low-temperature data from fast high-temperature
tests
Example

G.E. Dieter
 Creep Design

In high-temperature design it is important to make sure:

(a) that the creep strain cr during the design life is
acceptable;

(b) that the creep ductility fcr (strain to failure) is

adequate compared to the acceptable creep strain;

(c) that the time-to-failure, tf, at the design loads and

temperatures is longer (by a suitable safety factor)
than the design life.
Grain boundary sliding is another mechanism
Metallurgical methods are available to control these mechanisms
 Creep Design
Designing metals & ceramics to resist power-law creep

(a) Choose a material with a high melting point

(b) Maximize obstructions to dislocation motion by alloying

to give a solid solution and precipitates; the precipitates
must be stable at the service temperature

(c) Choose a solid with a large lattice resistance: this means

covalent bonding/ unfavourable a/b ratio to make P-N
stress high
 Stress assisted diffusional flow
Diffusion Creep

Flow of vacancies according to (a) Nabarro–Herring and (b) Coble

mechanisms, resulting in an increase in the length of the specimen.
 Creep Design
Designing metals & ceramics to resist diffusional flow

(a) Choose a material with a high melting point

(b) Arrange that it has a large grain size, so that

diffusion distances are long and GBs do not help
diffusion much

(c) Arrange for precipitates at GBs to impede GB sliding.

Potential Operating temperatures of some metallic system
Ashby : deformation mechanism maps
Effect of grain size on diffusional creep mechanism
Some strategies which work are:

 (i) having grain boundaries aligned along the primary loading axis,

 (ii) produce single crystal components (like turbine blades),

 (iii) use precipitates with low interfacial energy for strengthen

(which will not coarsen easily),

 (iv) use dispersoids for strengthening.

 Lattice structure
Melting point
Solid solution strengthening
Cold work
Precipitation and dispersion
Strengthening

Chapter 10 of the book by

Selection and Use Of Engineering

Materials by
Charles /Crane/Furness

Also recommend to study the :

Chapter 5 : Specifications and Quality
control
Chapter 6- 10 : for polymers,
composites, ( all non metallic materials)
Creep Resist Materials
Creep
Resist
Materials
 Creep resistant Turbine Blade

General Electric TF34 High Bypass Turbofan Engine

For (1) U.S. Navy Lockheed S-3A anti submarine warfare aircraft
(2) U.S. Air Force Fairchild Republic A-10 close support aircraft.
Case Study – Turbine Blade
 Case Study – Turbine Blade

Alloy requirements for turbine blades

(a) Resistance to creep
(b) Resistance to high-temperature oxidation
(c) Toughness
(d) Thermal fatigue resistance
(e) Thermal stability
(f) Low density
 Turbine Blade Materials –
Nickel-base Superalloys

Composition of typical creep-resistant blade

 Turbine Blade Materials –
Nickel-base Superalloys
Microstructures of the alloy:

(1)Has as many atoms in solid solution as possible ( Co, W, Cr)

(2) Forms stable, hard precipitates of compounds like Ni3Al,

Ni3Ti, MoC, TaC to obstruct the dislocations

(3) Forms a protective surface oxide film of Cr2O3 to protect the

blade itself from attack by oxygen
 Turbine Blade Materials –
Nickel-base Superalloys

Microstructures of the alloy

 Turbine Blade –
Development of Processing

Investment Casting of turbine blades

 Turbine Blade –
Development of Processing

Directional Solidification (DS) of turbine blades

Turbine Blade – Blade Cooling

Air-Cooled Blades