‘Political Science'

Section: A, Semester 3
Topic: PARTITION PLAN (DIVISION OF INDIA)
Group Members
1. AHMAD ARIF - 70077836 (1937 Elections)
2. MASOOMA SHAHZAD - 70078544 (3rd June Plan)
3. RAMSHA NASEER - 70077774 (Division of India)
4. MALAIKA SHAHID - 70077920 (Division of Punjab)

Submitted to Sir Ali Abu ul Hassan

 1937 Elections (AHMAD ARIF)
Background:
Due to excessive demand of Indians for their greater role in Government, British
political establishment made a constitutional change, resulting in the Government
of India Act 1919. That Act introduced a novel system of government known as
provincial "diarchy", i.e., certain areas of government (such as education) were
placed in the hands of ministers responsible to the provincial legislature. It
originally received Royal assent in August 1935.
Features:
1.  It provided for the establishment of an All-India Federation consisting of
provinces and princely states as units. 
2. It abolished diarchy in the provinces and introduced ‘provincial autonomy’ in its
place.
3.  It provided for the adoption of diarchy at the Centre. Consequently, the federal
subjects were divided into reserved subjects and transferred subjects. 
4.  It presented bicameralism in six out of eleven provinces. Thus, the legislatures
of Bengal, Bombay, Madras, Bihar, Assam and the United Provinces were made
bicameral consisting of a legislative council (upper house) and a legislative
assembly (lower house). 
5. It further extended the principle of communal representation by giving
separate electorates for depressed classes (scheduled castes), women and labour
(workers).

1937 Elections:
Provincial elections were held in British India in the winter of 1936-37 as
mandated by the Government of India Act 1935. 
The elections were held in January and February of 1937. Congress won the
absolute majority in the five provinces and was the largest province in four other.
It was invited to United provinces, the central provinces, Bihar, Orissa, Madaris,
Bombay and later Assam and three remaining provinces (Punjab, Sindh and
Bengal) were Muslim majority, the league didn't fare well.
It won only 109 out of 482 seats while on the other hand Congress won huge
number of votes, however, which seats reserved for Muslims. The election had
not been a success for Muslim league.

Results:
The final election results was declared in February 1937. The Indian national
Congress (INC) emerged in power in all provinces except for three - Bengal Punjab
and Sindh.
The all India Muslim league (AIML) failed to form the government in any province.
The Congress ministries resigned in October and November 1939, in protest
against viceroy Lord Linlithgow's action of declaring India to be belligerent in
Second World War ( with Germany on 3 September 1939) without consultation of
Indian people.

1937 Indian Provisional Elections:

• 1585 were total provisional seats contested.
Leader JawaharLal Nehru Muhammad Ali Sikander Hayat
Jinnah Khan
Party INC AIML Unionist Party
Seats Won 707 109 101

Madras Presidency:
Madras presidency legislative assembly election 1937 and Legislative council
1937, Congress won 74% of all seats.
Sindh:
Total 60 members were in the Sindh Legislative Assembly, Congress secured 8
seats only and Sindh United Party won 22 seats by leader. Muhammad Ali Jinnah
was failed in setting the League parliamentary board in Sindh 1936 wherese 72%
population was Muslim majority, so 34 seats were reserved for Muslims but they
didn't secure any of them.

United Provinces (UP):

Legislative council of UP consisted the 52 members which was elected and 6
members nominated
Legislative Assembly consists of 228 members. They were constituencies of
Muslims including General and Special.
•The Congress won 133 seats.
• Muslim League won 27 out 64 seats.

The Congress doesn't want coalition in UP offered by League. The party offered
the Muslim League a role in government if it merged itself into the Congress
Party. While this position had a good basis it proved to be a mistake. The
Congress disregarded that even though they had captured the large part of UP's
general seats so Muslim League had not won the reserved seats of which Muslim
league only won 29.

Assam:
Out of 108, Congress won 33 seats making it single largest party, Though they
can't make a ministry.
The Governor called upon Sir Muhammad Sadulla, ex-Judicial Member of Assam
and Leader of the Assam Valley Muslim Party to form the ministry. The Congress
was a part of the ruling coalition.
Bombay:
Congress won half of the seats of total number. However, they could draw on
support of some small pro-Congress groups to form a working majority. B.G.
Kher became the first Chief Minister of Bombay.

Punjab:
Party Seats
Ahrar 02
Muslim League 02
Shiromani Akali Dal 11
Khalsa National Party 13
Hindu Mahasabha 12
Punjab Unionist Party 98
Ittehad-i-Millat 02
Indian National Congress 18
Congress Nationalist 01
Party

The Unionist Party maintained its hegemony in the Assembly but it secured 70%
votes in the rural and only 25% votes in the urban constituencies.
After result Unionist Party under the leadership of Sikandar Hayat Khan formed
the Government. Khalsa National Board and Hindu Election Board also gave their
support to Unionist Party.
The Unionist Party under Sikandar Hayat Khan led a coalition government in
Punjab till his death. After his death he was succeeded by Malik Khizar Hayat
Tiwana on December12, 1942.

Other Provinces:
•Congress won the majority in three additional provinces, CP (Central Provinces,
Bihar and Orissa.
• Muslim North-West Frontier Province, Congress won 19 out of 50 seats and was
able, to form a ministry with minor party support.
• In Bengal, though the Congress was the single largest party (with 54 seats), it
was unable to form government.
• The Krishak Praja Party of A. K. Fazlul Huq (with 36 seats) was able to form a
coalition government with support of the Muslim League.
• In 1941, when the Muslim League took back its support from KPP, the Congress
& Hindu Mahasabha formed coalition with Haq.

The Muslim League:

Out Of the 482 seats reserved for Muslims the League won just 109. The League
won 29 seats in the United Provinces where it had competed for 35 out of the 66
seats for Muslims.
Election results were a blow to the League. Muhammad Ali Jinnah offered the
coalition with the Congress after elections. The league insisted that Congress
shouldn't nominate any Muslims to the ministries as it claim to the exclusive
representatives of Indian Muslims. Congress didn't accepted and refused the
League's offer.

Conclusion:
The Congress won 758 out of around 1500 seats in a resounding victory, and went
on to form seven provincial governments. The Congress formed governments in
United provinces, Bihar, the Central Provinces, Bombay and Madras.
The gathering's political race stage had minimized communalism and Nehru
proceeded with this disposition with the commencement of Muslim mass contact
program in March 1937. In any case, the decisions showed that of the 482 Muslim
seats the Congress had challenged only 58 of them and won just 26 of those.
Regardless of this less than impressive display the Congress persevered in its case
that the gathering was illustrative of all networks. The Congress services didn't
prevail with regards to pulling in their Muslim compatriots. This was generally
accident.
Reasons behind Muslim League Bad Performance in 1937 Elections:
• because of Jinnah's voluntary exile
• because of less experienced leaders
• because of less political amongst people.
• Muslim league was confronted with the fact that Hindu majority provinces
would be ruled by Hindus but Muslim league would not rule the largest provinces
with Muslim majorities: Bengal and Punjab.
 3rd June Plan (MASOOMA SHAHZAD)
3rd June Plan:
3rd June Plan is also known as the Mountbatten plan.

Mountbatten Arrival:
The Mountbatten’s arrived in India in March 1947 to an atmosphere of distrust
and conflict. Nehru, Mahatma Gandhi and the INC wanted a united, secular India,
while the Muslim League, led by Mohammad Ali Jinnah, was pressing for the
division of India to create a separate Muslim state: Pakistan.

History:
The government announced the 3rd June Plan in which it was decided the
partition of the sub-continent. Punjab and Bengal were to be divided on the basis
of Muslim majority and Hindus majority areas.

MountBatten Appointment:
The Muslim league the interim government but did not participate in the
constitution making process . Therefore the dream of making a constitution could
be realized. The whole system was suspended. Gandhi miserably failed. The
whole process of transfer of power were conducted by viceroy lord Mountbatten.

Meeting With Political Leaders:

After taking the charge the viceroy started meeting with political parties but
Quaid totally refused all the plan because he clear cut demand for separate
nation and want separation according to majority commented areas. Quaid said
no scheme other than the partition of Sub continent will work.
The Lord Mount prepared to leave the subcontinent.
3rd June Plan Importance:
In 3rd June 1947 was an elaborate one. It cover the whole sub-continent. The
government took final decision to divide it into 2 independent states and the
principal of the partition was accepted. There are 635 states in the sub continent.
Nawab and Raja's ruling over their areas and people with internal sovereignty and
external were ruled by British government. Therefore there all states hare full
power to choose what ever they want India or Pakistan
1. Non-Muslim Majority Provinces:
CP ,UP , Orissa , Bombay, Madras qand Bihar were non-Muslim
majority provinces. All there provinces were to be included in Bharat.

2. Province Of Punjab:
The decision was taken to divide Punjab Province into two parts.
Muslim majority area go to Pakistan and Hindu majority area go to India. A
Commission was created to draw the line of demonstration between Pakistani
Punjab and Bharati Punjab

3. Province of Bengal
The principle approved for Punjab same as approved for Bengal.
The province can be divided in East & West. East have Muslims and west have
Hindus because of this East belong to pakistan & west belong to India.
4. Province Of Sindh:
The Legislative Assembly of Sindh (excluding its European Members) was to
decide either to join the existing Constituent Assembly or the New Constituent
Assembly.
The member of the sindh provincial Assembly got the right to join Pakistan or
India by a majority vote.

5. Province Of Balochistan
 The future of Balochistan will be decided the member of Municipal
committee and "Shahi jirga" . whether they want to join Pakistan or India.
6. Province of Assam:
Sylhet was one of the districts of Assam. A very large majority of the district was
Muslim. The people living in the District Sylhet had to decide their own future
through a referendum. They had to option either with Pakistan or India.

7. Province of N.W.F.P
The people of NWFP (Sarhad) had to decide their fate by referendum. They could
join what ever they want .

Conclusion
The British government got the approval of parliament on 18th July 1947 to
divide the sub continent into the two countries. The law was formulating in the
light of the 3rd June plan. Pakistan got the independent sovereign status on 14th
august 1947 and Bharat on 15th august 1947.

Radcliff line:
The Radcliff line was the bounder demarcation line between the
Indian and Pakistan Portions of the Punjab and Bengal provinces of British India.
Radcliffe a prominent British lawyer was appointed as the chairman of both the
boundary commissions who would have the power to make make a line between
the regions whic will add in India and which regions will be a part of Pakistan
According to the Muslim Hindus majority. Radcliff did injustice with Pakistan by
coming in pressure of Louis Mountbatten. As Radcliff marked the line in such a
way that many regions of Muslim majority were added in the India and also
added Kashmir in India Because Of Kashmir unjust Division Pakistan And India had
three fights. And still both countries relation is messed up Because of issue of
Kashmir.

Divison Of India (RAMSHA NASEER)

Division of India :-
Division of India take place in 1947 when India and Pakistan get separated from
each other because they are two different nations their religion custom culture all
are different from each other .
The partition displaced in the range of 10 and 12 million individuals along strict
lines, making overpowering outcast emergencies in the recently comprised
domains. There was enormous scope savagery, with evaluations of death toll
going with or going before the parcel questioned and differing between a few
hundred thousand and two million. The rough idea of the segment made a
climate of antagonism and doubt among India and Pakistan that torment their
relationship to introduce.
The principle vehicle for patriot action was the Indian Public Congress, whose
most popular pioneers included Mahatma Gandhi and Jawaharlal Nehru. Indeed,
even before the 1940s, it had since quite a while ago contended for a unitary
state with a solid community; despite the fact that Congress was apparently
common in its targets, associations speaking to minority intrigues progressively
saw this thought with doubt, accepting that it would settle in the political strength
of Hindus, who made up about 80% of the populace.
At around 25% of its populace, Muslims were English India's biggest strict
minority. Under supreme principle, they had become used to having their
minority status ensured by an arrangement of held administrative seats and
separate electorates. The English arrangement of political control relied on
recognising vested parties ready to team up, an overseeing style frequently
depicted as "separation and rule".
The racist national law passed in India has laid the foundation for the continued
division of India. The rapid growth and distribution at national and international
level has shown a serious reaction. In fact, it is an extreme reaction to all the
extreme Hindu oppression of the last few decades against the Minorities.

The history of anti-minority goes back to the early 1920's when some rebel
Hindus opposed Western colonialism and at the same time insisted on
transforming India into a pure Hindu country. They wanted Christians to return to
Europe and Muslims to return to the Arab world, and leave India only for Hindus.
There should be no space in India for non-Hindu.

The end of Raj :-

At the point when England brought India into the battle without conference in
1939, Congress contradicted it; enormous patriot fights resulted, coming full circle
in the 1942 Quit India development, a mass development contrary to English
guideline. As far as it matters for them in it, Gandhi and Nehru and a great many
Congress labourers were detained until 1945.
In the interim, the English wartime need for nearby partners gave the Muslim
Alliance an opening to offer its participation in return for future political shields.
In Walk 1940, the Muslim Class' "Pakistan" goal required the production of
"separate states" – plural, not particular – to oblige Indian Muslims, whom it
contended were a different "country".
Students of history are as yet partitioned on whether this fairly ambiguous
interest was simply a haggling counter or a firm target. In any case, while it might
have been expected to understand the minority issue, it wound up exasperating it
all things being equal.
A demonstration of parliament proposed June 1948 as the cut-off time for the
exchange of intensity. However, the Mission neglected to make sure about
arrangement over its proposed sacred plan, which suggested a free alliance; the
thought was dismissed by both Congress and the Muslim Group, which promised
to unsettle for "Pakistan" using any and all means conceivable. At the same time,
collective savagery was heightening. In August 1946, the Incomparable Calcutta
Slaughtering left exactly 4,000 individuals dead and a further 100,000 destitute.
By Walk 1947, another emissary, Master Louis Mountbatten, showed up in Delhi
with a command to locate a fast method of finishing the English Raj. On June 3, he
declared that freedom would be presented to August that year, giving legislators
a final proposal that gave them minimal other option yet to consent to the
production of two separate states.
Pakistan – its eastern and western wings isolated by around 1,700 kilometers of
Indian domain – praised freedom on August 14 that year; India did so the next
day. The new outskirts, which split the vital areas of the Punjab and Bengal in two,
were formally endorsed on August 17. They had been drawn up by a Limit
Commission, driven by English legal counsellor Cyril Radcliffe, who later conceded
that he had depended on obsolete guides and evaluation materials.
Current situation after partition :-
Since Partition, there has been conflict between India and Pakistan - particularly
over an area called Kashmir, which both states say, even now, should belong to
them.
Pakistan and India have gone to war with each other, and there was conflict when
East Pakistan broke away and became Bangladesh.

Division of Punjab (MALAIKA SHAHID)

DIVISION OF PUNJAB :
Punjab was a territory of British India. The majority of the Punjab district was
added by the East India Company in 1849, and was one of the last zones of the
Indian subcontinent to fall under British control. In 1858, the Punjab, alongside
the remainder of British India, went under the immediate standard of the British
crown. The area involved five authoritative divisions, Delhi, Jullundur, Lahore,
Multan and Rawalpindi and various regal states. In 1947, the segment of India
prompted the territory being separated into East Punjab and West Punjab, in the
recently autonomous territories of India and Pakistan individually.
The district was initially called Sapta Sindhu, the Vedic place that is known for the
seven streams streaming into the ocean. The Sanskrit name for the locale, as
referenced in the Ramayana and Mahabharata for instance, was Panchanada
which signifies "Place where there is the Five Rivers", and was meant Persian as
Punjab after the Muslim conquests. The later name Punjab is a compound of two
Persian words Panj (five) and (water) and was acquainted with the area by the
Turko-Persian conquerors of India and all the more officially promoted during the
Mughal Empire. Punjab in a real sense implies "The Land of Five Waters" alluding
to the waterways: Jhelum, Chenab, Ravi, Sutlej, and Beas. All are feeders of the
Indus River, the Chenab being the biggest.
Geography:
Topographically, the region was a three-sided plot of nation of which the Indus
River and its feeder the Sutlej shaped the different sides up to their intersection,
the base of the triangle in the north being the Lower Himalayan Range between
those two streams. Additionally, the territory as comprised under British guideline
likewise incorporated an enormous plot outside these limits. Along the northern
fringe, Himalayan reaches isolated it from Kashmir and Tibet. On the west it was
isolated from the North-West Frontier Province by the Indus, until it arrived at the
outskirt of Dera Ghazi Khan District, which was separated from Baluchistan by the
Suleiman Range. Toward the south lay Sindh and Rajputana, while on the east the
streams Jumna and Tons isolated it from the United Provinces.
In complete Punjab had a zone of around 357 000 km square about a similar size
as current Germany, being probably the biggest territory of the British Raj. It
incorporated the current day Indian conditions of Punjab, Haryana, Chandigarh,
Delhi, and Himachal Pradesh (however barring the previous regal states which
were later joined into the Patiala and East Punjab States Union) and the Pakistani
locales of the Punjab, Islamabad Capital Territory and Khyber Pakhtunkhwa. In
1901 the outskirts regions past the Indus were isolated from Punjab and made
into another territory: the North-West Frontier Province.
HISTORY:
On 21 February 1849, the East India Company unequivocally crushed the Sikh
Empire at the Battle of Gujrat finishing the Second Anglo-Sikh War. Following the
triumph, the East India Company added the Punjab on 2 April 1849 and joined it
inside British India. The region while ostensibly heavily influenced by the Bengal
Presidency was officially free. Ruler Dalhousie established the Board of
Administration by drafting into it the most experienced and prepared British
officials. The Board was driven by Sir Henry Lawrence, who had recently filled in
as British Resident at the Lahore Durbar and furthermore comprised of his more
youthful sibling John Lawrence and Charles Grenville Mansel. Below the Board, a
gathering of acclaimed officials altogether known as Henry Lawrence's
"Youngsters" aided the organization of the recently procured area. The Board was
abrogated by Lord Dalhousie in 1853 Sir Henry was alloted to the Rajputana
Agency, and his sibling John prevailing as the main Chief Commissioner.

Perceiving the social variety of the Punjab, the Board kept up an exacting
arrangement of non-obstruction concerning strict and social matters. Sikh blue-
bloods were given support and annuities and gatherings in charge of chronicled
spots of love were permitted to stay in control.

During the Indian Rebellion of 1857, the Punjab remained moderately peaceful.
In May, John Lawrence made a quick move to incapacitate conceivably mutinous
sepoys and redeploy most European soldiers to the Delhi ridge.
Finally he enrolled new regiments of Punjabis to supplant the drained power, and
was furnished with labor and backing from encompassing regal states, for
example, Jind, Patiala, Nabha and Kapurthala and clan leaders on the borderlands
with Afghanistan. By 1858, an expected 70,000 additional men had been enlisted
for the military and mobilized police from inside the Punjab.
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