BELTS

SYSTEM
Instructor: Dr. Anh Duc Pham
Presenters: Nhat Huy Ly
Tien Dat Tran
Ngoc Tri Ta
 LESSON CONTENT

• Introduction to belts system

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• Standards for calculating belt drives

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• Things to keep in mind when designing belts drive

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 INTRODUCTION TO BELTS SYSTEM

I. INTRODUCTION:

A belt is a looped strip of flexible material, used to

mechanically link two or more rotating shafts

Belts are looped over pulleys

They may be used to move objects, to efficiently

transmit mechanical power

In a two-pulley system, the belt may either drive the

pulleys in the same direction, or the belt may be
crossed so that the shafts move in opposite directions

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II. STRUCTURE

Running Direction

Driving Pulley
Slack Side

Direction of Rotation
Driven Shaft

Belt
Driven Pulley

Driving Shaft
Tight Side

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In addition to the driving pulley, the
driven pulley and the belt. Some belts
system also include a belt tensioner to
provide initial tension on the two belt
sides.

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A stepped or cone pulley drive, is used for changing the speed of the driven shaft while
the main or driving shaft runs at constant speed.
This is accomplished by shifting the belt from one part of the steps to the other.

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III. WORKING PRINCIPLE

Belts systerm works on the principle of friction:

The belt is in tension on the two pulleys, on the contact surface of the belt and the
pulley there is pressure and friction. The frictional force impedes the relative sliding
motion between the belt and the pulley. Therefore, when the driving pulley turns, it
pulls the moving the belt and the belt pulls the driven pulley
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 IV. TYPE OF INSTALLATION

OPEN: the output direction is the same

as the input

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CROSSED: this is used to
reverse the output direction

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TURNED: when there are two
shaft perpendicular to each
other, this installation is used
V. BELT'S CLASSIFICATION

According to Belt section:

Round belts V belts Flat belts Timing belts

The cross-section of the Round belts is circular, on the pulley there is a circular grooves

The cross-section of the V belts is trapezoidal, on the pulley there is a trapezoidal groove, often
multiple belts are used in one transmission

The cross-section of the Flat belts is a narrow rectangle, the pulley is a cylindrical round

The Timing belts shape is like a rack, the pulley is like a gears
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VI. PARAMETERS

d = diameter of small pulley

D = diameter of large pulley

C = center distance (must ensure that the angle of contact not too small)

θ = angle of contact (θ ≥ 120 with V belts and θ ≥ 150 with Flat belts)

L = the length of the belt is found by summing the two arc length
with the distance between the beginning and end of contact

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VI. PARAMETERS

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VI. PARAMETERS

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VII. MATERIAL

There are five main materials for belts:

 Cotton belts or Fabric belts
 Balata belts
 Leather belts
 Rubber belts
 Plastics belts
VII. MATERIAL

Most common material for pulley is:

 Cast iron: As pulley is a rotating

member, it is subjected to high shear
stresses. Brittle materials like cast iron
are strong in shear. It's also low cost.

 Stainless Steel: have great strength and

durability.

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VIII. REVIEW

 Simple structure, low cost

 Works smoothly, without noise thanks

 Big size
to the toughness of the belt

 Prevent the machine from overloading
thanks to the smooth sliding belt on the
pulley when overloaded
 The gear ratio is not constant because
of the inevitably elastic slip of the belt
 The force acting on the shaft is large
because the belt must be tensioned

 Have a short lifespan (1000h - 5000h)

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Application range:

 Belts system is necessary to drive between two shaft that are far apart

 In a mechanical transmission, the belt is usually placed in the fast

feed or positioned close to the motor to prevent overload

 Used to transmit power below 50 Kw, speed up to 30m/s

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What is the
ANSI standard?

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 How to Design Belt Drive ?

1. Designing belt drive using manufacturer’s data

2. Designing belt drive using basic equations

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DESIGN A FLAT BELT DRIVE USING MANUFACTURER’S DATA

1. Pulley Diameters (D1 and D2)

2. Speeds of Driving and Driven Pulleys (N1 and N2)
3. Design Power in KW
4. Velocity of belt (V m/s)
5. Selection of belt
6. Number of plies
7. Load rating at V m/s
8. Belt width (b)
9. Pulley width
10. Length of belt (L)

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STEPS INVOLVED IN DESIGNING FLAT BELT DRIVES

• Step 1 – Selection of belt.

• Step 2 – Finding Pulley Diameters (D1 and D2) (table 5-1 page 85)

• Step 3 – Finding shaft distance(A) and Length of Belt(L) (eq 5-9 page 85)

And A (eq.5-2 page 83)

If A ≥ 2 ∗ (𝐷2 +𝐷1 ) ,(eq.5-1 page 83)

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STEPS INVOLVED IN DESIGNING FLAT BELT DRIVES(CONT.)

• Step 4 - the angle of wrap (pulley small)

• Step 5 – Calculate the belt width and Belt thickness

Choose(table 5-2 page 86):

Calculate the belt width

Choose 𝐶𝑡 , 𝐶𝑣 , 𝐶𝑏 , 𝐶𝛼 in the table (5-6), (5-7), (5-8), (5-9) page 89, 90, 91.
table(5-4) page 88, choose b.
• Step 6 – pulleys width

• Step 7 – calculate the tension and force acting on the shaft.(eq. (5-16), (5-17) page 91)

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ANALYSIS OF THE FORCE ACTING ON THE PULLEY

𝑇
𝐹1 = 𝐹𝑖 + 𝐹𝑐 + ∆𝐹 = 𝐹𝑖 + 𝐹𝑐 + 𝐷

𝐹𝑖 = initial tension
𝐹𝑐 = hoop tension due to centrifugal force
∆𝐹 = tension due to the transmitted torque T
D = diameter of the pulley

𝑇
𝐹2 = 𝐹𝑖 + 𝐹𝑐 − ∆𝐹 = 𝐹𝑖 + 𝐹𝑐 −
𝐷
𝐻 = the transmitted power

𝐻 = 𝐹1 − 𝐹2 𝑉

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THINGS TO KEEP IN MIND WHEN DESIGNING BELTS DRIVE:

1. Improper Tension

A belt that’s too loose on a pulley
will cause slippage, which leads to
heat build up from friction. This
heat will damage your rubber belts
and cause the belts to crack and
break.
A belt that’s too tight can
add stress to your bearings
and cause your motor to
over amp, leading to motor
failure.

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2. Misalignment of Pulleys

Pulley need to be aligned properly in order to prevent premature wear on belts and pulleys,
increased vibration and drive instability. The following are the types of misalignment:

Parallel: A pulley is outside Angular: The pulleys are in the

the plane of the other pulley, same drive system plane, but their
but their shafts are parallel shafts are not parallel.

Combination: Pulleys can be misaligned with a

combination of Parallel and Angular misalignment.

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3. Mishandling of Belts

Belts should never be forced onto pulleys.

When working with belts, never twist, bend or crimp the belts.
When replacing belts on drive systems, use matching sets and replace all belts on a belt drive.

4. Environmental Factors

If possible, keep belts in an environment less than 80 degrees Fahrenheit.

Don't allow grease, oil, lubricants and etc to contaminate the belts.
When changing out a belt, you to clean the pulley grooves. Any dust or debris can negatively
affect the belt and the pulley.

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