Mechanics of Machines

BDA20303
Lecture #03 - Belting

Maznan Bin Hj Ismon

Department of Engineering Mechanics

Faculty of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering,
University Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia (UTHM)
Gear drives –
Higher torque capability
Not flexible
Expensive.

Belt - high speed/low torque

Chain: Low speed/high torque 2

TYPICAL BALL MILL - GEAR DRIVE

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TYPICAL BALL MILL - BELT DRIVE

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 POWER TRANSMISSION SYSTEM
(BELT)
Objectives:
Students will be able to:
1. describe basic features of a drive/transmission belt
2. describe several types of drive/transmission belt
3. solve kinematics and belt tension problems of belt drive system
Learning topics:

• Introduction
• Type of transmission
belt.
• Belt drive geometry
• Belt drive system
arrangement
• Belt drive kinematics
• Belt tension
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 INTRODUCTION

BELT is a looped strip of flexible material, used to mechanically link

two or more rotating shafts.
They may be used as a source of motion, to efficiently transmit power, or
to track relative movement.

Belts are looped over pulleys/sheave.

In a two pulley system,
the belt can either drive the pulleys in the same direction, or 6
the belt may be crossed, so that the direction of the shafts is opposite.
INTRODUCTION

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APPLICATIONS – Synchronous Belt Drive

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 APPLICATIONS

Continuously Variable transmission (CVT) 9

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 SELECTION OF A BELT DRIVE

The selection of a belt drive depends on the following factors :

• center distance between shafts

• power to be transmitted
• speed of the driving and driven shafts
• space available
• speed reduction ratio
• service conditions
• shaft layout

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 ADVANTAGES
Compared to other form of power transmission, belt drive have these
advantages :

• less expensive than gear or chain drive.

• flexible shaft center distances
• operate smoothly and with less noise at high speed
• can be designed to slip when an overload occurs in the machine
• require no lubrication, as do chain and gears
• can be used in more than one plane
• easy to assemble and install and have flexible tolerances.
• require little maintenance
• do well in absorbing shock loading

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TYPES OF POWER TRANSMISSION BELT

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V-BELT TERMINOLOGY
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 BELT LENGTH

r r

Belt Length For Same diameter pulley

 2  
  

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 BELT LENGTH

D : pitch diameter of the pulley

C : center distance between the center of the driver and driven pulley
L : the total length of the belt – open belt drive.
π  − 


 2  
  
2 4
  −


 2  
   

β : angle of contact (angle of lap) which is a measure of the angular engagement of the
belt on each pulley  −
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β
  − 2α   β    2α   α 

 α
r2-r1
r1 α

α 

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 BELT DRIVE SYSTEM ARRANGEMENT
Power from one shaft can be transmitted to another shaft using some of
these arrangement :

1. Open belt drive

2. Cross-belt drive
3. Serpentine belt drive
4. Belt drive with idler pulleys
5. Mule / quarter turn belt drive with idler pulley

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Compound
20
belting
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 BELT DRIVE KINEMATICS

Velocity Ratio, VR : is defined as the angular speed of the driven pulley to the
angular speed of the driver pulley.
ω driven ω 2 D1 ( D1 + t )
VR = = = =
ω driver ω1 D2 ( D2 + t )

belt speed, vb : is defined as the linear velocity of the belt. The magnitude of this
velocity corresponds to the magnitude of the linear velocity of a point on the pitch
diameter of each pulley.
D1 D2
vb = ω1 = ω2 22
2 2
 EXAMPLE

Given : A belt drive is used to transmit power from an electric motor

to a compressor for a refrigerated truck.
The electric motor is rated at 3550 rpm, and the
motor pulley diameter is 120 mm. The compressor pulley has
240 mm diameter.
Find : the operating speed (rpm) of the compressor and the belt
speed (m/s).

Answers :
i. 1775 rpm
ii. 22.30 m/s

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 IN CLASS TUTORIAL
Given: A belt drive is used to transmit power from an electric motor to
a fan as shown in the figure below. The electric motor is rated
at 3000 rpm. The radii of motor’s and fan’s pulley is 20 mm
and 80 mm respectively.
Find: velocity ratio, VR , the operating speed (rpm) of the fan and
the belt speed. (m/s)

Answers :

i. 0.25
ii. 750 rpm
iii. 6.28 m/s or 394.8 m/min

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 BELT SLIP
Belt drive will slip if friction
force on the surface of contact
between belt and pulley is
reduced. This will cause the
pulley to rotate without holding
the belt. Normally slip is
expressed in percentage.
Consider a belt drive system with slip for the figure above. The
effective angular speed at driven pulley is :

ω 2 r1  G1 + G2  G1 : percentage slip at the drive pulley

= 1 −  G2 : percentage slip at the driven pulley
ω1 r2  100 
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 BELT CREEP

When the belt passes from the slack side to the tight side, a certain portion of the
belt extends and it contracts again when the belt passes from the tight side to
slack side. Due to these changes of length, there is a relative motion between the
belt and the pulley surfaces. This relative motion is termed as creep.
the velocity ratio is given by :

σ1 and σ2 = Stress in the belt on the tight and slack side respectively, and
E = Young’s modulus for the material of the belt.

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BELT TENSION

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 BELT TENSION
TORQUE
torque = moment
= force x radius
M =F resultant xR

R
F resultant
torque driven ≠ torque driver

M driven = (Tt − Ts )× Rdriven

M driver = (Tt − Ts )× Rdriver
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POWER TRANSMITTED BY BELT

• Tt and Ts = Tensions in the tight and slack

side of the belt respectively in newtons ,
• r1 and r2 = Radii of the driver and follower
respectively,
• v = Velocity of the belt in m/s.

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BELT TENSION MEASUREMENT

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BELT ALIGNMENT

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RPM AND VELOCITY MEASUREMENT

Tachometer – Contact and Non-contact 32

 BELT TENSION (Cont.’d)
µβ
FLAT BELT TENSION Tt = Ts e (flat belt)
driven side

Tt
Tt
Ts
Ts
Tt, Ts = belt tension; Ts oppose the direction of motion of the belt measured relative
to the surface, while Tt acts in the direction of the relative belt motion;
because of friction, Tt > Ts.
μ = coefficient of static or kinetic friction between the belt and the surface of
contact.
β = angle of belt to surface contact, measured in radians
e = 2.718..., base of the natural logarithm
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 BELT TENSION (Cont.’d)
V - BELT TENSION

driven side µβ
sin(α / 2)
Tt = Ts e (V - belt)

Tt Ts
Tt, Ts = belt tension; Ts oppose the direction of motion of the belt measured relative
to the surface, while Tt acts in the direction of the relative belt motion;
because of friction, Tt > Ts.
μ = coefficient of static or kinetic friction between the belt and the surface of
contact.
β = angle of belt to surface contact, measured in radians
e = 2.718..., base of the natural logarithm
α = Groove angle measured in degree.
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 EXAMPLE

Given : A flat-belt is passes around the pulley B of a motor and

over a pulley A as shown in the figure. The motor exerts a
torque of M = 4 N.m to drive the system. The coefficient of
static friction for both pulley is μs=0.3.
Find : The tension Tt and Ts of the flat belt just before it starts
moving.

Answer : Ts = 51.1 N

Tt = 131.1 N

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 IN CLASS TUTORIAL

Given : The 60º V-fan-belt of an automobile engine passes around

the pulley H of a generator/alternator G and over the pulley
F of an engine fan housing. The maximum tension the belt
can sustain is Tmax = 800 N. The coefficient of static friction
for both pulley is μs=0.25.
Find : The maximum possible torque M resisted by the axle before
the belt slips over the pulley. Assume that the system rotate
with a constant angular speed.

Answer : 31.7 N.m

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 POSSIBLE QUESTIONS

Short Answer Questions

1. Differentiate between open belt and crossed belt drive.
2. What are the commonly used materials for flat belts?
3. List out the applications of belt drives.
4. What do you mean by slip in a belt drive?
5. Differentiate between belt drive and chain drive.

Long Answer Questions

1. Explain with neat sketch, the types of various flat belt drives.
2. List out the advantages and disadvantages of belt drives.
3. Compare flat belt and V belts.

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STANDARDS

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Motorcycle Chain vs Belt vs Shaft Drive

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END

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