READINGS IN PHILIPPINE HISTORY

I – EARLY FILIPINOS (HORACIO DELA COSTA)

EARLY FILIPINOS
Little Black Men whom the Spaniards called Negrillos or Negrito
- They call themselves as dwellers, or lords of the land
- as barbarians who are living in the mountains and forests with foraging and hunting as their way of life.
- no letters and government but has patriarchal rule

Seafaring Malays who came from the Malay Peninsula

- they took the lowlands and river valleys, and forced the Negritos to live in hills and whom called by the Malays as Aeta.

Mestizos or the new lords of the land

- who are born from the interracial marriage between the Negritos and the Malays.

CHIEFTAIN – Datu

- patriarchal head of the family and its dependents, and pass his headship to his descendants. But the headship changed into the
basis of ability and prowess

SOCIAL STRATIFICATION

Maharlika (Gentlemen/Free men) Slaves (Aliping Saguiguilir)

- paid neither tax or tribute to the Datu but follow his - serve their lord in his house or land; can be sold
rulings - they don’t have properties, it depends to the person they
serve
Commoners (Aliping Namamahay)

- householders who serves a lord

- has the ability to possess properties which their children
can inherit
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RELIGION

The early Filipinos believed in Diwata and this religion is Animism.

They believe that there is

HORACIO DELA COSTA TEDORO AGONCILLO AND FE MANGAHAS

LIVELIHOOD - weaving, dyeing, craftsmanship, shipping - Filipinos are into agriculture
- cultivate the land, kaingin system
- tillage system
- irrigation
INDUSTRIES - fishing - fishing
- poultry and livestock raising - mining
- ship building
- logging
- poultry and livestock raising
- pottery
- weaving; textiles or fabrics
- barter system
- no currency; trading system, exchange gold
for products by Chinese

TEODORO AGONCILLO AND FE MANGAHAS

Commerce extends to other countries Gat (Lakan) = Datu or Chief

Gender Equality (Teodoro Agoncillo and Fe Mangahas)

- women enjoy high position - own and inherit property - succeed chieftainship in the absence of male chieftain

- equal with men - engage in trading and industry

Names of Child - derive from physical features, or auspicious events To show respect, the men would follow the women
READINGS IN PHILIPPINE HISTORY
Government

- patriarchal system

- executive, legislative, and judicial

- In war, supreme commander

- In law and justice, helped by council of elders

- Alliance, blood compacts or sanduguan

- mixing the contracting parties' blood in a cup and they would drink the wine, symbolically blood brothers

Town Crier (Humalohocan)

- announce the approval of the law

- bell in one hand, ring it as he call the attention of the people, and explain the new law to them. Any person violating will be brought
for trial

Trial of Ordeal

- suspect would dip their hands in a hot boiling water, unang nalapnos siya ang guilty

- holding lighted candles by the suspect, unang mamatay guilty

- ordering the suspect to lunge in a deep river, unang magsusurface is guilty

- chew uncooked rice, may laway na makapal will be the guilty

Disputes are obviously peaceful - if there is conflicts, it will be solve by arbitration - a board compose of elders from diff barangay
would be arbiters - trial will be held in public - the man with most witnesses would win the trial

Oath - May the crocodile devour me if I tell a lie

READINGS IN PHILIPPINE HISTORY
II - SPANISH CONQUEST (HORACIO DELA COSTA)

*The blood compact did not allay.

*Sinunog ang Maynila

* Goiti retutn to the panay to report to Legazpi na nasakop na nila ang Maynila.

* On May 19, 1571 Legazpi took formal possession Solima’s town, the Manila.

* Manila will be the capital of the Philippines

* Legazpi’s grandson JUAN DE SALCEDO

* Salcedo’s officer MIGUEL DE LOARCA

*Limahong steered in the course of Manila

* Salcedo saw the fleet of Limahong na he’s suspecting going to Manila

* he’s (Salcedo) arrival was opportune that through him the Land Manila was saved from Limahong.

* Limahong entered Manila Bay on the eve of St. Andrew

* Limahong came before daybreak and sent 600 troops ashore

*When he noticed the strength of Spaniards tinapos niya yung battle, recalled his men and returned to the port of Cavite

* Fray Andres Ires followed the sea, He had shipped on Loaisa’s expedition sa Moluccas. Philip II that time called Fray Andres to join
Legazpi as part of chaplain part pilot.

* Nakahanap na siya ng ruta pabalik by which Philippines maintain contact with Mexico, and through Mexico with Spain, without
violating the Tordesillas Line.
READINGS IN PHILIPPINE HISTORY
* Hernando Riguel, a notary expedition nagsulat siya sa kaibigan niya in Mexico of the way the conquest was being pay off. Yung
copy ng letter was found its way to Seville.

* To perpetuate the settlements, The GOVERNOR distributed few villages of Indians

* Riguel did not tell the whole story that tribute was not always extracted from the natives “without pain” so if we believe that
Augustinian friars who came with the expedition it was not what Philip II preferred that there will be no pain, tear, and blood but
instead of conquer- pacified

* Sinabi nila sa mga tao sa town an iyon na if they want to be friends of the Spaniards they must give tribute to them. Kpag pumayag
sila, they will stop to work out what each man must gives and demand he give it immediately. If the people refuse to give kung ano
yung nais nila they will sack or damage the town.

* The war council will consider it grounds if yung mga natives will say no or will disagree in the friendship of the Spaniards or if they
build fortifications with themselves will be killed, be a prison, burned the house.

* The land has been divided into ENCOMEDIAS

* In this grant the encomendero undertook defense his encomienda from the attacks to maintain order and peace and inconsideration
the encomendero acquired the right to collect tribute in the amount and form determined by the royal government.

* First bishop of the Philippines was a Dominican, FRAY DOMINGO DE SALAZAR disciple of the Great BARTOLOME DE LAS
CASAS.

*25 CONCLUSIONS about proper administration of encomiendas

READINGS IN PHILIPPINE HISTORY

EXPEDITIONS by Teodoro Agoncillo and Fe Mangahas

Portugal was the first to send expeditions to the east

Spain sent explorers to America and they began to reclaim the areas

Rivalry between Portugal and Spain

To avoid this, Pope Alexander VI, a Spaniard, issued a bull, an edict, a proclamation or a law, 1493, dividing the world into 2.

First Bull - All lands south and west of Azores and Cape Verde islands were to belong to Spain. Portugal on the other hand was to take possession
of the continent of Africa.

In order to make this provision clear, the pope issued another bull.

Second Bull - There should be an imaginary line, from north to south at 100 degrees west of the Azores. Then lands to be discovered east of this
land will belong to Portugal and those on the west will belong to Spain. However, in Sept on that same year, nullified this provision. Allowing
Spain to own lands to be discovered east.

Because of this nullification, the King of Portugal protests because it violated the rights of Portugal. To avoid any conflict, they concluded these
bulls into a treaty. Treaty of Tordesillas.
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Treaty of Tordesillas
June 7 1494
1. An imaginary line was drawn from north to south at a distance of 37o leagues from Cape Verde islands. Lands to be discovered east of this line
will belong to Portugal and west will belong to Spain.
2. If Spanish ships discovered lands east of the demarcation line, the said lands should be turned over to Portugal. And lands discovered west of
the demarcation line should be turned over to Spain.
3. No Portuguese ships shall be sent to land belonging to Spain, vice versa, for the purpose with them trading.
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Europe at that time has growth in industry and commerce, advancement in science, etc. Added to this, they desire the knowledge to know the lands
of the orient. The stories led many Europeans admire the lands of the east.
READINGS IN PHILIPPINE HISTORY
1. Oriental Spices
2. Silk
3. Fruits
4. Tartar of Roses
5. Persian Rugs
6. Perfume
7. Precious Stones

Venetians, citizens of Venice, enjoyed the monopoly at start. They were actually enjoying earning big profits. Soon after, European began to trade
among orient countries.
Commercial Rivalry led to Europeans expedition to Asia.
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Trading Routes according to Mangahas and Agoncillo.
1. Northern Route - pass through central Asia through land, from central Asia proceeding to cities of Samarkand and Bokhara, goes through
around the Caspian Sea, Black Sea, and then finally reach Constantinople in the Mediterranean. (Istanbul, Turkey)
2. Central Route - starts from Malacca’s, in Malay Peninsula, pass through Indian Ocean, pass through Indian Ports, then you will go to the
Persian Gulf, and then pass by Baghdad, and then pass by Constantinople, and finally end in Cairo, Egypt.
3. Southern Route - also starts in Malacca, passes by Indian Ocean, ports of India, and then proceeds to the Red Sea, finally ends in Cairo in the
Mediterranean.
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14th Century - The Turks captured the citizens of Constantinople, led by Ottoman. The Turks decided to close the northern and southern routes.
However, they only allow the Venetians to use the southern route on condition that they pay a certain sum of fee. Venetian monopoly compelled
Portugal and Spain to find routes.
15th Century - Search for New Routes

Portugal - first country to send expedition to Asia

Prince Henry, the Navigator. He wanted Portugal to become sea power. Send expedition to the Azores near coast of Africa in 1841. This
expedition discovered islands of Madeira and the Azores.

Prince Henry became part of expeditions to Western Africa. Used tools such as,
1. Astrolabe
READINGS IN PHILIPPINE HISTORY
2. Wind rose Compass
3. The Caravel (kind of ship)

This inspired others also to explore the east.

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1847
Bartholomew Diaz, discovered Cape of Good Hope, continued his voyage to Calicut, India. This voyage mark the first time the European country
reaches the Asia. Then, reaching the east by sailing around the southernmost tip of the continent of Africa.
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Spain also sent expedition to America

Christopher Columbus, a native of Genoa, went to Spain and offered his services to the King and Queen. Sailing from Spain, he “discovered”
North America in 1492. He tough that large mass of land he had “discovered” was Asia. Later, and Italian Amerigo Vespucci, was sent by Spanish
King and Queen to explore what Columbus had found. The geographers at the time thought that Amerigo found a “New World,” and so they
named this land, America.
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In 1500, Vicente Pinzon, discovered the land what is now Brazil.
In 1513, Nunez de Balboa, crossed the place what is now Panama and discovered the Pacific Ocean.

This led to exploration of new lands.

READINGS IN PHILIPPINE HISTORY
III – OUTPOST OF EMPIRE (HORACIO DELA COSTA)

*Soldiers and seamen came to win Philippines for Spain were accompanied by missionaries to win for Christian religion

*Spanish missionaries perform miracles

*missionaries walk not just by foot but barefoot

* 1st Missionaries are the AUGUSTINIAN who came with Legazpi in 1565 followed by Franciscans (1577), The Jesuits (1581), The
Dominicans (1587), and the Augustinian recollects (1606)

*100 pesos, 100 fanegas (2.5 bushels) of a rice a year

*Royal Government assigned each missionary group their territory

* Augustinian. Franciscan and Dominicans divided in Luzon while Jesuits and Recollects in Visayas and Mindanao

*Bishop Salazar (1592-1586) made several policies

-1st teach Christian doctrine instead spanish

-2nd dispered clan villages into a larger communities

*Fray Juan de Plasencia, father Custodian of the order of Saint Francis

*Fray Juan de Garrovillas the father of Guardian\

*Fray Juan Francisco de San Antonio-left description of day-to-day activities in the church and schools of the Franciscans

*2 stroke of the bell is the signal of end of class

*2 o’clock bell rang for vespers, children will return to church to sing little office of the blesses mother
READINGS IN PHILIPPINE HISTORY
*Until 5 o’clock

*Every Saturday Bagontaus and dalagas (young people both sexes) recite catechism to prevent them in forgetting their memory in
childhood and to grow with understanding and appreciation

*Don Gonzalo (Fiscal’s name)

-100 boys altogether

-done not by compulsion but love

*City were roofed wit straw and because of this they always catches fires

-2,000 sangleys

*Bishop 3,000 pesos distributed among citizen and soldiers to rebuild their house

*Diego Rongquillo -Governor

*the bishop begged the governor to let citizen built their house made of stone and roofed with tiles and maiiwasan nito na magkasunog
at it will protect against the attack

* dahil hindi nag agree ang governor what the citizen did is they go in the river in city to look for quarries (stones)

*JUAN CLEMENTE- practice of caring for the sick

- He founded the first hospital

-many poor people came to his hospital to be fed and treated in their disease such as leprosy, paralysis, ad running sores. And all
people could be taken care of regardless of your country (siam, japan, china, Malabar coast, and malay peninsula, and borneo) race, or
religion.
READINGS IN PHILIPPINE HISTORY
*1586, 2 decades after the beginning of conquest the Philippine colonist called an assembly in manila or GENERAL JUNTA to
consider that state of affairs in our country.

*Alonzo Sanchez accredited agent

*good man as a governor- GOMEZ PEREZ DASMARINAS

-if the debtor will refuse to pay the creditor the governor will summon him/her and if they admit that they really have a debt the
governor will ordered the debtor to place one foot against the wall and stand on the other foot until he paid the debt. Additional 100
pesos for the relief of paupers

- If yung may utang naman is in the position or has the capacity to pay the governor will invite and informed him about sa utang and if
yung may utang, he can’t provide at that moment but would pay in full when the galleon made in port what the Governor do is, he will
lend a money to the debtor and pay the creditor sa kanyang utang and if he may pera na yung pinahiram niya ng pera doon na siya-
yung governor pwede bayaran. He can pay the governor when convienient.

*GOVERNOR HURTADO DE CORCUERA from (1636-1644)

Review on the following;

- Early Filipinos (Accounts of Horacio de la Costa, Teodoro Agoncillo, and Fe Mangahas)
- Religion (how they heal the sick, life after death)
- Treaties
- How do Laws are created