MODULE-2 Science and Technology in Nation Building

Lesson 1- Science Education in the Philippines

Analysis
1. What were the changes made in adopting the K to 12 Science curriculum?
Since we’re in the 21st century, many changes have been demonstrated. New science
program produced numerous of inventions that able to one of this which is the decongestion
of skills and association of spiral enhancement manner. In new science program which
different discipline in Science corporate in every level which are the life science, chemistry,
physics and earth science. The program of science in terms of instruction from traditional
methods of teaching now change as to more innovative exploration for a student
enhancement upon the critical thinking skills and scientific skills in response to changing
societal skills. The new curriculum utilizes learner-centered approach such as the inquiry
based learning pedagogy. Concepts and skills are being taught by providing pedagogy which
will enable them to enhance their cognitive, affective, and psychomotor domains. This
changes remains science being the constant feature to education that develop and mold
students to a better and ready set of learners in a competitive world of Science knowledge.
There are some implications towards the teachers and students in adjusting the new
curriculum for example lack of science teachers in every schools, laboratory tools and
equipment for experiments but this little problems encountered by most public school were
had been solved through the help of administration and teachers. Possess ample expertise of
science and engineering to interact in public discussions on related issues; are cautious
shoppers of scientific and technological information related to their every day lives; are
capable to proceed to study about science outdoor school; and have the skills to enter careers
of their choice, together with (but not limited to) careers in science, engineering, and
technology. Students’ significant learning in science and engineering are now uses all three
dimensions as to implies faster way of learnings by the students that want to be integrated
into standards, curriculum, instruction, and contrast. We all benefited with this new
curriculum that established today, advantage for all students, teachers, and to the world
sustainable development.
2. State the aim of the K to 12 science curriculum?
The aims of the science curriculum is to produce scientifically literate citizens who are well-
informed and active participant of the society, responsible decision makers ,and apply
scientific knowledge that is important and high impact upon society and towards the
environment. Aims to be a critical/ creative problem solver, responsible steward of nature,
innovative or inventive thinker, informed decision maker and effective communicator. It
helps to the students to have advance knowledge in the subject science curriculum in
preparation for college as it enhanced the knowledge of every student most especially it will
charge as credits and more advantage to those students who are under in STEM. The aim of
K-12 science curriculum as science education aims to boost scientific literacy amongst
students that prepares them to be knowledgeable and active residents who are in a position to
make judgments and decisions concerning purposes of scientific knowledge that may have
social, health, or environmental impacts. The science curriculum recognizes the area of
science and technology in everyday human affairs. It integrates science and technology in the
civic, personal, social, economic, and the values and ethical factors of life. The science
curriculum promotes a strong link between science and technology, including indigenous
technology, preserving our country’s cultural strong point and peculiarities intact. This case
study sought to better understand the change process at one federal agency as it went from
producing K12 learning tools that were educational in nature to a program that produced K-
12 standards-based learning tools. The committee emphasizes that larger improvements in K-
12 science and engineering schooling will be made when all factors of the system—from
standards and assessments, to guide for new and hooked up teachers, to providing adequate
time for gaining knowledge of science—are aligned with the framework’s vision. The K to
12 science curriculum envisions the development of scientifically, technologically, and
environmentally literate and productive members of society who show up abilities as a
indispensable hassle solvers, accountable stewards of Nature, modern and innovative citizens,
informed decision makers, and tremendous communicators. Either a current students nor no
longer student it requires to pursue careers that involve science and technology, the K to 12
science curriculum will grant students with a repertoire of competencies vital in the world of
work and in a knowledge-based society. This curriculum is designed round the three domains
of learning science: perception and making use of scientific information in nearby setting as
properly as global, context each time possible, performing scientific processes and skills, and
developing and demonstrating scientific attitudes and values. The acquisition of these
domains is facilitated the usage of the following approaches: multi/interdisciplinary
approach, science–technology society approach, contextual learning, problem/issue-based
learning, and inquiry-based approach.
Abstraction
The concept of Science Education Science education focuses on teaching, learning, and
understanding science. Teaching science involves developing ways on how to effectively
teach science. This means exploring pedagogical theories and models in helping teachers
teach scientific concepts and process effectively. Learning science, on the other hand,
includes both pedagogy and the most interesting aspect, which is helping students understand
and love science. Understanding science implies developing and applying science-process
skills and using science Literacy in understanding the natural world and activities in everyday
life. Getting deeper into the discourse of science education, John Dewey(2001) stressed the
importance of utilizing the natural environment to teach students. Accordingly, nature must
indeed furnish its Physical stimuli to provide wealth of meaning through social activities and
thinking. It is not surprising therefore that science Education is important. In fact, Marx
(1994) opines that science is going to be one of the most important school subjects in the
future. Science education is justified by the vast amount of scientific knowledge developed in
this area that prepares citizens in a scientific ally and technologically driven world. Science
education provides skills and knowledge that are necessary for a person to live in what
Knight (1986) describes as the age of science and to develop a citizenry that will meet the
goals of science in the society (Tilghman, 2005). Developing a science culture is therefore an
immense responsibility for schools.
Application

•Your task is to read the article “Teaching Science in the Philippines: Why (and How) We
Can Do Better” to this link: https://www.flipscience.ph/news/features-
news/features/teaching-science-philippines/
• After reading, write a short reflection about how we can do better on the science despite
the challenges or the limitations. Your reflection may be written or encoded.
Science is everywhere and everything we could have since scientific revolution and a
system of knowledge where we could cover all the truth behind beyond existence and
general laws. We defined science in so many ways since then that it’s merely all about
knowledge. For all the challenges and or limitations, we can make something better for
teaching and learning science education in our country. As a student, we can make
something better as we’re having so many problems upon science education. Learning in
science is fun not until during learning session where equipment and well-equipped
teachers are lack. In every school we are in or enrolled most especially for public schools
that myself can represent as I’m in a public school based upon my personal experience
there’s so much lack that a student may affect the learnings upon science be missed. As
we’re digging our lessons throughout the school year way back my junior high school
years and a student that is non-STEM student as our school implemented track only TVL.
Throughout the years of learning remembering what we tackle about science and
experiences is not that so good. I can easily seize the moment way back I experienced no
textbook used during learnings we only learned during classes as our teacher produces the
lessons. So much experiments to have in every lessons that replaced only reporting with
our manila paper and markers to present our ideas out of the lessons or activities we
tackle instead of experiments. Other section don’t have classes sometimes it’s because
that there’s no teachers available for the day of classes specifically science teacher. I
experienced also studying having lack of classrooms where we get to the point that in one
classroom we’ve divided into two class section using curtains as wall from dividing into
two rooms as to result lack of laboratories where to conduct an experiments and other
activities for science subject that affect learnings to students like me it’s annoying
because when we’re having class the other class is chatting and being noisy. Well, as
productive students or youth for our country we can aid the country’s problem as we
currently having abysmally of performance upon survey, facing predicament is such a
thorns in nations system of education. We can do with the school or institution to take
part of the international surveys and every one of students as we are on 21 st century where
technology advance is present there’s so many ways to learn through internet searching
all the sources of information to learn, watching videos on YouTube accordingly to the
topic. Internet today is one click away for our future to learn and every youth or students
have their common sense being reliable and responsible in gathering and learning science.
So each one of us could learn in advance and apply through real life situations. As our
country hiring more teachers to respond the problem of every school there’s so much
fresh graduate in education course like in science, math and engineer graduates even to
those who didn’t passed for board exams will considered and having chance to teach and
be hired to apply as part-time teachers for the K to 12 Senior High School Program. that
benefits to every school in country and also towards the unemployment rate problem to
our country. As part of region XI, shortage of classrooms which also lead to lack of
laboratories in every school is a common problem that a school have as K-12 program is
implemented in country, thanks to the government actions and to the secretary and other
official under DEPED and CHED to respond in creating more buildings for classrooms
and is effectively implemented for just about 8 months in our school is already been used
and other is pending to use which makes to conducive learning. UP Diliman and UP Los
Baños is prompted the current situation lack of laboratories doing research as a result to
system that could be done through instrumentation system. Through the power of science,
technologies invented where we could use to access for all information in learning
through websites or apps used for experiments learnings in chemistry, biology, physics,
and engineering. Also a problem on the quality of learning materials which there’s so
many errors upon the textbook which could affect the students learnings in following
what’s with the textbook as basis for learnings. But despite with that as a resourceful
student we know there’s internet to access for learning. The aforementioned predicaments
of Philippine education severely limit how most the public schools can teach science to
their students. Over the centuries, innumerable discoveries and advances in science came
as a result of the scientific method. Providing competent science education facilitates
students cultivates set of beliefs, based on the answers to their questions. Science pushes
for the concept of objectivity, as opposed to relying solely on emotions that might hinder
proper decision-making. We can still improve our textbooks and learning materials. We
can still encourage more people to become STEM educators. And we can still improve
our NAT scores, and confidently participate in international surveys once more.
Improving science education will not only allow our country to have citizens who are
thinkers first and foremost, but also increase the number of STEM graduates to address
the glaring industrial and agricultural needs that will boost the economic growth of our
country. In fact, we are completely capable of achieving the successes experienced by
countries on and observed in laboratories, but science in everyday life; science that is
evident in how we handle all of our tasks and decisions. The aforementioned
predicaments of Philippine education severely limit how most the public schools can
teach science to their students. Over the centuries, innumerable discoveries and advances
in science came as a result of the scientific method. Providing ready science schooling
enables college students cultivates set of beliefs, based on the solutions to their questions.
Science pushes for the concept of objectivity, as adversarial to relying totally on feelings
that may preclude appropriate decision-making. We can still enhance our textbooks and
getting to know materials. We can nevertheless inspire greater humans to grow to be
STEM educators. And we can still improve our NAT scores, and confidently take part in
global surveys as soon as more. Improving science education will no longer only permit
our country to have citizens who are thinkers first and foremost, however additionally
make bigger the range of STEM graduates to address the obvious industrial and
agricultural desires that will enhance the monetary growth of our country. In fact, we are
absolutely successful of accomplishing the successes skilled by nations on and
determined in laboratories, however science in every day life; science that is evident in
how we handle all of our duties and decisions.

LESSON 2 The Philippine Government S&T Agenda

Activity
•Watch the power point video about the Galleon Trade on this link:
https://slideplayer.com/slide/7514255/. Take note of the contribution of galleon trade on
the change of culture, language and environment for Philippines.
• After watching the video, answer the questions below:
Analysis
1. What was the significance of the Galleon trade to the growth of Science and
technology in the Philippines?
The existence in knowing Galleon Trade was the significant part of the history. It
exhibit the first time in which Asia, America and Europe were connected by trade . It
was a fundamental steps in the history of globalization. The Galleon trade were the
only means of communication between Spain and Philippine colony and served as an
economic lifeline for the Spaniards in Manila. During the heyday of the galleon trade,
Manila became one of the world’s great ports, serving as a focus for trade between
China and Europe. Known as the “longest shipping line in history,” a total of 110
galleons were used in the trade. 102 of the galleons were built in the Philippines while
the other 8 in Mexico. 2 were built in Cebu, some in Leyte, but most of the galleons
were constructed in Cavite. The Manila-Acapulco Galleon Trade was the main source
of income for the colony during its early years. We have a good knowledge of the
business practices, techniques and go through all consequences connected to Manila
Galleon. Science and technology in the Philippines show the scientific and
technological advances that Philippines has made. The significance of Galleon trade
to the growth of science and technology in Philippines which Galleon Trade have
accounted in the Philippine colonial economy. Trade was given more focus by the
Spaniard colonial authorities due to the prospects of big profits. Agriculture and
industrial development on the other hand were relatively neglected. The opening of
the Suez Canal saw the influx of European visitors to the Spanish colony and some
Filipinos were able to study in Europe who were probably influenced by the rapid
development of scientific ideals brought by the Age of Enlightenment. Filipinos
became known as great shipbuilders. Because up to 80% of the crews manning the
galleons were Philippine natives, Filipinos eventually became known as Asia’s ablest
seamen. Since most of the Galleons built tradition shipbuilding at Philippines. The
major contributions of science and technology to Philippine nation-building are linked
to its socio-economic progress and its industrialization. The galleons were the largest
 class of ships known to have been built anywhere up to that time. The building and
operation of galleons put too much burden on the colonists’ annual polo y servicio,
resulted in cultural and commercial exchanges between Asia and the Americas that
led to the introduction of new crops and animals to the Philippines notably tobacco
that gave the colony its first real income which benefit extended to the common Indio.

2. What factor/s halted the growth of science in the country?

The country became one of the centers global trade in SEA. One of the most developed in
region. Superstitious beliefs and catholic doctrine practices halted the growth of science
in the country and practices halted the growth of science in the country.
Abstraction
• Read and study the following PowerPoint presentation:
1. https://www.slideshare.net/annaestardo/bspsts-pt3-108692843?from_action=save
2. Gov’t policies and laws pertaining to S & T in the Philippines

Application
• Find an article in the newspapers/magazines or in the internet that contains
accomplishments of the Duterte administration to the development of Science and
Technology in the Philippines.
1. Take a photo/screenshot of the article.
2. Copy and paste the photo in MS Word.
3. Make a brief explanation about the article.
 Duterte reassures support to science, R&D- The Duterte administration gave
reassurance in the field as to his commitment in science, technology, and innovation sector.
This accomplishment in the field of Science and technology development in our country
which our president support financially this was established in the big increase in the budget
of the Department of Science and Technology (DOST) this year. It helps to the development
of the country benefited to people by giving support financially which increase the budget in
order to successfully accomplish what’s scientist, inventors, and or people behind in science
for development just like for example nurturing every youth that has power or skills in the
field of science and research experiment in finding answers or even cure for this pandemic
has been used. Also noted that the national government has been able to set an organized
management of scientific activities, such as formulating programs and policies that help
shape the country. Besides the basic and applied research, Duterte’s speech specifically
expressed the current administration’s support to the Philippine Space Technology Program.
“This makes official the country’s entry into the frontiers of space,” he said, adding that the
country needs to boldly move and catch up with the industrialized world, “in every measure
of scientific and technological proficiency”.
LESSON 3 Indigenous Science and Technology in the Philippines
Activity
The chart below explores your prior knowledge and your curiosity to learn about the topic.
Fill in the columns of the chart. In the first column labeled Know, write everything that you
know about indigenous science and technology in the Philippines, while in the second
column labeled Want to Know, write the things you would like to know about the
aforementioned topic.

Know Want to know

-Predicting weather conditions like -I want to know more about the

most of the time I heard if the eyes of
the cat shows big black circle it
means the sea is high tide.
-Using herbal medicine like
Hagonoy and Malunggay for aiding
when someone got wound and when
someone got fever we apply Tuob in
order to get out the flatulence and
sweat or it’s like detox in body to
feel well out of being sick.
-Preserving of foods like in our place
some people don’t have refrigerator
so they used preserving food with the
used of salt and jars called Tinabal.
-Using Indigenous Technology like
pottery making for cooking food ,
weaving use to produce fabric for
clothes, beautification for houses like
medicinal field in which all started
some medicine we have today.
-I want to know about what is the
process of making wines, process of
making pot, weaving, metal craft and
other traditional products that are
present today.
-. I want to know about building
local irrigation how it was
established and been made.
- I want to know in terms of
indigenous methods of farming.
- I want to know about the folk
astronomy.
 curtains, traditional dresses for every
occasions and etc.
- I know some wines present in our
community which is coconut wine or
Tuba and Lambanog which currently
reported Lambanog as dangerous to
human health to drink.

Abstract

Indigenous knowledge can be broadly defined as the knowledge that an indigenous (local)
community accumulates over generations of living in a particular environment (Rÿser, 2011).
Indigenous knowledge encompasses not only scientific and technological know-how and
practices but also lifestyle and beliefs that have developed over the years. Indigenous science
and technology usually revolve around different aspects such as in prediction of weather,
health care and medicine, food preservation, and agriculture. In the Philippines, indigenous
peoples belonging to a particular Ethno-linguistic group share time-honored ideas and
practices. In 2010, the UNDP recorded 110 IP groups in the country predominantly from
Northern Luzon (33%) and Mindanao (61%) With few groups in Visayas. The following are
examples of Indigenous science and technology in selected groups in the country .
1. The Ifugaos
The Ifugaos are inhabitants of the eastern and Northeastern parts of the Cordillera mountain
ranges of Luzon. The Ifugaos depend mainly on farming, handicraft making and wood
carving. Their culture is harmoniously knit with the environment, and their indigenous
knowledge systems are highly dependent on the sustainability of the natural resources. The
farming system of the Ifugaos consists of payoh (rice terraces), muyung (woodlot), and the
uma (swidden). Soil working activities involve spading, plowing and harrowing. Drag sledge
is used to excavate and transport soil to lower portion of the terrace. To enrich the soil,
decaying litter of leafy branches and other succulent wild plants are added. The Ifugaos also
raise livestock such as swine, chicken and carabao for additional income and to be used in
their tradition of performing cañao during harvest. Some of the indigenous practices for
caring their livestock include applying charcoaled tobacco leaves mixed with petroleum to
cure screw wounds of cattle, using betel nut extracts for deworming of pigs and dogs, and
using crushed young shoot of star apple or guava to cure scour. The Ifugaos also raise fishes
primarily tilapia in a paddy with higher dike called payoh. During harvest, the payoh is
drained of water then the fishes are caught by hand. They also catch fishes and crustaceans in
flowing streams using local woven bamboo traps. Weaving home-based livelihood of the
Ifugaos. They use locally designed wooden apparatus called potolan to weave the threads
crosswise. They also use extracts from wood, bark, flower, and leaves of plants as natural
dyes to attain the desired color of the threads. In terms of healthcare, treatment of illness
among Ifugaos rely mainly on rituals performed by local priests (mombaki). They also use
medicinal plants for healing. Some herbal medicines they use include boiled avocado leaves
for stomach ache and boiled tamarind leaves for cough and cold.
3. The Atis
The Atis (also referred to as Ata, Ita, Agta, Pugot) are widely distributed in the provinces of
Panay – Ilolo, Antique and Capiz. They are nomadic whose abode ranges from seashore to
upland. The Atis were believed to be the first group to practice slash and burn agriculture in
the country. They use bolos in clearing and cultivating the area. Carabao manure is used as
fertilizer. During harvest, goods are transported using bamboo carriage. Threshing is done
manually by trampling the panicles laid on the floor. Hunting and fishing are other sources of
subsistence among Atis. They use bows and arrows in such activities. They also employ traps
called tigsuhot to catch wild chicken, rail bird, owl and quail. In fishing, aside from fishing
nets, they also use the lagtang fruit which poisons fishes. Their staple food also include root
crops like banayan and kayos. To remove toxic substances from Kayos, the tubers are cut
into thin slices and submerged overnight in a stream with clean running water. The Atis
traditional health care and medicine are primarily based on superstition. Some of their herbal
medicines include alibutia (Menispermum flavium) for stomach ache, duguan (Myristica
discolor) for diarrhea and obstructed menstrual flow, and hawili (Caediaeum variegatum) for
headache. They also treat bites of snakes, dogs and catfishes through mirku and abara, a
piece of deer's porous antler, to absorb the venom or rabies from the wound. To cure asthma
and tuberculosis, they use turtle bile (ipro) boiled in water taken by the patient.
3. The Badjaos
The Badjaos are highly mobile people who live in stilt houses. They can be found along the
coast of Sulu, Tawi-tawi, Surigao, Davao and Zamboanga. The Badjaos are sea gypsies or sea
nomads. Fishing is traditionally their main livelihood. In fishing, they employ
environmentally methods such as net fishing, deep sea fishing, spear and arrow, hook and
line, and bamboo fish trap. They also use leaves of lagtang and tua that make fish groggy,
therefore easier to catch. The Badjaos are also known for their expertise in mat weaving.
They use pandan leaves, a metal blade for stripping pandan leaves called jangatan, a bamboo
stick for flattening the leaves, and dye. The traditional health care of the Badjaos also
associated with magic and spirits. They also have several herbal medicines to cure illness. For
rheumatism, the Badjaos apply heated mixture of ginger and coconut oil wrapped in banana
leaves. To cure loose bowel movement, they boil leaves of sibukaw.
Application
Answer the following:
1. Identify the ethno-linguistic group you belong to. Cite at least five (5) indigenous
scientific and technological knowledge and practices that specific to your group. You
may interview your elders at home to gather more information.
-I belong to ethno-linguistic group Cebuano.
-Uses of Bakats an environmental friendly baskets use in different ways like going to
market instead of using plastic bags. Wood carvings, pottery making, planting and
selecting seeds like it’s good to plant like vegetables or rice when there’s many stars
for successful and bounty harvest. Using of dirt from animals like goats, cow, pig and
other animals use their poops making as humus or good soil for plants. Making or
producing coconut wine and or Lambanog. Malunggay or Hagonoy used as herbal
medicine. Coconut tree uses different part of it like the leaves use to make Nipa, can
make also broomstick out of stick in leaves, the body of tree can build or make
furniture’s and etc. Savana Cebuano traditional healing practices or “panambal”
comprise the use of “pasubay” (determining what causes the sickness and its possible
means of healing), “pangalap” (searching) of medicinal plants for “tuob” (boiling),
“orasyon” (mystical prayers),and “barang” (sorcery). Though traditional with medical
science disapproval, it contributes to a mystical identity of Cebuano healers, as a
manifestation of folk Catholicism belief, in order to do a good legacy to the
community that needs help.
2. Refer to your answer in item number 1. In your opinion, how important is indigenous
knowledge to the advancement of science and technology?
The Indigenous knowledge “Traditional Ecological Knowledge” of people has contributed a
lot of benefits substantially contributed to the advancement of science and technology which
a way to a more environmental friendly ecosystem for it’s used most naturally form of its
sources and process. Indigenous knowledge about the medicinal properties of plants has been
instrumental in pharmacological development like Moringa leaves has many health benefits
that used by indigenous and benefited today. Making and creating furniture put of natural
resources out of coconut tree and other trees is benefited at todays generation in building or
creating for beautification interiors design. Pottery making also is significant today as it
creates the way and now being improve out of that traditional making pots. Traditional
practices also helps today as it leads to way in advancement in medicinal field and many
more that because of indigenous knowledge we produce holistic and founded upon
interconnectedness, reciprocity and the utmost respect for nature.
2. Evaluate the impact of indigenous science and technology to Nation-building.
Always link to development or socio-economic progress of a nation is with the
advancement of science and technology in which modernization implemented and its
industrialization. As of today, with the new implementation of our current president which
support science and technology especially in financial aid or funds and support of
government in which it helps for improvement science education fields especially research
and development. We all know our community life change from rural living to urbanized
cities where greater work opportunities and higher demands of manpower through the power
of science and technology that has been existed today. Now, as we are facing these pandemic
medical science and researchers find ways to action and find cure or combat this unseen
enemy virus of our nation. But I couldn't say that we're international competitive in talking
about the country's progress as we are on a third world country.
Note: Answers for each of the items 2 and 3 should not exceed Five sentences.