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Construction
Safety and
Health Training
Course
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 Occupational Safety & Health
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Job Hazard
Analysis
By: Engr. Mark S. Nabua
BOD - OSHNETWORK 10
REGISTERED ELECTRICAL ENGINEER
REGISTERED MASTER ELECTRICIAN
OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH PRACTITIONER – DOLE
RADIATION SAFETY OFFICER – PNRI
FIRE SAFETY PRACTITIONER – BFP
CERTIFIED SECURITY PROFESSIONAL – PSIS
SCAFFOLD ERECTION NCII – TESDA
LEAN SIX SIGMA – Certified YELLOW Belt
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 Objectives
At the end of this session, participants will be able:
• To distinguish hazardous situations and develop
control measures before accidents and injuries
occur.
• To convert the experience and knowledge of
experienced workers into safe job procedures.
• To increase employee awareness and to improve
safety attitudes through employee participation in
establishing safe work practices.
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 Why JHA?
Workers in the first year with their new employer
account for more than 50% of disabling claims.

So why are these workers getting hurt?

• They receive little or no safety training
• They perform unsafe work procedures
• They use inadequate Personal
Protective Equipment (PPE)
• There is no safety oversight
• No prior JOB HAZARD ANALYSIS or JHA!
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What is a Job Hazard Analysis?
 A job hazard analysis is a technique
that focuses on job tasks as a way to
identify hazards.
 It focuses on the relationship between
the worker, the task, the tools, and the
work environment.
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 What is a Job Hazard Analysis?
Job Hazard Analysis is a procedure used to
review job methods and uncover hazards:
 That may have been overlooked in the layout of the
plant or building and in the design of the machinery,
equipment, tools, work stations, and processes, or
 That may have developed after production started, or
 That resulted from changes in work procedures or
personnel.
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 Job Hazard Analysis
• Performing a job hazard analysis is one
of the best methods to develop safe work
procedures for the equipment that is
operated.
• The JHA can also be used to train
employees in the hazards associated with
task and what control measures should
be practiced.
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 JHA Key Terms
• What’s a Job?

• What’s a Hazard?

• What’s an Exposure?

• What is Analysis?
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 JHA Key Terms
• What’s a Job?
Any activity (mental or physical or both)
that has been assigned to an employee
as a responsibility and carries with it
both positive and/or negative
consequences based on the
performance of that job.
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 A hazard is something
with the potential to
cause harm.
 A source or situation or
behavior with a
potential for harm in
terms of human injury
or illness health,
damage to property,
damage to the
environment, or a
combination of these.
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 JHA Key Terms
• What’s an
exposure?
When an employee
enters a “danger
zone” by virtue of their
proximity to the hazard.

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 JHA Key Terms
• What is Analysis?
The breaking down of a job into its
component steps and then evaluating of
each step, looking for hazards. Each hazard
is then corrected or a method of worker
protection (safe practice or PPE) is identified
and made a standard of operation.
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 Other Names for Job Hazard Analysis

Job safety analysis

Safe work procedure
Safe performance guide
Job hazard breakdown
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 Who Is/ Are Involved In JHA?

– Safety personnel
– Department managers
and supervisors
– Employees who perform
the jobs
– Design engineers
– Maintenance personnel
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 Doing a Job Hazard Analysis:
Four Basic Steps
1. Select the job
2. Break the job into
sequence of steps
3. Identify potential hazards
4. Develop solutions
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 1. Selecting the Job
• Jobs where accidents occur frequently
• Jobs which may have infrequent accidents but
result in disabling injuries
• Jobs where the potential for serious injuries
exists
• Newly established jobs
• Jobs being modified
• Infrequently performed jobs
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 1. Selecting the Job
Prioritize
HIGH

MEDIUM

LOW
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 1. Selecting the Job - Prioritize
Determine Probability and Severity
How hazardous is
the job?

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 1. Selecting the Job: Probability

•The chance that a

given event will occur.

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 1. Selecting the Job: Probability
Can be determine based on the following:
• The number of employees exposed;
• The frequency and duration of exposure;
• The proximity of employees to the
danger zone;
• Factors which require work under stress;
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 1. Selecting the Job: Probability
Can be determine based on the
following:

• Lack of proper training and supervision or

improper workplace design; or
• Other factors which may significantly
influence the degree of probability of an
accident occurring.
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 1. Selecting the Job: Probability
• The probability rating is:
o Low - If the factors considered indicate it would
LOW
be unlikely that an accident could occur

MEDIUM
o Medium - If the factors considered indicate it
would be likely that an accident could occur

HIGH
o High - If the factors considered indicate it would
be very likely that an accident could occur
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 1. Selecting the Job: Severity

• The degree of
injury or illness
which is
reasonably
predictable.
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 1. Selecting the Job: Severity
• The severity is based on the following schedule:
– Other Than Serious - Conditions that could
cause injury or illness to employees but would not
include serious physical harm. (first aid for
example)
– Serious Physical Harm - (Example: all
recordable injuries and illnesses)

– Death!
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 Decision Making Matrix - Priority
Severity

Other Serious
Than Physical
Serious Harm Death

Low 1 2 3
Probability

Medium 2 44 6

High 3 6 9

Example 1
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 Selecting the Worker and the JHA Team

After selecting the task for a job

hazard analysis, we need to
select :
• the worker to be observed
• the member or members of the
team that will conduct the JHA
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 Who Shall be Observed?
• The worker to be observed
should be experienced and
capable in all parts of the job.
• The reason for the exercise
must be clearly explained to
the worker to get full
cooperation and participation.
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 Orient the Worker
• Not a time and motion study in disguise
• Not an attempt to uncover individual unsafe
acts.
• The job, not the individual, is being studied
• Only regular tools and equipment should be
used.
• The only difference from normal operations
is the fact that the worker is being observed.
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 Who Conducts the Observation?

• The immediate supervisor

• Member of the joint
occupational health and
safety committee.

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 Doing a Job Hazard Analysis:
Four Basic Steps
1. Select the job
2. Break the job into
sequence of steps
3. Identify potential hazards
4. Develop solutions
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 2. Break Into Basic Steps
Job Hazard Analysis Worksheet
JHA Number: _______________ Page ____ of ____ Step 1
Job Description: ____________________________________________________________________
Step 1._____________________________________________________________________________
Hazard(s) Control Measure(s) Required
_____________________________________ ______________________________________
_____________________________________ ______________________________________
_____________________________________ ______________________________________ Step 2
_____________________________________ ______________________________________

Step 2._____________________________________________________________________________
Hazard(s) Control Measure(s) Required
_____________________________________ ______________________________________
_____________________________________ ______________________________________ Step 3
_____________________________________ ______________________________________
_____________________________________ ______________________________________

Step 3._____________________________________________________________________________
Hazard(s) Control Measure(s) Required
_____________________________________ ______________________________________ Step 4
_____________________________________ ______________________________________
_____________________________________ ______________________________________
_____________________________________ ______________________________________

Step 4._____________________________________________________________________________
Hazard(s) Control Measure(s) Required
_____________________________________ ______________________________________
_____________________________________ ______________________________________
_____________________________________ ______________________________________
_____________________________________ ______________________________________

Step 5._____________________________________________________________________________
Hazard(s) Control Measure(s) Required
_____________________________________ ______________________________________
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 Break Into Basic Steps
1. Discuss the routine job steps with the worker
2. Observe the worker as he normally works
3. List each step in correct sequence

* Not to be too general (missing specific steps)

* Not to be too detailed (many steps)
* Jobs can be described in more or less ten steps.

4. Verify if all steps are accounted for and settle

any discrepancies with the worker.
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 Limits of Job Hazard Analysis (JHA)
• Applicability
– Specific work assignment (such as "operating a
grinder," "using a pressurized water
extinguisher," or "changing a flat tire.”)

• Non-applicability
– Jobs defined too broadly, "overhauling an
engine."
– Jobs defined too narrowly, "positioning car
jack."
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 Suggestion in Doing JHA
Each listed step should tell what is being
done – not how.
Begin with action words and end by identifying to
what the action was applied.

Ex. remove the die

carry to bench
open the manhole
move the trolley
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 Doing a Job Hazard Analysis:
Four Basic Steps
1. Select the job
2. Break the job into
sequence of steps
3. Identify potential hazards
4. Develop solutions
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 Chemical Hazard
These arise from
excessive airborne
concentration of;
 Acids/Mists
 Solvents/Vapors
 Gases
 Dusts/Particulates
 Heavy Metals/Fumes
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 Physical Hazard
 Excessive Noise
 Inadequate
Illumination
 Extreme Temperature
 Radiation
 Extreme Pressure
 Vibration
 Inadequate Ventilation
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 Ergonomics Hazard
These include…
 Improperly designed
tools or work areas
 Improper lifting or
reaching
 Poor visual conditions
 Repeated motion in
awkward position
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 Biological Hazard
These include…
 Biological nature which has
the potential to cause harm
 Viruses, bacteria,
dangerous plants and
animals (for example
parasites or insects), or
harmful by-products of living
things.
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Identify - Common Hazards in the Workplace
Stressor Hazard Hazard Hazard
Type Type Type
Chemical Corrosive Fire Toxic
Explosion
Electrical Shock Short Circuit Fire-Static

Mechanical Moving Failure Noise

Parts Pressure
Ergonomic Strain Human Error Fatigue

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Common Hazards in the Workplace
Stressor Hazard Hazard Hazard
Type Type Type
Radiation Ionizing Non
Ionizing
Contact Struck By Struck Caught In
Against
Environment Temp. Visibility Weather

Misc. Slips Trips Falls

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 3. Identify Potential Hazards Associated With
Each Step
Hazards can be identified :

• Based on observations conducted

• Review of accident and injury causes
• Review of operations and processes
involve in the production
• Personal experience of the job
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Identify Hazards Associated With Each Step –
General Questions to Consider
In identifying hazards,
 What can go wrong?
 How could it happen?
 What are other contributing factors?
 What will be the consequences?
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 What Can Go Wrong?
Sample Questions:
• Can any body part get caught in or between objects?
• Can the employee be struck by a moving or falling
object?
• Can the worker bump against stationary and rigid
objects?
• Do tools, machines, or equipment present any
hazards?
• Can the worker make harmful contact with hazardous
objects?
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 How Could it Happen?
Sample Questions:
• Will there be a danger from falling objects because of
poorly designed passageway?
• Will accidents happen because of poor lighting
problems?
• Are employees bound to commit any unsafe practices
due to ergonomic hazards?
• Are the preventive maintenance schedules of the
equipment followed?
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 What are Other Contributing Factors?

Sample Questions:
• Can weather conditions affect safety?
• Will the time of the day or month of the year
affect the performance of the workers?
• Is there a possibility of miscommunications?
• Are available personal protective equipment
not fit for the job?

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What Will be the Consequences?
Sample Questions:
• Is there a possibility that the worker may slip, trip,
or fall?
• Will the worker suffer strain from lifting, pushing, or
pulling?
• Will the worker be exposed to extreme temperature
or pressure?
• Will excessive noise or vibration be a problem to
the worker?
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Consequences - Accident Types
• Struck-by:
– A person is forcefully struck by an object. The
force of contact is provided by the object.
• Struck-against:
– A person forcefully strikes an object.
The person provides the force or energy.
• Contact-by:
– Contact by a substance or material that, by its
very nature, is harmful and causes injury.
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Consequences - Accident Types
• Contact-with:
– A person comes in contact with a harmful substance or
material. The person initiates the contact.
• Caught-on:
– A person or part of his/her clothing or equipment is
caught on an object that is either moving or stationary.
This may cause the person to lose his/her balance and
fall, be pulled into a machine, or suffer some other
harm.
• Caught-in:
– A person or part of him/her is trapped, or otherwise
caught in an opening or enclosure.
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Consequences - Accident Types
• Caught-between:
– A person is crushed, pinched or otherwise caught
between a moving and a stationary object, or
between two moving objects.
• Fall-to-surface:
– A person slips or trips and falls to the same level or
surface he/she is standing or walking on.
• Fall-to-below:
– A person slips or trips and falls to a level below the
one he/she was walking or standing on.
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Consequences - Accident Types
• Over-exertion:
– A person over-extends or strains
himself/herself while performing work.
• Bodily reaction:
– Caused solely from stress imposed by free movement of the
body or assumption of a strained or unnatural body position.
A leading source of injury.
• Over-exposure:
– Over a period of time, a person is exposed to harmful
energy (noise, heat), lack of energy (cold), or substances
(toxic chemicals/atmospheres).
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 Doing a Job Hazard Analysis:
Four Basic Steps
1. Select the job
2. Break the job into
sequence of steps
3. Identify potential hazards
4. Develop solutions/ control
measures
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 Hierarchy of Controls

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 Develop Solutions: Hierarchy of Controls
Elimination
 (Discontinue Use/Cease)

 Substitution
(Replace with)

 Engineering
(Put a barrier)
 Administrative
(Procedures, Signs, Training)

 PPE – as LAST RESORT!

(Equipment worn)

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 Swiss Cheese Model

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 4. Develop Solutions
The final stage in a JHA is to determine
ways to eliminate or control the hazards
identified. The generally accepted
measures, in order of preference, are :
1.Engineering Control
2.Administrative Control
3.Use of Personal Protective Equipment
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 Engineering Controls
• Consist of substitution, isolation, ventilation, and
equipment modification.
• These controls focus on the source of the hazard,
unlike other types of controls that generally focus
on the employee exposed to the hazard.
• The basic concept behind engineering controls is
that, to the extent feasible, the work environment
and the job itself should be designed to eliminate
hazards or reduce exposure to hazards.
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 Engineering Control:
Eliminate the Hazard
• Choose a different process
• Modify an existing process
• Substitute with less
hazardous substance
• Modify or change equipment
or tools
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 Engineering Control:
Redirection of the Hazard

Redirection
as with local
and exhaust
ventilation
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 Engineering Control:
Enclosure of the Hazard
• Using enclosed
cabs
• Installing worker
booths for noisy
equipment
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 Engineering Control:
Isolation of the Hazard
• Use of interlocks
• Provision of machine
guards
• Use of blast shields
• Use of welding curtains
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 Engineering Control: Elimination

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 Engineering Control: Substitution

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 Administrative Controls
Management controls may
result in a reduction of
exposure through such
methods as changing work
habits, improving sanitation
and hygiene practices, or
making other changes in
the way the employee
performs the job.
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 Administrative Control
• Training on Safe work practices
• Issuance of work permits
• Written operating procedures
• Exposure time limitations
• Monitoring the use of highly hazardous
materials
• Buddy system
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 Personal Protective Equipment
• When exposure to hazards cannot be
engineered completely out of normal
operations or maintenance work, and when
safe work practices and administrative
controls cannot provide sufficient additional
protection from exposure, personal
protective clothing and/or equipment may
be required.
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 Personal Protective Equipment
Includes variety of devices and garments designed to
create a barrier between workers and workplace
hazards.

Some examples are as follows:

• Head Protection = hard hats
• Eye Protection = safety glasses
• Hearing Protection = ear plugs
• Body Protection = aprons, special suits
• Hand and Arm Protection = gloves
• Foot and Leg Protection = safety shoes
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 Benefits of JHA
• Prevent/minimize work injuries and illnesses
• Safer and more effective work methods
• Increased worker productivity
• Training aid for new employees
• Refresher material for the experienced employees
• Safety and health awareness
• Guide for safety inspection
• Tool for accident investigation
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 When to Review JHA
• Changes in process, work methods or
materials
• The introduction of new technology.
• Any change in control measures
• New information
• Results of monitoring and health
surveillance.
• As consequence of accidents
• As a consequence of enforcement action
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 Revise the JHA:
• When an accident, injury, or
work-related illness occurs
• After a near miss
• When the job changes
• Following an employee
safety complaint
• When equipment is
damaged
• Per scheduled review
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 Tips on Conducting JHA
• Be sure to record enough information to
describe each job action without getting overly
detailed.
• Avoid long, overly detailed breakdown of steps.
• Do not combine steps (look for "and" in the
step).
• Get input from other workers who have
performed the same job.
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 Tips on Conducting JHA
• Review the steps with workers to make sure you have
not omitted something.
• Point out that you are evaluating the task, not the
worker’s job performance.
• Include the employee in all phases of the analysis,
from reviewing the job steps and procedures to
discussing uncontrolled hazards and recommended
solutions.
• It may be helpful to photograph or videotape the
worker performing the job.
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 Information Dissemination

The result (JHA)

must be
communicated to all
workers who will be
performing that job.
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Sample - Changing a flat tire.
While driving on your way
for the assigned job, you
discover that the vehicle
has a flat tire. The
bumper jack and spare
tire are both in good
condition and stored at
the trunk of the vehicle.
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 Remember:
Four Basic Steps
1. Select the job
2. Break the job into
sequence of steps
3. Identify potential hazards
4. Develop solutions/ control
measures
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 Key Steps TOO MUCH Changing a Flat Tire
1. Pull off road
2. Put vehicle in “park” Too Many Steps!
3. Set brake
4. Activate emergency flashers
5. Open door
6. Get out of vehicle
7. Walk to trunk
8. Put key in lock
9. Open trunk
10.Remove jack
11.Remove Spare tire
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 Key Steps NOT ENOUGH
Changing a Flat Tire
1. Park vehicle
2. take off flat tire
3. put on spare tire
4. drive away
-- Not Enough Steps for this task!
-- Skipped steps = missed hazards!
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 Key Job Steps JUST RIGHT
Changing a Flat Tire
1. Park vehicle
2. remove jack & tire from trunk
3. loosen log nuts
4. jack up vehicle
5. remove tire
6. set new tire
- Just Right!
7. jack down vehicle - Less than 10 steps
8. tighten lug nuts - Most important steps listed
9. store tire & jack - Key hazards can be identified
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 Hazards
 Parking Vehicle  Jacking up vehicle
 struck by Traffic  vehicle could fall off jack
 Removing tire & jack
 back Strain

 bang head on trunk

 Loosen lug nuts

 back/arm strain

 slip & fall

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 Hazards
 Remove tire
 hand injury
 car could fall off jack  Tighten nuts
 Setting new tire back strain
 fingers pinched slip & fall
 back strain  Storing back tire and
 Jacking down vehicle jack
 vehicle could fall off  back strain
jack  bang head on trunk
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 Solutions
• Parking Vehicle • Removing tire & jack
• Struck by traffic • Back strain
Set-up early warning • Bang head on trunk
device properly Apply correct Body Posture
Use hazard lights of the in lifting
car Be careful not to hit the
trunk cover
Use hand gloves to protect
hand
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 Solutions
• Loosen lug nuts • Jacking up vehicle
• back/arm strain • vehicle could fall off
jack
• slip & fall
Use proper tools
Use proper tools
Use wood support for
Apply proper body jack
positioning

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 Solutions
• Setting new tire • Remove tire
• fingers pinched • hand injury
• back strain • vehicle could fall off
jack
Use proper tools
Apply proper lifting
Apply proper lifting techniques
techniques
Do not remove wood
support for jack
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 Solutions
• Tighten nuts • Jacking down vehicle
• back strain • vehicle could fall off
jack
• slip & fall
Use proper tools
Use correct tools
Do not remove wood
Proper body
support for jack
positioning
until necessary

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 Solutions
• Storing back tire and jack
• Back strain
• Bang head on trunk
Apply correct Body
Posture in lifting
Be careful not to hit the
trunk cover
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 JHA for Changing a Flat Tire
Sequence of Potential Preventive
Accidents or
Events Hazards Measures

1. Park a. Struck by A. Set-up early warning

device
vehicle traffic B. Use hazard lights of the vehicle

A. Apply correct body

2. Remove a. Back strain posture in lifting
tire and jack b. Bang head B. Be careful not to hit
trunk cover
on the trunk C. Use hand gloves to
protect hand

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 Sample JHA Worksheet
JOB OR OPERATION TITLE: DEPARTMENT/ DIVISION: JOB LOCATION: DATE PERFORMED:
JOB HAZARD
ANALYSIS PERFORMED BY: VERIFIED BY: TITLE OF EMPLOYEE DOING JOB:

NEW PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT REQUIRED AND/OR RECOMMENDED:

REVISED
SEQUENCE OF BASIC JOB STEPS EXISTING AND POTENTIAL HAZARDS RECOMMENDED CORRECTIVE MEASURES

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 Sample JHA Worksheet

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 A Quick JHA Review
• Develop a list of jobs you perform
• Prioritize which jobs to assess first
• Perform a Job Hazard Analysis by
 Observing the job steps
 Note all hazards associated with each step
 List controls (protective measures) for each hazard
 Note any required training for the job
 Include any relevant pictures, flowcharts, etc.

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 A completed JHA =
Safe Operating Procedures
• A completed JHA can be effectively used as a
training tool and “Safe Operating Procedure”.
• Any person performing the job can use the JHA
as a guide to safely and effectively perform the
tasks involved.
• A signed JHA is also evidence of compliance
regarding hazard assessment and hazard
recognition.
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 Occupational Safety & Health
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 Occupational Safety & Health
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 Occupational Safety & Health
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 Occupational Safety & Health
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 Department of Labor & Employment

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 Occupational Safety & Health
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 Thank You for Your
Listening…

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