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Construction Safety
and Health (CoSH)
Training Course
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 ENVIRONMENTAL
SAFETY
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 Review……
Safety
Hazards Direct Contact

Health
Exposure
Hazards
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 Objectives:
1. To be able to identify environmental
hazards in the construction industry.
2. To know different measures to
control the environmental hazards in
the construction industry.
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 Industrial Hygiene
The science that deals with the recognition,
evaluation and control of environmental
hazards and stresses arising in and from the
workplace, which may impair health, cause
illness or discomfort, and inefficiency among
workers or among the citizens of the
community.
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 What are the environmental
hazards?
Chemicals Physical

Biological Ergonomics
Psychosocial
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 PHYSICAL HAZARDS

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 Physical Hazards
These include . . .
 Abnormal temperature and heat
 Radiation
 Abnormal or extreme air pressure
 Illumination
 Noise
 Vibration
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 Heat and Temperature
• Heat is the amount of thermal energy in an object
because of its moving molecules.
• Temperature is a measure of thermal energy or
how fast molecules are moving in an object. The
more you heat something, the faster the
molecules move. This is what causes temperature
to rise.

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 Ionizing and Non-Ionizing Radiation
Non-ionizing (or non-ionising) radiation refers to
any type of electromagnetic radiation that does
not carry enough energy per quantum (photon
energy) to ionize atoms or molecules—that is, to
completely remove an electron from an atom or
molecule.
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 Ionizing and Non-Ionizing Radiation

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 Abnormal or Extreme Air Pressure
Increasing Altitude - decreasing air pressure

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 Illumination

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 Noise
PERMISSIBLE NOISE EXPOSURES
Duration per Day, Hours Sound Level, dB Slow Response
8 90
6 92
4 95
3 97
2 100
1-1/2 102
1 105
1/2 110
¼ or less 115
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 Noise
APPROXIMATE DECIBEL LEVEL
Decibel (dB) Examples
0 The quietest sound you hear
30 Whisper, quiet library
60 Normal conversation, sewing machine, typewriter
70 – 80 Television, city street noise, police whistle
90 Lawnmower, shop tools, truck traffic, electric motor, car horn @ 5m
distance (8 hours per day is the maximum exposure)
100 – 110 Chainsaw, Pneumatic drill, close to a moving train, spray painting

115 Sandblasting, loud rock concert, auto horn @ close distance

140 Gun muzzle blast, jet engine (cause pain)
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 Vibration
Vibration is a mechanical phenomenon whereby
oscillations occur about an equilibrium point.
Types:
1. Whole Body Vibration (WBV)
2. Hand and Arm Vibration, (HAV)

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 BIOLOGICAL HAZARDS

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 Biological Hazards
- are health hazards associated with the
exposure of biological agents

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 Biological Agents
These include ...
 Bacteria
 Virus
 Fungi
 Parasites

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 Bacteria
 Simple, one-celled organisms
 Cocci, bacilli, spirilla
 Some are pathogenic, some are
harmless, some are even useful
 Broken skin is particularly
vulnerable
 “Food poisoning” in mass
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 Viruses
 Smallest known organisms
 Living non-cellular entities
 Are “obligate parasites” & cannot
survive without living cells
 Common occupational exposures
to animal virus, poxvirus &
arbovirus
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 Fungi
 Broadest spectrum among
biological agents
 Are either parasitic or saprophytic
 Hypersensitivity due to inhaled
fungal antigens
 Fungal disease is rare but includes
ringworm & athlete’s foot

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 Parasites
 Parasitic to plants or
animals
 Diseases include malaria
and other blood and GI
infections
 Dermatitis and other skin-
related ailments due to
mites and chiggers, etc.
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 ERGONOMICS HAZARD

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 Ergonomics Hazards
These include . . .
 Improperly designed tools or work areas
 Improper lifting
 Poor visual condition
 Repeated motions in awkward positions

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 Ergonomics Defined…
 a way to work smarter--not harder by
designing of tools, equipment, work stations
and tasks to fit the job to the worker -- NOT
fitting the worker to the job:
– Layout / type of controls & displays
– Lighting & Temperature
– Process (Heights, reaches, weights)
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 PSYCHOSOCIAL
STRESSES

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 Psychosocial – stem from the organization
of the industry….
Factors Affecting Psychosocial Stresses
 Employment status
 Away from the family
 Living in the work camps
 Lack of stable and dependable social support
 Heavy work load
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 SPECIAL CONCERNS

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 Confined Space Hazards
 Oxygen deficiency
 Flammable/explosive
atmosphere
 Toxic atmosphere
 Mechanical and
physical hazards
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 CHEMICAL HAZARDS

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 Unique Risk Factor
ROUTES OF ENTRY
Chemicals enter the body through the:
 Nose or the mouth by breathing or inhalation
 Skin and eyes by absorption
 Mouth when you are eating, drinking, smoking
 Injection / or thru open wound

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 Metabolic
Entrance Reaction
Injury
to Accumulation
Human Illness
Excretion
Body Death

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 Chemical Hazards
 Gases – airborne at room temp.
 Vapour – evaporate at room temp.
 Mist – liquid particles, 5 to 100 μm
 Dust – solid substances, 1 to 150 μm
 Fume – gas becomes solid fp
suspended in air, 0.5 to 1 μm

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 Chemical Hazards
Four Types of Chemicals that can cause personal injury or
illness.
 Corrosives - damage to skin, eyes, lungs, internal
organs
 Irritants - inflammation of living tissue
 Sensitizers - allergic reaction after
repeated/continuous contact
 Toxic - poisonous, and often lethal
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 Globally Harmonized System (GHS)
GHS is an international standard for classifying
chemicals and communicating its hazards.

(GHS was developed in Agenda 21 of the United

Nations Conference on Environment and
Development [UNCED] in Brazil in 1992)

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 Benefits of GHS
 Enhance the protection of humans and
environment.
 Facilitate international trade in chemicals
 Reduce the need of testing and evaluation of
chemicals.
 Assist countries and international organizations
to ensure the sound management of chemicals.
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 Elements of GHS
1. Hazard Classification Criteria is based on:
a. Physical Hazards
b. Health Hazards
c. Environmental Hazards
2. Hazard Communication – composed of SDS

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 GHS Labeling
GHS labels must include the specific:
1. Signal words – warning or danger
2. Hazard statement – flammable liquids, fatal if
swallowed
3. Symbol / pictogram

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 1. NFPA
Diamonds

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 2) HMIS Bars

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 Occupational Safety & Health
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 Occupational Safety & Health
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 Occupational Safety & Health
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 Occupational Safety & Health
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 Occupational Safety & Health
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 Occupational Safety & Health
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 Occupational Safety & Health
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 Occupational Safety & Health
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 Occupational Safety & Health
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 What is CSDS / MSDS (SDS)?

A summary of the important health, safety

and toxicological information on the chemical
or the mixture ingredients.

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 Contents of the CSDS/MSDS (SDS)
1. Identification of the Chemicals
2. Composition/Information on Ingredients.
3. Hazards Identification.
4. First-aid Measures.
5. Fire-fighting Measures.
6. Accidental Release Measures
7. Handling and Storage
8. Personal Protection
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 Contents of the CSDS/MSDS (SDS)
9. Physical and Chemical Properties
10. Stability and Reactivity
11. Toxicological Information
12. Ecological Information
13. Disposal Considerations
14. Transport Information
15. Regulatory Information
16. Other Information
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 Remember:
 When a substance become airborne, it is
considered hazardous to health of workers.
 Airborne particles are dispersed into the
construction site thru different processes
such as cutting, drilling, welding, sanding,
grinding, demolition activities etc.
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 Materials Used in Construction
 Gypsum wallboards and wood
 Flexboards / ceiling boards containing asbestos
 Floorboards, textile carpets
 Bricks, concrete, cement and stone
 Glue, linoleum plastics and rubber
 Insulation materials like glass wool
 Paints, thinners and primers
 Steel, aluminum and copper
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 What are the Hazards Encountered
in the Power Industry:

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 Work Environment
Measurement (WEM)
• Determination of environmental hazards
/stresses and their hazardous effects on
workers’ health through direct
measurement of hazards.
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 Purpose of WEM
1. Determine magnitude of harmful environmental
agents.
2. Physically check the environment through
measurement.
3. Predict harmfulness of new facilities, raw
materials, production processes and working
methods.
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 Purpose of WEM
4. Monitor worker’s exposure to harmful
substances.
5. Evaluate the effectiveness of environmental
control measures adopted to improve the
workplace.
6. Maintain favorable environment conditions.

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 Work Environment
Monitoring
Types:
 Personal Sampling
 Environmental Sampling
 Biological Monitoring
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 Work Environment
Measurement
Equipment Items
Lux Meter Illumination
Psychrometer Humidity
Anemometer Air Movement
Smoke Tester Air Direction
Globe Thermometer Heat
Sound Level Meter Noise
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 Evaluation of WEM
After environmental sampling:

 Samples collected will be analyzed

 Comparison of results of measurement to
standards called threshold limit values

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 Threshold Limit Values (TLVs)
 Refer to airborne concentration of substances
and conditions that nearly all workers may be
repeatedly exposed daily without adverse health
effects.
Categories:
 Time Weighted Average (TLV-TWA)
 Short Term Exposure Limit (TLV-STEL)
 Threshold Limit Value - Ceiling (TLV-C)
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 Environmental Control
Measures:
 Elimination
 Substitution
 Engineering Control
 Administrative Control
 Personal Protective Equipment
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 Engineering Control
1. Replacement of materials used
2. Modifications in the process and / or
equipment.
3. Maintenance of equipment
4. Isolation
5. Wet methods
6. Ventilation
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 Administrative Control
1. Rotation of job assignments
2. Adjusting work schedules
3. Maintenance and good housekeeping
4. (proper disposal)
5. Education of supervisors
6. Emergency response training and education
7. Employee information and training
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 Personal Protective Equipment (PPE)
 Dust/Gas Respirators
 Safety Goggles/Spectacles
 Face Shields
 Gloves
 Aprons
 Safety Shoes
 Helmets
 Earplugs/Earmuffs
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 Summary…
A safe environment in the construction site can
be achieved by practicing industrial hygiene
principles. This will lead to:
 The preventive approach to eliminate or minimize
the occurrence of occupational diseases.
 A means of protecting the health and welfare of
workers thru improvements of work environment.
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 VIDEO PRESENTATION

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 Occupational Safety & Health
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 Department of Labor & Employment

Occupational Safety and Health Center

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