Classroom Worksheet Chapter 2 Molecules of Life: Chemical Constituents of Organisms

Classroom worksheet
Chapter 2 Molecules of life
Name: ( ) Class: Date:
2.1 Chemical constituents of organisms

 Organisms are made up of various types of substances:
(1) substances (2) substances

(biomolecules) (生物分子)
Carbohydrates (碳水化合物) Water
(3) (蛋白質) (5) (礦物質)
Lipids (脂質)
(4) (核酸)
2.2 Water
 Water is a major component of cells, blood and other body fluids.
Importance of water Description
As a good (6)  As the medium in which chemical reactions take

place within organisms
 Transport nutrients, gases and metabolic wastes
As a (7) in some  Involved digestion which is the breakdown of

metabolic reactions complex food molecules into smaller molecules
 Used in photosynthesis during which the reactants

are converted to carbohydrates and oxygen
HKDSE BIOLOGY: Connecting Concepts

© 2019 Aristo Educational Press Ltd. 2-1
Classroom worksheet 2 Molecules of life
Importance of water Description
As a (8) agent  Takes away heat during evaporation
 Sweating in humans to cool the body
 Transpiration in plants to prevent overheating
As a temperature (9)  Absorbs a large amount of heat to raise

temperature by 1 ˚C
 Maintains a stable body temperature
 Provides a favourable habitat for aquatic

organisms
Provides support to organisms and aids  Provides a (10)

movement for some animals
 (11) provides support to young

seedlings and non-woody plants
 Provides (12) for aquatic

organisms
 As a good (13) that reduces

friction between bones during movement
Practise…
 Checkpoint (Coursebook p.2-6)

2.3 Minerals
 Minerals play important roles in regulating (14) . They are needed in small
amount and occur as (15) (無機離子).
Inorganic ion Functions
Nitrate (硝酸鹽) (NO3-)  For making proteins, nucleic acids and chlorophyll
Magnesium (鎂) (Mg2+)  For making (16) in plants
 Minor component of bones and teeth
Calcium (鈣) (Ca2+)  Major component of bones, teeth and shells
 For (17) and blood

clotting
Iron (鐵) (Fe2+)  For making chlorophyll in plants
 For forming (18) , a pigment in red

blood cells
Practise…
 5-minute quiz: Ch 2, Quiz 1
2.4 Carbohydrates
 Carbohydrates are organic substances made up of (19) (C),
(20) (H) and (21) (O).
 The general formula is (22) , in which the ratio of hydrogen atoms to oxygen
atoms is 2:1.

A. Monosaccharides (單糖)
Characteristics  The simplest forms of carbohydrates
 Soluble in water and taste sweet
 Used as (23) to build other larger

molecules
 Are (24) sugars (還原糖) that can be tested using the

(25) (本立德試驗)
Examples  Glucose (葡萄糖): used as a fuel in cell respiration to release energy
 Fructose (果糖)
 Galactose (半乳糖)
B. Disaccharides (雙糖)
Characteristics  (26) (縮合) of two monosaccharides with the removal

of a water molecule
 Can be broken down by (27) (水解)
 Soluble in water and taste sweet
 Most are reducing sugars except (28) (蔗糖)
Examples  Maltose (麥芽糖): glucose + glucose
 Sucrose: glucose + fructose
 Lactose (乳糖): glucose + galactose

C. Polysaccharides (多糖)
Characteristics  Condensation of a large number of monosaccharide molecules resulting

in long chains
 Insoluble or only slightly soluble in water
Examples  (29) (糖原): storage form of carbohydrates in animals
 (30) (澱粉): energy reserves in plants
 (31) (纖維素): main component of cell walls in plants
Practical 2.1 Test for glucose using glucose test strips

Refer to Coursebook p.2-11 and SBA Practical Workbook p.2-1.
Practical 2.2 Benedict’s test for reducing sugars

Results and discussion

 When glucose solution is heated with Benedict’s solution, a (32) precipitate is
formed. This indicates the presence of reducing sugar.
 When (33) is heated with Benedict’s solution, there is no

observable change.
Practical 2.3 Iodine test for starch


 In the presence of starch, the colour of iodine solution changes from brown to (34) .
 When distilled water is tested with iodine solution, the colour of the iodine solution remains
(35) .

Challenge yourself
Student W has tested on 2 types of carbohydrates. The table below shows the results.
Results
Test
Sample A Sample B
Solubility in water Soluble Insoluble
Glucose strip test Negative Negative
Benedict’s test No precipitate No precipitate
Iodine test Brown Blue-black
Suggest what carbohydrates Sample A and B are respectively. Explain your answers.
Practise…
2.5 Lipids
 Lipids are made up of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen, but the ratio of hydrogen atoms to oxygen
atoms is greater than 2:1.
 They are insoluble in water, but soluble in organic solvents.

A. Triglycerides (fat and oil) (甘油三酯)
Characteristic  Condensation of one (36) (甘油) molecule and

three (37) (脂肪酸) molecules
Functions  Energy reserves in organisms
 Stored in adipose tissues in mammals
➢ Acts as an (38) to reduce heat loss
➢ Acts as (39) absorbers to protect internal organs
 Stored in seeds in plants
B. Phospholipids (磷脂)
Characteristic  Condensation of one glycerol, two fatty acids and a

(40) group
Function  Main component of cell membranes

C. Cholesterol (膽固醇)
Characteristic  Complex molecule consisting of carbon rings
Function  For making membranes, lipid hormones and vitamin D
Practical 2.4 Grease spot test for lipids


 Cooking oil (a lipid) leaves a persistent (41) spot on the piece of filter paper. The
spot (42) when it is dissolved in an organic solvent.
 The water spot (43) after drying.
Practise…
2.6 Proteins
 Proteins are made up of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and sometimes sulphur.
 The basic unit of a protein molecule is called (44) (氨基酸).
(47)
(45) group (46) group
(氨基) (羧基)
 20 types of amino acids are joined by (48) bond in different combinations to

form (49) (多肽) of varying sequences and lengths.

 A protein molecule may possess one or more polypeptide chains.
 Different amino acid sequences give rise to protein molecules with different
(50) (conformation) which serve different functions in organisms.
 Functions:
➢ Forming haemoglobin, (51) , antibodies and certain hormones

➢ As the components of various cellular structures such as the cytoplasm and the cell
membrane
➢ For the growth and (52) of body tissues
➢ As a source of (53) when the body is short of carbohydrates and lipids
Practical 2.5 Test for proteins using protein test strips

Practise…
2.7 Nucleic acids

 Nucleic acids are made up of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen and phosphorus.
 There are two types of nucleic acids: (54) (DNA) (脫氧核

糖核酸) and (55) (RNA) (核糖核酸).
 The basic unit of nucleic acid is (56) (核苷酸).

Components of nucleotide DNA RNA
5-carbon sugar Deoxyribose (脫氧核糖) Ribose (核糖)
Nitrogenous base adenine (A) (腺嘌呤) adenine (A)
(57) (T) (胸腺嘧啶) (58) (U) (尿嘧啶)
guanine (G) (鳥嘌呤) guanine (G)
cytosine (C) (胞嘧啶) cytosine (C)
Phosphate group ✓ ✓
 Condensation of nucleotides may form polynucleotides (多核苷酸) with a sugar-phosphate

backbone.
 RNA consists of a single polynucleotide chain.
 DNA consists of two polynucleotide chains, which are held together by (59)
bonds and form a (60) (雙螺旋).
Practise…
 5-minute quiz: Ch 2, Quiz 2


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Classroom worksheet

Chapter 2 Molecules of life

Name: ( ) Class: Date:

2.1 Chemical constituents of organisms

(1) substances (2) substances

Carbohydrates (碳水化合物) Water

(3) (蛋白質) (5) (礦物質)

Importance of water Description

As a good (6)  As the medium in which chemical reactions take

 Transport nutrients, gases and metabolic wastes

As a (7) in some  Involved digestion which is the breakdown of

 Used in photosynthesis during which the reactants

HKDSE BIOLOGY: Connecting Concepts

Importance of water Description

As a (8) agent  Takes away heat during evaporation

 Sweating in humans to cool the body

 Transpiration in plants to prevent overheating

As a temperature (9)  Absorbs a large amount of heat to raise

 Maintains a stable body temperature

 Provides a favourable habitat for aquatic

Provides support to organisms and aids  Provides a (10)

 (11) provides support to young

 Provides (12) for aquatic

 As a good (13) that reduces

HKDSE BIOLOGY: Connecting Concepts

Inorganic ion Functions

Magnesium (鎂) (Mg2+)  For making (16) in plants

 Minor component of bones and teeth

Calcium (鈣) (Ca2+)  Major component of bones, teeth and shells

 For (17) and blood

Iron (鐵) (Fe2+)  For making chlorophyll in plants

 For forming (18) , a pigment in red

HKDSE BIOLOGY: Connecting Concepts

Characteristics  The simplest forms of carbohydrates

 Soluble in water and taste sweet

 Used as (23) to build other larger

 Are (24) sugars (還原糖) that can be tested using the

Examples  Glucose (葡萄糖): used as a fuel in cell respiration to release energy

Characteristics  (26) (縮合) of two monosaccharides with the removal

 Can be broken down by (27) (水解)

 Soluble in water and taste sweet

 Most are reducing sugars except (28) (蔗糖)

Examples  Maltose (麥芽糖): glucose + glucose

 Sucrose: glucose + fructose

 Lactose (乳糖): glucose + galactose

HKDSE BIOLOGY: Connecting Concepts

Characteristics  Condensation of a large number of monosaccharide molecules resulting

 Insoluble or only slightly soluble in water

Examples  (29) (糖原): storage form of carbohydrates in animals

 (30) (澱粉): energy reserves in plants

 (31) (纖維素): main component of cell walls in plants

Practical 2.1 Test for glucose using glucose test strips

Practical 2.2 Benedict’s test for reducing sugars

Results and discussion

 When (33) is heated with Benedict’s solution, there is no

Practical 2.3 Iodine test for starch

Results and discussion

HKDSE BIOLOGY: Connecting Concepts

Solubility in water Soluble Insoluble

Glucose strip test Negative Negative

Benedict’s test No precipitate No precipitate

Iodine test Brown Blue-black

 They are insoluble in water, but soluble in organic solvents.