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Architecture is in the fields of science and art. As a science, technology techniques, architectonics,
engineering, and tectonics are applied. As an art, the structure is designed creatively, which is determined by its
function and purpose, the space that it will occupy, and the people who will occupy it.
The elements of art and principals of design or organization also happy to architecture. We add two
more elements: size and scale.
Elements and Principles Description
relates the structure and its parts to the human beings who occupy the space
Size
relates to the proportion of an object or space to all the other objects in it
Scale and also to the human beings and their activities held in the structure
give artistic surfaces designed by the structural limits, edges, and corners
Pattern and ornament
Contemporary architecture relates itself to environment planning, city planning, space planning,
landscape architecture, interior design, and urban design.
Architectural Materials
The classic materials used in architecture are wood, stone, and brick. Modern materials include cast iron,
structural steel, and reinforced concrete.
Materials Description
Cast iron It sets the stage for steel-skeleton construction in architecture
Steel manufacture and This technology advanced the architecture through tubular, extruded, and
fabrication corrugated steel products.
Reinforced concrete or It is vastly more efficient than stone masonry piers and arches.
ferroconcrete It has the virtues of steel and stone without their disadvantages.
These are employed to enclose space in architecture.
- post-and-lintel: the most ancient of construction devices and still
enjoys wide use today; consists of two vertical supports bridged by a
horizontal beam
Structural devices - cantilever: the horizontal extension of a beam or a slab into space
beyond its supporting post; relies on the resistance of breaking of its
material and the secure fastening of its internal end
- truss system: an application of the geometric fact that on angle of
triangle can be changed without altering the
Materials Description
dimensions of the sides; a system of triangles arranged to work
like a beam or lintel
- Arch: used to support bridges and viaducts and in association with large
domical and vaulted structures
- Vault: a succession of identical arches in file order, one behind the other
- Dome: its placement on a cylindrical drum over a circular foundation is
logical from the standpoint of geometry and construction, but most
dome structures rest on rectangular foundations
Structural devices - Shell structures: the beneficiaries of reinforced concrete and superior
mathematical tools for calculating stresses and the strength of materials
- Solar panels: generates electricity that can provide power to the entire
building anytime of the day and night
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