Maxine Danielle M.

Almero BSCIPEHY-III

Carbohydrates: Food Sources and Nutritional Deficiencies

Activity A. Fill in Table 1. Please maximize your answers by providing food sources of the specified
carbohydrates. Please take note that examples here are not limited to the ones being mentioned.
You may refer to other examples of these carbohydrate groups.

Table 1. The Most important carbohydrates in foods (50 points)

Carbohydrates Examples Food Sources

Monosaccharides Glucose, fructose Dried fruit, honey, jams,
grapes, kiwi, strawberries,
cereals, apples, cured hams,
jackfruit
Disaccharides Sucrose, lactose Chocolate, cakes, cookies,
milk, yogurt, ice cream, butter,
cheese, whipping cream, salad
dressing
Oligosaccharides Raffinose, Stachyose, Fructo- Breads, pasta, garlic, onion,
oligosaccharides black beans, cashews, wheat,
asparagus, broccoli, cabbage
Polysaccharides Cellulose, hemicellulose, Potatoes, corn, instant
pectin, β-Glucans, Fructans, noodles, pretzels, flours, rice,
Gums, Mucilages, Algal celery, guava, gooseberries
polysaccharides
Sugar alcohols Sorbitol, Mannitol, Xylitol, Apricots, blackberries,
Lactitol, Maltitol avocado, cherries, lychees,
peaches, prunes, nectarines,
mushroom, lettuces

Activity 2. Answer the following accordingly. (60 points)

1. What are the key functions of carbohydrates?

 Carbohydrates is a preferred fuel for the body for it produces energy through breaking
down carbohydrates then transporting it to the bloodstream to support the muscle
and tissues. It also serves as a building block for structure e.g. cellulose, materials like
this provides strength and rigidity in the plant cell walls. In addition, it functions for
protein sparing since protein cannot produce energy, in order for it to all its jobs inside
the body, carbohydrates serves as the energy of the protein to perform all of its duties.
Lastly, it act as an energy storage in the body in a form of glycogen.

2. What is low carb diet?

 Low-carb diet limits consumption of carbohydrates such as eating low carb food
emphasizing high proteins and fats. This kind of diet is usually used for weight-loss by
restricting high amount of carbohydrates a human consumes. A low-carb diet typically
limits carbohydrates to 0.7 to 2 ounces (20 to 57 grams) per day and these
carbohydrate amounts provide 80 to 240 calories. Low-carb diets that emphasize
healthy sources of carbs, fat and protein may help lower the risk of type 2 diabetes
 and heart disease. However, long term low carb diet may result in vitamin or mineral
deficiencies and gastrointestinal disturbances.

3. What is high carb diet?

 This is the opposite of low carb diet wherein human consumes less proteins and fats
then eat higher amounts of carbohydrates. Experts believe that high carb diet
produces more energy throughout the body to be burnt by the human being e.g.
exercising. It could also be a great way for weight loss because of lesser fat
consumption. According to research, high-carb diet is a healthy diet because the
healthiest food contains high carbohydrates.

4. Explain whole grain vs refined grain

 Grains are made up of seeds. Whole grains contain all the grain kernel such as bran,
endosperm and germ. It contains important nutrients found on the parts of the grain
such as B-vitamins, minerals, antioxidants, proteins, fiber and polyunsaturated fats.
Whole grain reduces the risk of cardiovascular diseases and obesity. While refined
grains only contain the endosperm. It undergoes a process of refining where the bran
and germ are removed making it a fine grain. This grain loses up to 80% of the
nutrients, removing vitamins, minerals and fiber.

5. Explain insoluble fiber vs soluble fiber

 Fiber strengthens our intestinal muscles making feces/wastes easily eliminated. The
first type is insoluble fiber which is cannot be digested through water and intestinal
bacteria. It is found mostly in the structure of the plants. Since it cannot be dissolved,
it speeds up to our GI tract preventing constipation in our stomach. While the second
type is soluble fiber found in and around plant cells. It can be dissolved in water and
form a gel-like substance which slows the absorption of nutrients from the digestive
system and attracts water. It helps in reducing constipation, cholesterol in blood
stream and helps in controlling blood sugar.

6. What happens to your body if there is less carbohydrates or hypoglyceamic?

 Having low blood sugar in the body sends low energy to human brain and body which
causes difficulty in concentration and even speaking. Our body feels weak, we feel
dizzy, experience blurred visions, fast heartbeat, sweating and paleness. Severe
hypoglycemia makes our body fall, do jerky movements, seizures, convulsions,
unconscious and unresponsive.

7. What happens to your body if there is too much carbohydrates or hyperglyceamic?

 When a person has high blood sugar level, it can lead to nerve, organ and blood vessel
damage. It also builds up ketones in the blood that leads to ketoacidosis. Some
symptoms are experienced by the body when having hyperglycemia; increased thirst,
frequent urination, headache, lack of concentration and fatigue.
8. Discuss ketoacidosis

 It is a diabetes disease caused by hyperglycemia - having high blood sugar levels. It

produces high levels of blood acids called ketones. This condition develops when the
body cannot produce enough insulin results to failure in regulating your blood sugar
level. Because your cells can't use the sugar in your blood to generate energy, they
must rely on fat instead. Ketones are acids produced when fat is burned. They may
build up in your blood if the procedure continues for a long time. That overabundance
can disrupt your blood's chemical equilibrium, causing your entire system to
malfunction. Some symptoms of these are dry mouth and skin, thirsty, frequent
peeing, nausea, fatigue, confusion, headache and muscle aches. It is important that
people with low insulin must control their carb consumption and maintain insulin
injections.

9. Discuss lactose intolerance

 Lactose intolerance is the inability of the body to fully digest the lactose in milk or
other food. Our small intestine produces enzymes called lactase which are in-charge
for digesting the lactose. If the body has low levels of lactase, he/she becomes lactose
intolerant. The lactose would not be fully digested in the intestines. It is considered as
a digestive disorder due to lactase deficiency.

10. Discuss galactosemia

 Galactosemia refers to the presence of galactose in the blood. Galactose accumulates

in large amounts in the tissues and blood when it cannot be broken down and
digested. Its byproducts also accumulate in huge quantities. Galactosemia is caused by
a lack of or dysfunction of the enzyme galactose-1-phosphate uridyltransferase (GALT).
Galactose is broken down into glucose by this liver enzyme. Galactose, as well as its
byproducts such as galactose-1-phosphate, builds up in tissues and blood and affects
many parts of the body when it cannot be converted to glucose. As an autosomal
recessive illness, this genetic disorder is handed down from parent to kid. To be
affected by the illness, a child must inherit two copies of the faulty gene (one from
each parent).

11. Discuss diabetes (Types of Diabetes)

 Diabetes is a chronic illness that impairs your body's ability to convert food into energy.
The majority of what you eat is converted to sugar and absorbed into your
bloodstream. If you have diabetes, your body either doesn't generate enough insulin
or can't use it properly. Insulin is a key that allows blood sugar to enter cells and be
used as energy. Too much blood sugar remains in your system when you don't have
enough insulin or your cells cease reacting to it. This disease can lead to serious health
issues like heart disease, vision loss, and kidney disease over time. Diabetes has three
types: 1) An autoimmune response that prevents your body from producing insulin is
considered to be the cause of type 1 diabetes. Type 1 diabetes symptoms might
appear suddenly. It's most commonly found in children, teenagers, and young adults.
If you have type 1 diabetes, you'll require insulin on a daily basis to stay alive; 2)Your
 body can't keep blood sugar at normal levels if you have type 2 diabetes because it
doesn't use insulin properly. It is generally detected in adults after a long period of
development. If you're at risk, get your blood sugar checked because you may not
notice any signs. Type 2 diabetes can be avoided or postponed by making healthy
lifestyle changes including reducing weight, eating nutritious foods, and exercising. 3)
Gestational Diabetes is a “diabetes while pregnant”. If you have gestational diabetes,
your baby may be more vulnerable to health issues. Gestational diabetes typically goes
away once the baby is born, but it raises your chances of developing type 2 diabetes
later in life. Obesity is more common in children and teenagers, while type 2 diabetes
is more common later in life.

12. Discuss hurler syndrome

 MPS I (Mucopolysarcharidosis I) is an uncommon hereditary disease. Hurler syndrome

is another name for MPS I. Hurler syndrome disrupts many of the body's systems due
to an abnormal buildup of complex sugars in the cells of children. Hurler syndrome is
classified into two subtypes: "severe" and "attenuated" (less severe). Hurler syndrome
is one of around 50 lysosomal storage disorders (LSD). The normal function of
lysosomes in human cells is disrupted in several diseases due to genetic differences.
Specific proteins in lysosomes are crucial for breaking down and recycling substances
like fats and carbohydrates. Individuals with a lysosomal storage disease lack one of
these enzymes, or do not have enough of one of these enzymes to break down
molecules in sufficient numbers for cells to function normally.Hurler syndrome is
caused by a variation in the IDUA gene, which carries the instructions for making
alpha-L-iduronidase, a particular enzyme. This specialized protein is located in cells'
lysosomes, where it aids in the breakdown of complex sugars known as
glycosaminoglycans. A deficit or total lack of alpha-L-iduronidase comes from genetic
abnormalities in the IDUA gene, resulting in an aberrant buildup of GAGs in the body's
cells.