Parental Authority and Parenting Styles

AUTHORITARIAN PARENTING
Parent believe kids should be seen and not heard. When it comes to rules, parent believe it's
"my way or the highway." Parent don't take their child's feelings into consideration. Children
who grow up with strict authoritarian parents tend to follow rules much of the time. But their
obedience comes at a price. Children of authoritarian parents are at a higher risk of developing
self-esteem problems because their opinions aren't valued.
AUTHORITATIVE PARENTING
Parent put a lot of effort into creating and maintaining a positive relationship with their child.
Parent explain the reasons behind their rules. Parent enforce rules and give consequences but
take their child's feelings into consideration. Children raised with authoritative discipline tend
to be happy and successful. They're also more likely to be good at making decisions and
evaluating safety risks on their own.
UNINVOLVED PARENTING
Parent don't ask their child about school or homework. Parent rarely know where their child is
or who she is with. Parent don't spend much time with their child. Children with uninvolved
parents are likely to struggle with self-esteem issues. They tend to perform poorly in school.
They also exhibit frequent Behavior problems and rank low in happiness.
PERMISSIVE
Permissive or Indulgent parents mostly let their children do what they want and offer limited
guidance or direction. They are more like friends than parents. Their discipline style is the
opposite of strict. They have limited or no rules and mostly let children figure problems out on
their own. Communication is open but these parent’s let children decide for themselves rather
than giving direction. Parents in this category tend to be warm and nurturing. Expectations are
typically minimal or not set by these parents.

Positive non-verbal communication

Not all communication happens in words, so it’s important to pay attention to the feelings that
was express non-verbally. It’s also important to be aware of the non-verbal messages you send.
For example, hugs, kisses and eye contact send the message that you want to be close to
members of the family. But a grumpy tone of voice or a frown when you’re doing something
together might send the message that you don’t want to be there.

Genogram
A genogram or family tree is a useful tool to gather information about a person's family. This
visual representation of a family can helps us to identify patterns or themes within families that
may be influencing or driving a person's current behavior.

TYPES OF LOVE
Passionate love
Is an intense longing for union with another (Myers, 2010). Expressed through hugging, holding
hands, etc. This type of love is intense, emotional, and exciting. It is a type of love one feels
when his/her love is reciprocated. It simmers down through time. For an intimate relationship
to last, it will need to be steady, shares other common interests, and values, and thus, grow
into a deeper bond.
Companionate love
Refers to the love we feel for those whom our lives are intertwined. This type of love one feels
for friends, family, and special someone throughout the years. This love is steady and involves
affectionate attachment (Myers, 2010).

THEORIES OF LEADERSHIP
Leadership theories are the explanations of how and why certain people become leaders. They
focus on the traits and behaviors that people can adopt to increase their leadership capabilities.
Some of the top traits that leaders say are vital to good leadership include:
Some of the top traits that leaders say are vital to good leadership include:
- Strong ethics and high moral standards
- Great self-organizational skills
- Efficient learner
- Nurtures growth in employees/members
- Fosters connection and belonging

LEADERSHIP AND FOLLOWERSHIP THEORIES

Influence plays a major role in leadership.
Leadership, the ability of a person in position of authority to influence others to behave in such
a manner that goals are achieved. Power is also annexed to leadership
Trait theory, defines leadership based on certain personality traits such as; decisiveness,
persistence, high level of self-confidence, and assertiveness.
Behavioral theory, leadership is a learned behavior.
Participative theory, involves other people to make common decisions.
Situational theory, there is no one style of leadership. Leadership behavior is based on the
factors present in a situation and takes into consideration how followers behave.
Transactional theory, involves a transaction or negotiation of resources or position, and usually
employs rewards and punishment.
Transformational theory, involves a vision which a leader uses to rally support from followers,
role of the leader is motivating others to support the vision and make it happen.

John Holland classified jobs/careers/work environments into six:

-Realistic
- Investigative
- Artistic
- Social
- Enterprising
- Conventional

Holland’s 6 Types of Personalities or Interests

If our interest patterns are ESA (i.e., Enterprising, Social and Artistic) we will be attracted to a
job/career in which the work activities are ESA.
R = Realistic
People high on the realistic theme tend to enjoy creating things with their hands and working
with tools and objects rather than working with people and ideas. Realistic people tend to be
rugged and practical, enjoying work outdoors. Example of occupations that are primarily
realistic in nature are: mechanic, electrician, carpenter, tailor, machinist, dental technician,
locksmith, etc.
I = Investigative
Occupations high in investigative characteristics tend to focus on scientific activities. People
high on this theme would often rather work alone than with other people and are usually seen
as idea-oriented and creative in scientific areas such as research. They are analytical, abstract,
intellectual and task oriented. Some specific investigative jobs are economist, internist,
physician, chemist, medical lab assistant, programmer, pharmacist, statistician, surgeon,
dentist, weather observer, etc.
A = Artistic
People who score high on the artistic theme are artistically inclined, and usually describe
themselves as independent, imaginative, creative, and unconventional. They enjoy situations
that allow them freedom to be original, prefer to work in an unstructured environment, and are
usually dissatisfied if they are forced to follow many rules and procedures. They enjoy activities
related to language, art, music, drama, writing, etc. Some primarily artistic jobs include drama
coach, language teacher, journalist-reporter, musician, fashion model, writer, interior
decorator, architect, photographer, composer, etc.
S = Social
People high on the social theme are usually seen by others as sociable, popular, and
responsible. They prefer social interaction and social presence. They are often interested in the
problems and concerns of others, and like activities that allow them to teach, inform, train,
develop, cure and help others. Jobs that involve these personality aspects include education,
teaching, social welfare, human development, counseling, health professions (medicine,
nursing, etc.), social service, historian, PE teacher, therapist, political scientist, sociologist,
librarian, etc.
E = Enterprising
Occupations that are primarily enterprising in nature usually involve situations where the
person is in a position of leading or convincing others to achieve team/organizational goals or
economic gain. People high on this theme are often seen as enthusiastic, dominant, impatient.
Some primarily enterprising jobs include those of sales and marketing field, banker, real estate
appraiser, florist, industrial engineer, contractor, lawyer, government official, restaurant
manager, human resource recruiter, etc.
C = Conventional
High conventional people tend to prefer jobs where they are given firm structure and know
exactly what is expected of them. People who rank high on this theme often describe
themselves as conscientious, efficient, and calm. They enjoy activities that involve the precise,
ordered use of data such as keeping and filing records, organizing data, computing, printing,
etc. They enjoy words and numbers and systematic and structured jobs such as accountant,
credit manager, timekeeper, machine operator, office worker, sales correspondent,
bookkeeper, cashier, secretary, etc.
Different Kinds of Family Structures
NUCLEAR FAMILY
A family unit consisting of at most a father, mother and dependent children. It is considered the
“traditional” family.
EXTENDED FAMILY
A family consisting of parents and children, along with grandparents, grandchildren, aunts or
uncles, cousins etc. In some circumstances, the extended family comes to live either with or in
place of a member of the nuclear family.
STEP-FAMILIES
Two families brought together due to divorce, separation, and remarriage.
SINGLE PARENT FAMILY
This can be either a father or a mother who is singly responsible for the raising of a child. The
child can be by birth or adoption. They may be a single parent by choice or by life
circumstances. The other parent may have been part of the family at one time or not at all.
ADOPTIVE FAMILY
A family where one or more of the children has been adopted. Any structure of family may also
be an adoptive family.
BI-RACIAL OR MULTI-RACIAL FAMILY
A family where the parents are members of different racial identity groups.
TRANS-RACIAL ADOPTIVE FAMILY
A family where the adopted child is of a different racial identity group than the parents.
BLENDED FAMILY
A family that consists of members from two (or more) previous families.
CONDITIONALLY SEPARATED FAMILIES
A family member is separated from the rest of the family. This may be due to employment far
away; military service; incarceration; hospitalization. They remain significant members of the
family.
FOSTER FAMILY
A family where one or more of the children is legally a temporary member of the household.
This “temporary” period may be as short as a few days or as long as the child’s entire childhood.
GAY OR LESBIAN FAMILY
A family where one or both parents’ sexual orientation is gay or lesbian. This may be a two-
parent family, an adoptive family, a single parent family or an extended family.
IMMIGRANT FAMILY
A family where the parents have immigrated to another country as adults. Their children may
or may not be immigrants. Some family members may continue to live in the country of origin,
but still be significant figures in the life of the child.
MIGRANT FAMILY
A family that moves regularly to places where they have employment. The most common form
of migrant family is farm workers who move with the crop seasons. Children may have a
relatively stable community of people who move at the same time - or the family may know no
one in each new setting. Military families may also lead a migrant life, with frequent relocation,
often on short notice.

SOCIAL INFLUNCE MODULE 5 PPT……………………………..

TYPES OF SOCIAL INFLUENCE
Social relationship
is less intimate, lesser self-disclosure, may still be exclusive, may demand certain levels of
loyalty than personal relationship.
Social influence
is the change in behavior that one person causes in another, intentionally or unintentionally, as
a result of the way the changed person perceives themselves in relationship to the influencer,
other people and society in general.
VARIETIES AND TYPES OF
SOCIAL INFLUENCE
Herbert Kelman, a Harvard psychologist,
suggested that there are three varieties of social
influence, namely:
1. Compliance, is when a person seems to agree and follows what is requested of him/her to do
but does not necessarily have to really agree to it.
2. Identification, is when a person is influenced by someone, he/she likes or looks up to.
3. Internalization, is when a person can own a certain belief or act and is willing to make it
known publicly and privately.
SOCIAL SCIENTISTS AND PSYCHOLOGISTS
IDENTIFIED OTHER TYPES OF SOCIAL
INFLUENCE
Conformity, is a type of social influence
involving a change in belief or behavior in order to fit in
with a group.
Conversion, occurs when an individual
wholeheartedly changes his/her original thinking,
beliefs, actions, attitudes to align with those other
members of the group. Ex. Religious conversions
Minority Influence, is a type of social influence
which results in a change of views amongst the
majority of members within a group. It happens
when a bigger number of people are influenced by a
much smaller number of people.
SOCIAL SCIENTISTS AND PSYCHOLOGISTS IDENTIFIED OTHER TYPES OF SOCIAL INFLUENCE
Reactance, is when there is a willing
rejection of social influence being exerted on an
individual or group. This is also known as anti-
or non-conformity.
Obedience, is simply an act of following
directions or instructions without question or
protest.
Persuasion, is used by one person or group
to influence another to change their beliefs,
actions, or attitudes by appealing to reason or
emotion.

THREE BEHAVIORS OF MARRIED COUPLE THAT CAUSES DIVORCE OR

SEPARATION
Criticism
This happens when there is the absence of unconditional positive regard for each other in a
relationship. Constantly finding fault in the other partner. Positive and constructive criticism is
preferred and done in a light and playful manner.
Denial of the existence of the conflict
Contempt
It is when a partner looks down on the other. One expresses superiority over the other.

AXIOMS OF LEADERSHIP
Leadership is situational
Leadership is non-hierarchical
Leadership is relational

Orbitofrontal Cortex
is connected directly to three major regions of the brain: the cortex, the amygdala, and the
brain stem. OFC provides an immediate connection between thought, emotions, and behavior.
It calculates our feelings and thoughts about a person and how that other person feels and
thinks about us, and what actions we take after this quick assessment.

components of love
(Intimacy, Commitment, Passion) interact in a systemic manner, working off of one another.
The presence of a component of love and a combination of two or more components create
seven kinds of love experiences.