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    British Standard Methods of test for Soils for Civil Engineering Purposes. Part 5: 1990. Compressibility, permeability and durability tests

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    BS 1377- Part 5

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    British Standard Methods of test for Soils for Civil Engineering Purposes. Part 5: 1990. Compressibility, permeability and durability tests

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF or read online from Scribd
    Flag for inappropriate content
    128 views38 pages

    BS 1377 - Part 5

    Uploaded by

    Zulkhairi Abu Bakar
    British Standard Methods of test for Soils for Civil Engineering Purposes. Part 5: 1990. Compressibility, permeability and durability tests

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF or read online from Scribd
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    i Poe r BS 1377: Part5:1990 oc 623.131.3 691,4.625 : 620.1 ‘© Deish Standands toss No pert cf this gublcation mey be shotocoped or ovlanwiterepteduens wot the arise pemsslon in wing Of BSL British Standard Methods of test for Soils for civil engineering purposes Part 5. Compressibility, permeability and durability tests Méthodes d’essai-des sols pour le génie civil Partie 5. Essais de compressibilité perméabilité et durabilité Bodenuntersuchung fir Tiefbauzwecke Teil 5. Priifung der Verdichtungsfahigkeit, Durchiassigkeit und Bestindigkeit British Standards Institution 8S 1377: Part § : 1990 Foreword tho Road Engineering Standards Policy Commitiee.tisa part «ovision of clause Sof BS 1377 : 1875 whichis deleted by amendment 8S 1977 : 1575 is now being revised in nine separete parts, {he complete evision eventuslly comprising the fallowing, L This Partof BS 1377 has been prepared under the dicection of Pons, Part 1 General requirements and saraple preparation Part 2 Classification tests Part Cnemical and electro-chemical tests i Part 4 Compaction-related tests | Parts Compressibilty, permeability and durability tests A tae Part § Consolidation end permeability tests in hydraulic ells and with pore pressure measurement . Port? Shear strength tests (total stress) Part Shear strength tests (effective stress) Pond In-situ tests Reference should be made ta Pan 1 for further information about each of the Pans, The following test procedures, additional to these described inthe 1975 standard, have been introduced: (2) swelling pressure and settlement on saturation ‘measurements inan oedometer consolidation apparatus; {b) determination of the coetficient of permeability of sands by the constant head permeameter method, (6) determination of the susceptibility to internal erosion of elay soils, using three empirical tests: (11 the pinhole methos: {2) the crumb metho: (3) the dispersion (sedimentation) method, (2) determination of the susceptibitty 10 frost heave. for which reference is made to 9S 812 : Part 124 Some amendments have beon made to the one-dimensional ‘edometer consolidation test, whichis nevetheless tho samme @ in principle as the test described in the 1975 standard. {has boon assumed in the drsking of this British Standard . that the execution ofits provisions is enivusted to, appropriately qualified and experienced personnal Compliance with a Srtish Standard does not of itself confer immunity from legal obligations, UBRARY UNIT Cpu KEMENTERIAN PEMBANGUNAN 8S 1377 : Part 5: 1990 Contents Page Foroward Inside front cover Committees responsibio Back cover Methods 1 Scope 2 2 Definitions 2 3 Determination of the one-dimensional corsolidaton properies 2 4 Determination of swelling and collapse characteristies 8 5 Determinstion cf permeability by the constant- ‘head method 0 6 Determination of eispersibtity Lo 6.1 General 44 62 Pinhole method 14 63 Crumb method 6 64 Dispersion method 7 7 Determination of frost heave 18 Appendix A Typical test data and caleulation forms 28 Tables 1 Suggestedinitistpressuresforconsclidationtest 2 _Classtication of soils from pinhole test data 16 Figures 1 Section of typical consolidetion celt 9 Laboratory consolida Logarithm of ime fi 2 3 Laboratory conselidation curve. square coo! of time fitting method a 4 Temperature correction curve for coetficient of canselidation and permeability 2 5 Section of 2 typical constant-head permeability call 23 6 Arrangement of apparatus lor constant-head permeability test 2 7 Section af pinhote test apparatus {3} arrangement for test fo} detsits of nipple 2 8 Flowchart for inhole test procedure 26 8 Typical resuts from dispersion (double ‘ayoeometer| test 7 8S 1377 : Part : 1990 Methods 1 Scope This Part of BS 1377 describes fnethods of test for the feterminstion of the consolidation characteristics of solls when subjected to changes in the aoplied effective stress, the permeability characteristics of sands, the susceptibility of lays to internal erosion by water, and tha susceptibility of soils to heave in freezing conditions. Reforonce is made to some of the classification tests described in BS 1377 : Part 2, and to some of the methods of ‘soil compaction described in BS 1377 Part. Reterence is made to Part for general requirements that are relevant to alt Parts of this British Standard and for mathods of preliminary preparation of soll and specimens for testing. NOTE. The ties of the publications referred to ins standard are Hated onthe inside beck cover. ¢ 2 Definitions For the purposes of this Part of BS 1877 the definitions given in 8S 1377 : Part + apply, together withthe following. 2.1 erodibility (dispetsiblity), Erosion of fine-grained soils by a process in which individual clay particles go into suspension in practically stil water. 22 dispersive solle, Soils thatare erouible in stil water. They ‘usually contain a preponderance of sadium cations in the pore water. 3. Determination of the one-dimensional consolidation properties 3.4 General 2.41 Principle. Ths mothod covers the determination ef the ‘magnitude and rate of tne consolation of @sawrated or hear saturated specimen of col [se note 1h inthe form of = ‘isc confines toeraly subjected to vencal aval press. a towesto ran teey orihe rap andbotom suteces, “th anetnodis concerned mainly with the primary consolidation phage, bul tan sls be used to determine secondary compression characterises. Inthistest the soil specimen isloeded axialyininerements of applied sess. Each stress neement is held constant unt the primary consolidation has ceased. During his process tater drains out of he specimon, resulting in a decrease in height which is measured at suitable intorvals, Thee® smeseurerents are used fo! the determination of the {elavonship between compression (or siain of votds rio land elfectve strese, and for the calculation of parameters ‘hich describe the amount of compression an the rate at Sihien takes place NOTE 1, The method ascribed covers ihe proeadure and rachaigue Iceonsolidetionterts on naturally depasitec soils\axen undisturbed vom the graund in the for of cores or blocks, The term ample {enotes the soll sunmated io the laboratory for testing adhe tem Speciran flere a portion althe sample upon which the consolation eat is peor NOTE 2 outa obtained fom ths type of consolidation tet ilcauied Suton repsesemative undisturbed samples of good quality, enable (ne Amountatsetlement undet 3 stivelurote beesimated Vatuec of ine eoetioign of eonzolidaion an also be ealeulgted rom which an indicatanolaiheoretial rate af sattiemen con be derived However {he edited eetiement met can be greatly in Axcess of those ‘Sbeecved in practice and should be rested wih caution NOTE 2. The ama site of he spacienen normaly use for this test requeilydoey aol ienrerent gequerely tre labrilestures founda many naturel ceposte, which collectively dominate ihe cranege Characteritice ofthe 250 an magye ea thavetare ine vale of atlemert ist ‘The cequiraments of Pan 1 of shis standard, where appropriate, shall apply to this test method. 3.1.2 Environmental requirements, The test shalt be carried ‘outin an area thatis free i-om significant vibrations and other, mechanical disturbance. The apparatus shal be sited away from the effects of local sources of heat, direct sunlight 290 raughts. Thetest shall becarriedoutin a laboratoryin which the temperature is maintained constant te within + 4 °C in compliance with 6.1 of 88 1377; Pan 1: 1980. rw 32 Apparatus 3.2.1 Consolidation spparetus 3.2.1.1 The consolidation epperatus, known a the ‘cedometer, shall be of the fixed ting type and shall consist essentially of the features described in 3.2.4.1.1 10 32.1.1. B.2:1.4.1 A congolidation ring which shall completely and figidly support and contine the soil specimen leterally. The fing shall be of corrosion-resistant metal. ‘The ring shall be provided with acurting edge tofaciliatethe Preparation of the specimen, The inner surtace of the ring shali bo smooth. NOTE 1. The inner suctaceolthering may be coated with alow ‘matatial to minim val Hiilon, Aermaively scare grease a: petrcleum jelly may be sed. ‘The diametar of the consolidetion ing shall be determined primarily by the nominal sizes of undisturbed tube samples received for test but also with regzrd to the character ofthe snd the maximum size of panies presentinshe sample Theinside diameter of the ring used forfine silts and clay soils shall be at least 6 mm smallor than the undisturbed tube sample to permit trimming off no ‘ass than 3 mm of soil all around which may have been disturbed during the saimpling operation. Far coatse silt and send conteining some clay st note 2), alsa for sails which contain numerous inclusions such as small stones or hard lumps, (e.0. boulder clay, marl, chalk), and or soils which breakor deformbadiy on exicusion {ror the sampling tube. the inside dismeter of the ring shi bessclose as pocsibletothe sizeafthe tube samplebecause ofthe difficulty af wimming such specimens (see nata 3}. The inside diameter shall benotless inan 60 mmandnot greater than 105 evn, NOTE 2. The method descibed ic considered unsuitable for Cohesignless sands and sits and for sveh soils eat a are later Suain ik, compression tex} ina ulcial apparatus s recommended NOTE 2. The inside diameters ol some sampling tubes are nominal si ie thot impraeticuble in such casea vo oravide a ennecidaton fing wits an sosiseclometet cf ng sare sie a5 ine gol sarmaie ‘The height of the rng shell be not tess then 18mm and nol ‘more than 0.4 times the internal ciameter. NOTE 4, The selection of» specimen conforming with this range of thickness to damaer ratios recommended asa reasonable {compromise to imi os Taras gossinie ine effect aude fcion Setwcea the specimen and the wall te rng. snot the same time Tekesp tne effect of specimen deturosnce Juting preoaration to 3 Teasonatie level-Anig /Smm in lameterang 20mm nighhasueen found to be sisteciory for sit ane vay seis. 3.2.1.4.2 Corrosion resistent porous plates for placing at the top and bottom surfaces ofthe test specimen. Theit porosity shail allow tree drainage of water throughout the test but shall prevent intrus‘on of soil inta their pores. 1500 3.4.1 The thickaess of the plates shal be sufficient to prevent breaking under load, and the mazerial shall be of negligible compressibility under the loads applied during the test. The upper and lower surfaces shall be plane, elean and undamaged. NOTE 1. Fisies of baile oF ‘nave been found 9 be auatie. ‘The diameter of the top porous plate shall be about 0.8 mm ‘smaller than the insicie diameter of the consolidation ring, in order to‘nermil free compression of the soit specimen, A taper towards the upper edge is permissible to cninimize the danger of binding, should titing occur, The bottom porous plate shall be large enough to suppor the consolidation ring and its specimen adequately NOTE 2, The clesrance should rot be toe greet otherwise serious Penetiation ofthe soll between the side ofthe porous pete and che Eensolzaiion ring may take piace: elerencesin iarmeter rors about 0 25ram‘c shout 0.73 mm have ben found o be sausfactony 3.2.1.1. A consolidation cell of svitable corrosion-resistent ‘material within which is placed the consolidation ring containing the sample. The cel shall accent the consolidation ring with a push fit. The specimen is held between the top and bottom porous plates ang veste centrally on the base of the cell. Lead is applied to the specimen through a rigid, centrally ‘mounted, corrosion-resistant loading cep fitted with a central seating. The principal features of the cell are illustrated in figure Ha). ‘The cell shall be capable of being tilled with water to @ level inigher than the top of the upper porous plate. The mateciats comprising the ceil andthe components whieh fitintoit shalt le by elecira-chemicat reaction with each 3.2.1.14 A dial gauge ors displacement transducer referred to as the compression gauge, The gauge shall be supported for measuring the vartical compvession or swelling of the specimen throughout he test. Itghall be readable to 0.002, ‘mm and shail have a travel of at least 10 mm, Where more than 12. mm travel is required a readability of 0.01 mm is, permissibie. 3.2.1.1.8 @ fosding device having @ rigid be6 for supporting the consolidation cell, The device ghall enable a vertical force te be applied axially in inccoments to the test specimen through a leading yoke. Each force increment shall be mainizined constant by a stress-conttol method while eemisting increasing vertical compression of the test ‘specimen during the consolidation test. The vertical force ‘applies to the test specimen shall praduce calculated intensities of pressure within an accuracy of 1 % or 1 KPa, whichever is the greater, The apparatus shall be capebie of accommodating a compression of atleast 75 % of the specimen thickness. A counterbalanced lever system, using calibrated weights in increments, is the method commonly employed for applying the vertical force tothe test specimen, ‘end the test pracadure described in this specification is, applicable 10 this typ0 of stcess-control loar BS 1377 : Part S: 1990 ‘The force applied to the test specimen shall be pplied centrally o the loading cap covering the top porous plete through a genital seating. The loading mechanism shall be capable of applying the force immediately end without impact. range of cativroted weights shall be provided to enable suitable increments of load to be applied to the test specimen, The loading device shall be securely bolted to the bench oF Supporting stand which itsaf shall be securely fixed to the floor or countervalenced as a safeguard against overturning when the lever is fully loaded. NOTE. When severst oedometers ae evnperied on one bench of stand tis essenialo ensure thai the support is securely sochored ainsi overuening whenall onsomelnre are luilylovded ative sarne 3.22 Ancillary items : 3.2.2.1 Apparatus for moisture content determination. 3s Sescribed in 3.2 of BS 1377 Pari? : 1980. 3.2.2.2 Apparatus for panicle density determination, as described in 82 or 8.3 of BS 1377 Part2 : 1980 (optional) 3.222 A timing device readable to 1 s. 3.224 A supply of water at room temperature. 3225 Ameonsofseading andcecordingthe maximum aad minimum room temperatures. 3226 Awarch glass, or metal tray, lerger in diameter then the consolidation ring, 3.227 A metzi isc, of steal, bronze or brass of @ thickness equa! to the height of the consolidation ring and a diameter about 1 mm smaller than the internal diameter of the ‘ina The end faces shall be fat, smooth and perellel 32.28 Absiance readsble 100.1 g 32.3 Apparatus for specimen preperation and ‘maasurement. The apperatus specified in 6.2.1 and 8.2.5 01, 8S 1377 : Part 1: 1990's requited fox preparing a specimen froma sample ins sampling tube. For preparing a specimen fram a block sample, the additional equipmant specified in 6.2.6 of BS 1377 : Pam 1: 1990 is required, 3.2.4 Calibration of apparatus 3.2.4.1 Measurements 3.2.4.1.4 Clean 2nd dry the consolidation ring and the watch ‘lass, Ensure tnat the cutting edge is trug anc not damaged. 3.2.4.1.2 Weigh the ring and the waten glass separately oO. 3.2.4.1.3 Lubricate the inside face of the ring with a thin smear of silicone grease oF petroleum jelly. 3.24.1.4 Measure the height of the consolidation ring 10 0.05 mm at four ar more equally spaced points and calculate the mean height, 4, 3.2.6.1.5 Measure the internat diameter af the ring 190.1 mm intwo perpendicular diections. Caleulate the mesn diameter andthe area, in mm BS 1377: Part 5: 1990 32.42 Oetermination of deformation characteristics of ‘soparatus NOTE. Deformation of ve apparatas maybe signiicam when testing lf gollz but can often be ignored for so sll 3.24.21 Assemble the consolidation apparatus es described in3.4 but fc the motal z.se in place of the specimen. Do not dd water to the cell, entity the orientation of each component with respect to the loading device by indelible marks. NOTE Ia finer paper istobe placed against each ace of thespecimen Goring a tert elma (iter papers shoule be placed ether side of the Sel giae forthe calibration, eller ery or moist depending onthe Eondition for the test. 3.24.22 Apply increments of foree similar to those apptied tora test (see 3.5.2) up to the maximum working load of the sparatus.Eech increment shat! be sustained only as tong es, necessary to observe the resulting reading of the compression gauge. 3.24.2.8 Record the deformation under each force increment 1 indicated by the compression gauge 3224.24 Unload the appsratusindecrements corresponding 10 the loading increments and record the deformations 8s described in32.4.2.3, 32.425 Tobulate orplotihe deformations asthe curnulative ‘corrections, y, 1 be applied to the measured cumulative settlement of the specimen corresponding to each applied force. 3.3 Preparation of specimen 3.2.1 General requicements. The test specimen shall bein the form of a disc of proportions specified for the consolidation ring In which it's to be tested (see 3.2.1.1.1h ‘The mean diameter of the lacgest particia shall not exceed one-fifth of the height of the ring Fropare the speciman from an undisturbed sample of soil akon either from a sample tube, of 2s an excavated block sample NOTE 1. The test specimen shouie normally be oriented such that Inthe laboratory test the soil vil be loaded in ihe same divection felative to the statum as the applied stress insta, NOTE 2.8 test spacimen may aso be prepared by the method ‘Sescsibedin 3.22 from soilznat hae beencomoucted nia acyiindrics! oul Avoid loss or gain of moisture by the sample at ali stages of ‘reparation, such as by carcying out these operations in 2 suitebly humidified simosphor r Carryout eutting anditrimming operations using cutting tools ‘appropriate to the nature of the soil. The reference straightedge used for checking fatness shall not be used for Wimeing. 3.8.2 Preparation of specimen from sampio tube. Prepare the test specimen trom a tube somple es described in 8.6 of BS 1377 : Part 1 : 1990, 3.3.3 Preparation from block ssmple. Prepare the test ‘specimen from an undisturbed sample received in the form cof an excavated block by the proceduye described in 8.7 of BS 1377: Pan 1: 1980(See note 110.3.3.1) NOTE. This proceaure may also be used {dr a sample that has been txrudecitamazamatnatobewheng raf hiding necaurg ng 3.34 Specimen messurements 3.3.44 Messute the height of the specimen to 0.05 eam (H) inits ing, NOTE. Alternatively the height of the ring may be accepted 36 the Specimen neigh ihe sature ol the sil makes it atic fo: tne ‘Specimen heigh to bo measured savslactority. 3.8.4.2 Place the specimen in its ring on the watch glass or ‘ray and weigh immediately 10.0.1 g, Determine the initia! mass of the specimen. my, 3.3.4.3 Take @ sample of soll similar to thet inthe ring for the determination of panicle density, f required, and initial moisture content. NOTE, The moisture content deteemination ensbies pretiminah” Values of voids rao tobe calculated during te test before the final ‘ry mass o he specimen is availabe ‘A.suitabie form for recording these data is shown as form 5.A of appendix A. 13.4 Preparation and assembly of apparatus 2.4.4 Porous plates, Before using the porous plates in atest they shell be prepsres as follows. {a} Clean the surtaces using a naturel bristle or nylon brush, {b) Ensure thatthe pores are not clogged by fine soil panicles, and that the plates are readily permeable to water, NOTE. Ramovelotscitparicles trom the pares ofthepiatecan be bided by mmetsion nan uitratonie water Dat {c) Setucate the pores by boiling in distilled water for at least 20 min, either over heet et atmospharic pressure. oF ina vacuum desiccator in which the pressure has been reducodto shout 20 mm of mercury. Ld} For saturated soils, or forsolls thet do not exhibit 2 high affinity for water, keep the plates saturated in de- 1d water until required for use. Immedietely before assembly in the consolidation call remove free surface water witha tissue, ensuring that the pores ¢emain saturated. (} For soils that readily absors water. allow the plates to airdry. 34.2 Assembly of consolidation cell 2.4.2.1 Place the bonom porous plate, prepared by one of the methods described in3.4.1,centrally in the consolidation coll, 3.4.2.2 Piace the specimen costained in is ring centeally on 10p of the parous piste, 3.4.23 Assemble the cell comzonents 50 that the consolidation ring is laterally confined and in correct alignment 3.4.2.4 Place the top porous sate and loading cap centrally fon tap of the specimen. 2.4.2.5 When assembling the apparatus for atest, ensure that each comporent is orienszted as described in 3.2.6.2.1 3.48 Assombly in load frame 3.4.3.1 Place the consolidation colin position on the bed of the loading apparatus. 3.4.32 Adjust the counterbalanced loading beam so that when the losd-transmitting members just make contact with the loading cap the beams slightly above the horizontal position, NOTE. Igeetly the bears initia ncination ypwards should be sbout ‘quslioitsinelinsion downwards under the maxienum loxding to 62 [npled, so thet the merr postion ducing the taste horizontal For many Wpes 8 spgsratus the inclination ofthe beam set Yhih highly comaressibie eos, odjustment ofthe beam mnlination maybe necessary curingthe eouray ol alett buts shouldbe done ‘ony atthe end of #toazing increment whan the rata of eetlernent is very smal 2.4.3.3 Add 2 small weight to the beam hanger, sufficient 10 ‘maintain contaci beweon the load-iransmitting members while final adjustments are made. The resulting seating pressure on the specimen shall not exceed 2 kPa, 3.43.4 Clamp the compression gouge secutaly inte position sothat itcen measure the relative movement between the loading cap and the base of the call. Arrange the gauge to allow for measurement of a smell amount of swelling of the specimen, while the greater part ofthe range of ravel allows for compression, Recors the initial reading of the gauge. 35 Test procedure 35.1 Loading sequence. Arange of pressures selected trom the following sequence has been found to be satisfactory. 6,12, 2, 59, 109, 200, £00, 690, 1600, 2200 KPa NOTE 8. This cuggested sequence of pressures follows the genecoly accepted procedure by winch the epalied prosture st ony sope ‘dovbis shat al the orececing riage nthe sequence. This procedure also enables an equa! spacing of pointe to De obtained when the ‘compression characlersucs are pleted agsinst ihe logarhm ofthe applied pressura ar recommmendedin the slandesc, A typical test comprises four to six inerements of loading, ‘each held constant for 24 h, and each applied stress being Goubie 1nat of ine previous stage. Laading is removed in a smalies number of decrements, ‘Tha initial pressure depends on the type of sail. For soils which tend 10

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