An EfficientData Mining Classification
Approachfor Detecting Lung Cancer Disease
Divya Chauhan
Computer science& engineering
Shoolini University
Solan, India
chauhandivya158@gmail.com
Abstract-Background: Automated disease classification
using machine learning often relies on features derived
from segmenting individual objects, which can be
difficult to automate. Proposed model is a classification
based an efficient approach in which machine learning
concepts are used for the detection of Lung cancer
diseases. The algorithm obtained encouraging results
but requires considerable computational expertise to
execute. Furthermore, some benchmark sets have been
shown to compare the proposed work model working.
Results: We developed user friendly disease prediction
model based on PCA and LDA.To validate the method,
the proposed method is applied in MATLAB 2014a to
achieve high accuracy performance metric and then
comparison has been made with ICA and SURF
method.
Conclusions: The proposed approach offers improved
user-friendliness, as feature extraction is performed in
an easily editable. As a direct implication, intermediate
results are more easily accessible.
Keywords- Data Mining,PCA, Feature Extraction,
classification, Lung cancer
I. INTRODUCTION
Data mining is the extraction of hidden predictive
information and unknown data, patterns, relationships
and knowledge by exploring the large data sets which
are difficult to find and detect with traditional
statistical methods. Data mining it is powerful
technology which will discover most important
information from the data warehouse of the
organizations [1] [2] [6] [14]. It is a very crucial step
that collectively examine large amount of routinely
data. To find latest patterns in healthcare industry,
there exist various interactive and scalable data
mining methods. Data mining is a quantitative
approach which is user friendly in reading reports
and reducing errors and controls the quality more
uniformly. Important task of data mining is data pre-
processing.
Data mining tools are used for decision making.
Prediction and classification techniques are used in
which classification technique predicts the unknown
Varun Jaiswal
Computer science& engineering
Shoolini University
Solan, India
computationalvarun@gmail.com
values with respect to generated model. An
assortment of data mining techniques can be applied
to find associations and regularities in data, extract
knowledge in the forms of rules and predict the value
of the dependent variables. Common data mining
techniques which are used in almost all the sectors
are listed as: Naive Bayes, Decision Tree, Artificial
neural network (ANN), Bagging algorithm, K-
nearest neighborhood (KNN), Support vector
machine (SVM) etc. Data mining is an important step
of knowledge discovery in databases (KDD) which is
an iterative process of data cleaning, integration of
data, data selection, pattern recognition and data
mining knowledge recognition. KDD and data
mining are also used interchangeably. Data mining
encompasses association, classification, clustering,
statistical analysis and prediction. Data mining has
been widely used in areas of communication, credit
assessment, stock market prediction, marketing,
banking, education, health and medicine, hazard
forecasting, knowledge acquisition, scientific
discovery, fraud detection, etc but data mining holds
significant presence in every field of medical for the
diagnosis of several diseases such as diabetes, skin
cancer, lung cancer, breast cancer, heart disease,
kidney failure, kidney stone, liver disorder, hepatitis
etc. Data mining applications include analysis of data
for better policy making in health, prevention of
various errors in hospitals, detection of fraudulent
insurance claims early detection and prevention of
various diseases, value for more money, saving costs
and saving more lives by reducing death rates.
Automated medical diagnosis helps the doctors to
calculate the correct disease with less time [15].
Table 1 highlights the foremost objectives of the
authors working in the field of predicting medical
disease(s) using data mining methodology.
Knowledge gained by exercising of aim(s) of data
mining can be used to make booming decisions that
will improve success of healthcare organization and
health of the patients [17].
 TABLE.1 Related Work

Author Year of Disease Objectives

Publication Considered
DursunDelen et al [3], 2005, 2006 Breast cancer Analysis of the prediction of breast cancer
Bellaachia et al [4] survivability data mining methods.
Asha Rajkumar et al [9] 2010 Heart Disease To achieve high accuracy by classifying
algorithms
D.Senthil Kumar et al [16] 2011 Diabetes, Development and evaluation of a clinical
Heart, decision support system for the treatment of
Hepatitis patients with heart disease, diabetes and
hepatitis.
JyotiSoni [22] 2011 Heart Disease Predictive data mining for medical diagnosis:
An overview of heart disease
prediction

Akhiljabbar et al [11] 2012 Heart Disease Proposed a system for heart disease prediction
using data mining techniques
DSVGK Kaladhar et al 2012 Kidney Stone Statistical and data mining aspects on kidney
[19] stones: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Mai Shouman [12] 2012 Heart Disease Applying K-nearest neighbor in diagnosing
heart disease patients
Abhishek Taneja [13] 2013 Heart Disease To design a predictive model for heart disease
detection to enhance their liability of heart
disease diagnosis.
Kawsar Ahmed et al 2013 Lung Cancer, Early prevention and detection of skin cancer
[7],[23] Skin Cancer and lung cancer risk using data mining

SyedaFarhaShazmeen 2013 Liver Disorder Performance evaluation of different data

et al [21] mining classification algorithm and predictive
analysis
V. Krishnaiah et al [8] 2013 Lung Cancer Diagnosis of lung cancer prediction system
using data mining classification techniques
Vikram Kumar Gupta et al 2013 Drug A study of profile of patients admitted in the
[18] Addiction drug de-addiction centers in the state of
Punjab
K R Lakshmi et al [20] 2014 Kidney Performance comparison of three data
dialysis mining techniques for predicting kidney
dialysis survivability
proposed wok model. Section 6 shows the results and
analysis description and in the and next section
Earlier various authors has worked for this, in the comparison between ICA ad SURF has been shown
same way we have worked on the prediction of and in the end conclusion will be shown.
various diseases like lung cancer, silicosis, infective
images using PCA as well as neural network. I. DATA MINING METHODS
Rest of the paper is organized as: Section 2 gives the Different types of mining algorithms in the
comparison of various data mining methods, Section healthcare field have been proposed by different
3 gives the review of the PCA feature extraction researchers in recent years. A particular algorithm
method. Section 4 gives the overview of LDA may not be applied to all the applications due to
method and section 5 gives the detailed view of complexity for appropriate data types of the
algorithm. Consequently the choice of an acceptable comparative analysis of different data mining
data mining algorithm depends on not only the techniques and algorithms which have been used by
purpose of an application, but also on the most of the researchers in medical data mining.
compatibility of the data set. Table 2 presents the

TABLE.2 Comparison between Methods

Authors Name Year Data Mining Techniques

AN DTree Logistic KN N SV M Other
N s Regressi on N B
DursunDelen et 2005 √ √ √ × × × -
al [3]
Bellaachia et al [4] 2006 √ √ × × √ × -
Asha Rajkumar 2010 × √ × √ √ × -
et al [9]
D.Senthil Kumar [16] 2011 × √ × × × × -
JyotiSoni [22] 2011 √ √ × √ √ × -
Akhiljabbar et al [11] 2012 √ √ × × √ × -
DSVGK 2012 × √ × √ √ √ Random
Kaladhar et al Forest,
[19] Bagging
Algorithm
Mai Shouman 2012 × × × √ × × -
[12]
Abhishek Taneja [13] 2013 √ √ × × √ × -
Kawsar Ahmed 2013 × × × × × × Mafia
et al [23]
Kawsar Ahmed 2013 × √ × × × × Apriori
et al [7] Algorithm
Syeda Farha 2013 √ √ × √ √ √ -
Shazmeen et al
[21]
K R Lakshmi et 2014 √ √ √ × × × -
al. [20]

II. PARTICLE COMPONENT

ANALYSIS (PCA)
Principal component analysis is a classic method
used for compress higher dimensional data sets to
lower dimensional ones for data analysis, apparition,
feature extraction, or data compression. PCA
involves the calculation of the Eigen value
decomposition of a data covariance medium or
singular value decay of a data matrix, usually after
mean centering the data for each attribute [24].
Step 1: Get normalizes data from the iris regions. 2-D
iris image is represent as 1-D Vector by
concatenating each row (or Column) into a long
vector
Step 2: Take away the mean image from each image
vector. Mean should be row wise.
Step 3: For calculating the Eigen vectors and Eigen
values, Compute the covariance matrix.
Step 4: Analyze the eigenvectors and Eigen values of
the covariance matrix.
Step 5: The eigenvectors are sorted from high to low
according to their corresponding Eigen values.
Choose components and forming a feature vector.
Step 6: Derive the new data set once we have chosen
the components, we simply take the transpose of the
 vector and increase it on the left of the original data Step 3 :
set, transposed. [25]
Final Dataset = RowFeatureVector x Row Mean Step 4 :
Adjust
Where RowFeatureVector is the matrix with the
eigenvectors in the columns transposed so that the
eigenvectors are now in the rows, with the most
major eigenvector at the top, and RowMeanAdjust is
the mean used to data transposed. The data items are Step 5 :
in each editorial, with each row holding a split
dimension. Principal components analysis is basically
useful for dropping the number of variables that
consists a dataset while retaining the contradiction in
the data and to identify unknown patterns in the data
and to classify them according to how much of the
information, stored in the data, they report for.
PCA allows scheming a linear alteration that maps in
order as of a high dimensional space to a lower
dimensional space.
b1 = t11a1 + ………. T1naN
b2 = t21a1 + ………. T2naN(1)
bk= tK1a1 + ………. T13naN
III. LINEAR DISCRIMINANT
ANALYSIS (LDA)
Linear Discriminant Analysis is utmost commonly
utilized as dimensionality lessening method in the
pre-processing stage for machine learning
applications in addition to design-classification. The
main objective is to project a specific dataset on top
of a lower-dimensional space using virtuous class
reparability so as to decrease computational prices as
well as also evade overfitting. The novel linear
discriminant was first designated for a two-class
issue, in addition it was then afterwards widespread
as "Multiple Discriminant Analysis" or "multi-class
LDA" through C. R. Rao in the year of 1948. Linear
Discriminant Analysis is "controlled" as well as
calculates the guidelines ("linear discriminants")
which would probably signify the axes that are
applied to make the most of the separation amongst
multiple type of classes. Below are the five basic
steps utilized for implementing a LDA technique;
Step 1 : Calculate the d-dimensional mean vectors
intended for the dissimilar classes from the
specific dataset.
Step 2 : Calculate the disseminate matrices i.e.
between-class as well as within-class
scatter matrix.
Evaluate the eigen vectors (e1, e2... ed) as
well as corresponding eigen values (λ1, λ2,
...,λd) for the disseminate matrices.
Sorts the eigenvectors by diminishing
eigenvalues as well as select k eigenvectors
using the leading eigenvalues in the
direction of forming a d×k-dimensional
matrix W i.e. where every particular
column exemplifies an eigenvector.
Afterwards, utilize this d×k eigenvector
matrix towards transforming the samples
onto the new subspace. This could be
précised by utilizing the equation Y = X ×
W i.e. where X is an n×d- dimensional
matrix; the ith row signifies the ith sample,
and Y is the converted n×k- dimensional
matrix using the n samples anticipated into
the new subspace.
IV. PROPOSED WORK
In proposed work the prediction and prevention of
various medical diseases is done using PCA, Canny
edge operator along with some pre- processing and
post- processing steps. Firstly edge detection is done
then feature extraction is done to get the optimized
no. of feature to classify between infected and non-
infected diseases. Following steps will be followed to
get the proposed disease prediction model.
The proposed system has been fully implemented (in
matlab 2010) and tested with real CT scan images.
The objective is to support efficient image data
processing and feature extraction. Obviously, to deal
with real image data, the image processing tool must
possess important characteristics such as being noise-
tolerant, efficient, practical, and convenient to use.
The aim of this research was to detect features for
accurate images.
Load all Detect Apply
Start Images for Edges of the Principal
the training uploaded component
process category analysis
Perform
Feature
Selection
Load feature
Get disease Perform
classificatio testing
vector saved in
n using LDA Phase by
the database for
cancerous and
loading test
non-cancerous
 eigvector = eigvector(:, index);
Fig.1 Proposed Work Model Compute the number of eigen values that greater
than zero
Lemma: 1 Diseases Prediction Working Module
count1=0;
Start
forip=1:size(eigvalue,1)
Initialize = all images;
if(eigvalue(ip)>0)
Load images = early to tb;
count1=count1+1;
Load features = early to tb;
end
Get file to be uploaded;
end
Do conversion to gray scale images;
Compute the eigen vectors that the corresponding
Calculate basic features of the image using PCA like eigen values is greater
Eigen, covarianceetc;
vec=eigvector(10,:);
Save PCA features;
vector=abs(vec);
Load PCA data;
pca_features_test(1,1:200)=vector(1:200);
Training will be done using PCA oly;
save('pcafeature_test','pca_features_test');
Testing will be done using PCA only;
Find basic features again like SD, Average value etc;
Lemma: 3 PCA Working Module for Training and
Get Detection rate with type of disease; Testing
End load data
[r1,c1]=size(pca_train_data_advance, early, ild, tb,
silicosis, infected);
Lemma: 2 PCA Working Module for feature
extraction fori=1:r1
data=edge_image; iftest_data==pca_train_data_advance(i), early, ild, tb,
silicosis, infected;
[r,c]=size(data);
training=pca_train_data_advance, early, ild, tb,
m=mean(data')';calculating the mean of each row silicosis, infected;
d=data-repmat(m,1,c); lda_class = classify(test_data,training,species_cat1);
Compute the covariance matrix error=sqrt(sum(sum(pca_features_cancer_advance,
cov_mat=d*d'; early, ild, tb, silicosis, infected))

Compute the eigen values and eigen vectors of the sum(sum(pca_features_test)))/numel(pca_features_ca

covariance matrix ncer_advance, early, ild, tb, silicosis, infected);

[eigvector,eigvl]=eig(cov_mat); end

Sort the eigen vectors according to the eigen values end

eigvalue = diag(eigvl); V. RESULTS AND ANALYSIS

[number, index] = sort(-eigvalue); Our main goal with proposed model is to propose
anequally efficient but more user-friendly version,we
eigvalue = eigvalue(index); performed several experiments to ensurethe good
performance could be obtained with ouralgorithm on [34]
proposed dataset. The data set consists of five classes
and each class has around 120 images of cancer as Lung Proposed Model 2016 97.94%
well as non- cancerous of size 200 kb. In order to
allow for objective comparison,we implemented Table 4 shows maximum accuracy of 93.85% of kidney
following thedescription of the algorithm given by as in previous works and with proposed model it has been
above. enhanced to 97.97%. Figure 3 shows the graph of
accuracies with range of percentage to diseases.

Table 4. Accuracies Applied on Different diseases

Authors Images Classification Accuracy

Technique
Fig.2 Proposed Dataset Images

Below are accuracies shown applied on various Disha Sharma CT Diagnostic 80%
diseases using different data mining techniques. Indicators
Accuracy is then computed from the formula to find
the no. of affected cases with respect to values in Anam Tariq CT Neuro-Fuzzy 95%
given parameters. Commonly used techniques are
Decision trees (Dtrees), Artificial Neural Network Yang Liu CT SVM(GRBF 87.82%
(ANN), Naïve Bayes (NB) [31, 32]. The Comparison kernel type)
of these techniques used year wise on different Dr.K .Usha rani CT Feed forward, 92%
disease is analyzed and also obtained results from Back
proposed work model has also been implemented. propagation
Table 3shows the comparison of various diseases on
ANN versus proposed model. Afzan Adam CT GA 83.36%

Table 3. Accuracies Applied on Artificial Neural S.K VijaiAnand CT Back 86.30%

Networks propagation
network
Disease Authors of Year of Accura
classification
Consider Publication Publicati cy in
ed on ANN
JR Marsilin CT SVM 78.00%
Breast DursunDelen et al. 2005 91.21%
Cancer
[26] F Eddaoudi CT SVM 95%
Heart Andreeva, P 2006 82.77%
[27]
AparnaKanakatte PET k-NN, SVM 97%
Breast Bellaachia et al 2006 86.50%
Cancer
Heart Palaniappan, et al. 2007 93.54% S.Sivakumar CT SVM(RBF 80.36%
[28] kernel type)
Heart De Beule, et al. 2007 82.00%
[29] Hiram Mad CT SVM 84%
Orozco
Heart Tantimongcolwata 2008 74.50%
[30] ,et al. FatmaTaher Sputum Bayesian 88.62%
Heart Hara, et al. 2008 82.30%
Heart Akhiljabbar et al 2012 82.00% KesavKancherla Sputum Random 87%
forest(bagging)
Heart Abhishek Taneja 2013 93.83%
Liver SyedaFarhaShazm 2013 67.59% Tuba kiyan CT Radial basis 96.81%
[33] een et al function
Kidney K R Lakshmi et al. 2014 93.85%
 VI. RESULT ANALYSIS WITH
COMPARISON
In this section comparison between three feature
extraction methods has been done like ICA,
SURF and PCA on the basis of accuracy,
standard deviation and miscellaneous error.
a. For ICA
Fig .3 Accuracy using ICA
Fig. 4 ICA Feature extraction
b. For SURF
Fig. 5 Accuracy using SURF
Fig. 6 SURF Feature extraction
c. For PCA
Fig. 7 PCA Feature extraction
Fig.8 Accuracy using PCA
From graphical representation it has been seen that
proposed work based on PCA has good accuracy as
well as less error and standard deviation w.r.t ICA
and SURF method.
VII. CONCLUSION AND DISCUSSION
In this paper, our contributions include first the
presentation of disease prediction model, an easy-to-
use image-based classification algorithm inspired
from the PCA feature extraction algorithm. It is also
generalized across wide range of applications for
disease predictions, obviously the need of medical
processing. In addition, theproposed approach offers
improved user-friendliness, as feature extraction is
performed in an easily editable. As a direct
implication, intermediate results are more easily
accessible. We have also demonstrated that proposed
algorithm is efficient than other traditional methods
like SURF and ICA.
REFERENCES
[1] K.A.G. Udeshani, R.G.N. Meegama, T.G.I. Fernando,
“Statistical Feature-based Neural Network Approach for the
Detection of Lung Cancer in Chest X-Ray Images,” International
Journal of Image Processing (IJIP), Volume (5), Issue (4) , 2011.
[2]Mokhled S. AL-TARAWNEH, “Lung Cancer Detection Using
Image Processing Techniques,” Leonardo Electronic Journal of
Practices and Technologies, Issue 20, January-June 2012.
[3]Gil, A.G., Wagner, E.F., Vega, W.A. Acculturation, familism,
and alcohol use among Latino adolescent males (Longitudinal
relations) . J Community Psychol (john wiley& sons) Vol. 28, pp.
443–458, 2000.
[4] Borsari, B., & Carey, K. (2003). Descriptive and injunctive
norms in college drinking: A meta-analytic integration. Journal of
Studies on Alcohol, Vol. 64, pp. 331–341, 2003.
[5] D. Delen, G. Walker, and A. Kadam, Predicting breast cancer
survivability: a comparison of three data mining methods,
Artificial Intelligence in Medicine (Elsevier), vol. 34, no. 2, pp.
113–127, 2005.
[6] A. Bellaachia and E. Guven,” Predicting breast cancer
survivability using data mining techniques”, In Proceedings of
Ninth Workshop on Mining Scientific and Engineering Datasets in
conjunction with the Sixth SIAM International Conference on Data
Mining(SDM 2006), 2006.
[7] Rhew, I.C. Drug use and risk among youth in different rural
contexts. Health Place (Elsevier). Vol. 17, pp. 775–783, 2011.
[8] Shweta Kharya,” Using data mining techniques for diagnosis
and prognosis of cancer disease”, International Journal of
Computer Science, Engineering and Information Technology
(IJCSEIT), Vol.2, No.2, April 2012.
[9] Angelina Pilatti , Juan Carlos Godoy , SilvinaBrussino ,
Ricardo Marcos Pautassi,” Underage drinking: Prevalence and risk
factors associated with drinking experiences among Argentinean
children”, Alcohol( Elsevier), Vol. 47, pp. 323-331, 2013
[10]NareshNebhinani, Shubh M Singh, Gourav Gupta,”
Demographic and clinical profile of substance abusing women
seeking treatment at a de-addiction center in north India,”
Industrial Psychiatry journal, Vol. 22, 2013.
[11] Eduardo López-Caneda, Socorro Rodríguez Holguín,
Montserrat Corral, Sonia Doallo, Fernando Cadaveira, Evolution
of the binge drinking pattern in college students:
Neurophysiological correlates, Alcohol (Elsevier) Vol. 48 , 2014.
[12] TaisiaHuckle, and Karl Parker, Long-Term Impact on
Alcohol-Involved Crashes of Lowering the Minimum Purchase
Age in New Zealand, American Journal of Public Health, Vol. 104,
pp.1087-1091,June 2014.
[13] G. Ravi Kumar, Dr. G. A. Ramachandra, K.Nagamani,” An
Efficient Prediction of Breast Cancer Data using Data Mining
Techniques”, International Journal of Innovations in Engineering
and Technology (IJIET),Vol. 2 ,No. 4, pp139-144, August 2013.
[14] Kawsar Ahmed, Abdullah Al Emran, TasnubaJesmin,
Roushney Fatima Mukti,MdZamilur Rahman, Farzana Ahmed,”
Early Detection of Lung Cancer Risk Using Data Mining”, Asian
Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention, Vol. 14,pp. 595-598,2013.
[15] V.Krishnaiah “Diagnosis of Lung Cancer Prediction System
Using Data Mining Classification Techniques”, International
Journal of Computer Science and Information Technologies
(IJCSIT), Vol. 4, No. 1 , pp. 39 –45, 2013.
[16] Asha Rajkumar and B. Sophia Reena, “Diagnosis Of Heart
Disease Using Data mining Algorithm” , Global Journal of
Computer Science and Technology, Vol. 10, No. 10, pp. 38 - 43,
2010
[17] M.Anbarasi, E. Anupriya, N.CH.S.N.Iyengar, Enhanced
Preditction of Heart Disease with Feature Subset Selection using
Genetic Algorithm. International Journal of Engineering Science
and Technology,Vol. 2, No.10,pp. 5370-5376, 2010.
[18] M. AkhilJabbar, Bulusu Lakshmana Deekshatulu, Priti
Chandra,” Heart Disease Prediction System using Associative
Classification and Genetic Algorithm”, International Conference
on Emerging Trends in Electrical, Electronics and Communication
Technologies(ICECIT), 2012 .
[19] Mai Shouman, Tim Turner, Rob Stocker, “Using Data Mining
Techniques In Heart Disease Diagnosis And Treatment
",Proceedings in Japan-Egypt Conference on Electronics,
Communications and Computers,IEEE,Vol.2 pp.174-177,2012.
[20] Abhishek taneja,” Heart Disease Prediction System Using
Data Mining Techniques”, Oriental journal of Computer science &
technology, Vol. 6, No. 4: pp. 457-466, December 2013.
[21] V. Chauraisa and S. Pal, “Data Mining Approach to Detect
Heart Diseases”, International Journal of Advanced Computer
Science and Information Technology (IJACSIT), Vol. 2, No. 4, pp
56-66, 2013.
[22] S.J Gnanasoundhari, G.Visalatchi, Dr.M.Balamurugan,” A
Survey on Heart Disease Prediction System Using Data Mining
Techniques”, International Journal of Computer Science and
Mobile Applications, Vol. 2 No. 2, pp. 72-77, February- 2014.
[23] D.S. Kumar, G. Sathyadevi, S. Sivanesh,Decision support
system for medical diagnosis using data mining, Journal of
Computer Science, 8 (3) (2011), pp. 147–153
[24] Jolliffe IT. Principal Component Analysis, 2nd ed. New York:
Springer-Verlag; 2002.
[25] Taranpreet Singh Ruprah, “Face Recognition Based on PCA
Algorithm,” Special Issue of International Journal of Computer
Science & Informatics (IJCSI), 2231–5292, Vol.- II, Issue-1, 2.
[26] C. C., Lopes, H. S., Freitas, A. A., Bojarczuk, "Data Mining
with Constrained-Syntax Genetic Programming: Applications in
Medical Data Set," in Data Analysis in Medicine and
Pharmacology (IDAMAP-2001), a Workshop at Medinfo-2001,
London, UK, 2001.
[27] Andreeva, P., “Data Modeling and Specific Rule Generation
via Data Mining Techniques”, International Conference on
Computer Systems and Technologies - CompSysTech, 2006.
[28]SellappanPalaniappan, RafiahAwang “Intelligent Heart
Disease Prediction System Using Data Mining Techniques”
International Conference on Computer Systems and Applications,
IEEE/ACS, pp.108-115, AICCSA April 2008.
[29] Sitar-Taut, V.A., et al., Using machine learning algorithms in
cardiovascular disease risk evaluation. Journal of Applied
Computer Science & Mathematics, 2009
[30] Tu, M.C., D. Shin, and D. Shin, Effective Diagnosis of Heart
Disease through Bagging Approach. Biomedical Engineering and
Informatics, IEEE, 2009.
[31] K. Polat and S. Gunes, "A novel hybrid intelligent method
based on C4.5 decision tree classifier and one-against-all approach
for multi-class classification problems," Expert Systems with
Applications (Elsevier), vol. 36, no. 2, pp. 1587-1592, 2009.
[32] JyotiSoni ,Ujma Ansari, Dipesh Sharma, SunitaSoni,”
Predictive Data Mining for Medical Diagnosis, An Overview of
Heart Disease Prediction”, International Journal of Computer
Applications (0975 – 8887), Vol. 17, No. 8, March 2011.
[33] S.F. Shazmeen, M.M.A. Baig, and M.R. Pawar, “Performance
Evaluation of Different Data Mining Classification Algorithm and
Predictive Analysis,” Journal of Computer Engineering, Vol. 10,
No. 6, pp. 01-06, 2013.
[34] K.R.Lakshmi, Y.Nagesh and M.VeeraKrishna, ”Performance
comparison of three data mining techniques for predicting kidney
disease survivability”, International Journal of Advances in
Engineering & Technology, Vol. 7, Issue 1, pp. 242-254 , March
2014.