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FUNDAMENTALS OF ENGINEERING ANALYSIS 2

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i
 Fundamentals of Engineering
Analysis 2
(Revised Edition)

G.K. Ijemaru
O. Akinsanmi
F.O. Ajayi
E.U. Oleka

ii
Fundamentals of Engineering Analysis 2
(Revised Edition)
(For B.ENG., B.E., B.Sc., (Science & Engineering), and other various Engineering &
Competitive Examinations).

Gerald, K. IJEMARU
B.Eng., R.ENG, MNSE, MIEEE, MICTD, MSc. (UK)
Department of Electrical & Electronics, Federal University Oye-Ekiti, Nigeria

Olaitan, AKINSANMI
B.ENG., R.ENG, MNSE, MSc., PhD. (Nig.)
Department of Electrical & Electronics, Federal University Oye-Ekiti, Nigeria

Felix, O. AJAYI
B.ENG., R.ENG, MNSE, MSc. (Nig.)
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Federal University Oye-Ekiti, Nigeria

Emmanuel, U. OLEKA
B.ENG., R.ENG, MNSE, MSc (Nig.)
Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering, University of Uyo, Nigeria

iii
Published By:
VITAL PUBLISHING & PRINTING COMPANY
@ 08033229194 and 08027330612
Email:nnumulovitalis@yahoo.com

© Ijemaru, G.K. et.al. 2014.

© Ijemaru G.K., Akinsanmi O., Ajayi F. O. & Oleka E.U. 2016
Revised Edition: SEPTEMBER, 2016.
First Published: JANUARY, 2014.
First Printed: 2014
Reprinted twice.

All rights strictly reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, or reprinted, or transmitted in any
form or by any means electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or stored in a retrieval system of any
nature without the prior permission of the copyright holder (s).

ISBN: 978-6471-02-4

The authors of this book have taken all possible care to ensure that its contents do not violate any existing
copyright or other intellectual property rights of any person in any manner whatsoever. In the event the authors
have been unable to track any source and if any copyright has been inadvertently infringed, the facts may be
brought to the notice of the publisher in writing for corrective action.

Send all correspondence to: Vital Publishing & Printing Company

Email: kcijems@gmail.com

Edited & Proofread by

Engr. G.K. IJEMARU

Typeset in 10.5pts Times New Roman by

Engr. G.K. IJEMARU

iv
 DEDICATION

To God Almighty, who gives wisdom & inspiration

&
To our beloved families for their love, patience & unflinching support

v
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

We take this opportunity to express our gratitude and thanks to the following respected
personalities: Prof. Engr. B.A. Alabadan, who is the current Dean of Faculty of Engineering,
Federal University Oye-Ekiti for his unwavering encouragement, Prof. Engr. O. Amu, the
former Associate Dean and currently Coordinator and Administrator (C & A) Ikole Campus
Federal University Oye-Ekiti, Professor Kenneth Ang Li-Minn (Australia) and Professor Seng
Kah Phooi (Australia) for their constant support, Prof. Engr. I.I. Eneh, Prof. Engr. S. Ndubisi,
Dr. Engr. A.M. Zungeru (Botswana), Dr. Engr. Adeleke, Dr. Engr. I. Adeyanju, Engr. K.O.
Olusuyi, Engr. A.K Babarinde, Engr. T. Ofusori, Engr. G.D Obikoya, Engr. H.U. Ezea, Engr.
K. Adebusuyi, Mr. I.K. Njokuocha, Mr. E.T. Ngharamike, Miss E. Peter, and a host of others
too numerous to mention here. We appreciate you all for being there for us.

Special thanks to Mrs Martina Mbemeneh, Rev. Fr. N. Ijemaru, Mr. & Mrs Y. Adesanya, Barr.
B.C. Ijemaru, Rev. Sr. A.O. Ijemaru, Mr. U.C. Ijemaru, Barr. & Mrs. C. Agbo, for their constant
inspiration and support.
We also acknowledge the various supports of our beloved ones, in the persons of Mrs Peace
Gerald Ijemaru, Mrs Fatima Jummai Akinsanmi, and Mrs Alice Felix Ajayi

We are indebted to all the Engineering students of Federal University Oye-Ekiti [2011-2016]
for their strong motivation and quest for solution to mathematical problems, without which this
book would not have come into existence.

Lastly, we express our heartfelt thanks to the publisher Vital Publishing & Printing Company
for publishing this book in such a beautiful get-up and well in time.

vi
 Preface to the Revised Edition
We feel very happy in presenting the revised and precise edition of this book to the students. This book has
been revised exhaustively based on the syllabus for first semester Engineering Mathematics and in
accordance with the global demands of the students of Engineering and Sciences.
We have added a topic known as “Modelling of Engineering Systems.” This chapter essentially deals with
modelling of engineering problems leading to a First-Order Differential Equation. A number of questions
have also been added in this edition, especially questions from the previous and latest semester examinations,
which form the last chapter of the book.
Literal errors, which have been accounted and brought to our observation, have also been rectified.
Ultimately, the book which is now seemingly error-free and teach-yourself, is a gift to the students. However,
we are open to any constructive suggestions and criticisms from the students and the teachers for the
improvement of this book.
The book is an outgrowth of many lectures taught by the authors at various Engineering disciplines in the
institutions of higher learning, and is essentially developed to serve as a semester course in Engineering
Mathematics I (ENG 201) for the Engineering students of Federal University Oye-Ekiti.
While presenting the topics in the book, the authors have ensured that much emphasis was laid on the
fundamental theory and problems of Engineering Analysis. The topics, no doubt, are the fundamental tools
used in Engineering analysis and applications. To this end, therefore, the authors have made extensive use
of the mathematical tools by ensuring that each chapter of the book is presented with myriads of examples
and exercises in order to afford the reader the much fundamental rudiments of the topic.
The book – Fundamentals of Engineering Analysis 2 consists of thirteen chapters.
Chapter 1 introduces Polynomial Equations in one variable, and discusses the various methods of solution
such as remainder theorem method, factor theorem method, reduction to simpler factor, change of variable
method & rationalization method.
Chapter 2 looks at polynomial equations in two variables, and considers problems like linear & non-linear
equations, homogeneous equations in two variables and symmetrical equations in two variables.
Chapter 3 explains equations in three variables and applications, and considers solutions to simultaneous
linear equations in three variables, equations involving products, using change of variable method and
homogeneous linear equations.
Chapter 4 & 5 introduce differential and integral calculus.
Chapter 6 explains applications of sequences and series, and covers areas such as limiting values, convergent and
divergent series, and alternating series.
Chapter 7 is devoted to first-order differential equations, and looks at the various methods of solution such as
direct integration method, separation of the variables method, homogeneous equations and integrating factor
method.
Chapter 8 introduces exact and inexact differential equations.
Chapter 9 looks at the linear and non-linear differential equations.
Chapter 10 briefly presents modelling of engineering systems leading to a first-order differential equation.
Chapter 11 discusses extensively second-order linear differential equations and the methods of solutions.
Chapter 12 explains exhaustively D-Operator method and its applications.
Chapter 13 presents a list of previous and latest examination questions across four sessions.
As you make your sojourn in the book, we wish you a happy stay!

Engr. G.K. IJEMARU, et al.

SEPTEMBER, 2016.

vii
 CONTENTS
Dedication ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………...v
Acknowledgment …………………………………………………………………………………………………….vi
Preface ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………….vii
Table of information…………………………………………………………………………………………………….xi
About the Authors………………………………………………………………………………………………………xii

1. POLYNOMIAL EQUATIONS IN ONE VARIABLE

1.1 Definitions…………………………………………………………………………………………...1
1.1 Remainder Theorem Method……………………………………………………………………….1
1.2 Factor Theorem Method…………………………………………………………………………….2
1.3 Reduction to Simpler Factors……………………………………………………………………….6
1.4 Change of Variable Method………………………………………………………………………...9
1.5 Reciprocal Equations……………………………………………………………………………...12
1.6 Rationalization Method……………………………………………………………………………15

2. POLYNOMIAL EQUATIONS IN TWO VARIABLES

2.1 Linear & Non-Linear Equations……………………………………………………………………18
2.2 Homogeneous Equations in two Variables…………………………………………………………19
2.3 Symmetrical Equations in two Variables…………………………………………………………..21

3. EQUATIONS IN THREE VARIABLES & APPLICATIONS

3.1 Simultaneous Linear Equations with three unknowns……………………………………………...24
3.2 Equations involving products………………………………………………………………………28
3.3 Change of Variable Method………………………………………………………………………...30
3.4 Linear & Homogeneous Equations…………………………………………………………………31

4. DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS
4.1 Differentiation from the first principle……………………………………………………………..34
4.2 Standard Differential Coefficients………………………………………………………………….36
4.3 Rules of Differentiation…………………………………………………………………………….38
4.4 Differentiation of Trigonometric/Logarithmic Functions…………………………………………..41
4.5 Differentiation of Implicit Functions……………………………………………………………….43

5. INTEGRAL CALCULUS
5.1 Introduction…………………………………………………………………………………….......47
5.2 Standard Integrals…………………………………………………………………………………..47
5.3 Table of Integral Functions…………………………………………………………………………47
5.4 Integration of Algebraic Functions………………………………………………………………....48
5.5 Integration of Composite Functions………………………………………………………………...48
𝑓 ′ (𝑥)
5.6 Integration of Functions of the form ∫ dx and ∫ 𝑓(𝑥)𝑓 ′ (𝑥)dx…………………………….…52
𝑓(𝑥)
5.7 Integration by Partial Fractions……………………………………………………………………..53
5.8 Integration of Products – Integration by Parts……………………………………………………....55

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6. APPLICATION OF SEQUENCES & SERIES
6.1 Infinite Sequences & Series………………………………………………………………………..59
6.2 The Sum of the first natural numbers……………………………………………………………….59
6.3 The Sum of the sequences of the first n natural numbers……………………………………………60
6.4 The Sum of the Cubes of the first n natural numbers……………………………………………….60
6.5 Limiting Values…………………………………………………………………………………….61
6.6 Convergent & Divergent Series…………………………………………………………………….64
6.7 Tests for Convergence & Divergence of Series…………………………………………………….65
6.8 Alternating Series…………………………………………………………………………………..78
6.9 Absolute & Conditional Convergence……………………………………………………………...79
6.10 Interval of Convergence…………………………………………………………………………..81

7. FIRST-ORDER DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS

7.1 Definitions………………………………………………………………………………………….85
7.2 Notations………………………………………………………………………………………...…85
7.3 Order of a Differential Equation……………………………………………………………………85
7.4 Degree of a Differential Equation…………………………………………………………………..86
7.5 Linear & Non-linear Differential Equations……………………………………………………..…86
7.6 Formation of Differential Equations (Primitives)…………………………………………………..87
7.7 Initial-Value & Boundary-Value Problems……………………………………………………..….91
7.8 General & Particular Solutions……………………………………………………………………..91
7.9 Methods of Solving First-Order Differential Equations…………………………………………….94
7.9.1 By Direct Integration Method………………………………………………………………….94
7.9.2 By Separating the Variables Method…………………………………………………..………96
7.9.3 By Substitution Method (Homogeneous Equations)……………………………………...…..100
7.9.4 Related Homogeneous Differential Equations……………………………………………..…105
7.9.5 By Integrating Factor Method………………………………………………………………...110

8. EXACT AND INEXACT DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS

8.1 Concept of Exactness……………………………………………………………………………...114
8.2 Solution Techniques for Exact Differential Equations…………………………………………….118
8.3 Inexact Differential Equations – Use of Integrating Factor………………………………………..122
8.4 Solution Techniques for Inexact Differential Equations…………………………………………..123

9 LINEAR AND NON-LINEAR DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS

9.1 First Order Linear Homogeneous Equations………………………………………………………128
9.2 First Order Linear Non-Homogeneous Equations………………………………………………...128
9.3 Non-Linear Differential Equations – Bernoulli’s Equation……………………………………….132

10. MODELLING OF ENGINEERING SYSTEMS

10.1 Introduction……………………………………………………………………………………...137
10.2 Analysis of Electric Circuit……………………………………………………………………...137

11. SECOND-ORDER LINEAR DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS

10.1 Introduction……………………………………………………………………………………...142
10.2 Second Order Equations Reducible to the First Order………………………………………..…142
10.3 Homogeneous Second Order Differential Equations with constant coefficients………………..143
10.4 Non-Homogeneous Second Order Differential Equations with Constant Coefficients…………147
10.5 Solutions for Non-Homogeneous Differential Equations……………………………………….148

ix
12. D-OPERATOR METHOD
11.1 Definitions……………………………………………………………………………………….156
11.2 The Inverse Differential Operator…………………………………………………………….....157
11.3 Theorems on D-Operator method…………………………………………………………….…157
11.4 Solution of Differential Equations by D-Operator Method………………………………….….161
11.5 Further Problems on D-Operator Method……………………………………………………….164
11.6 Summary of the Rules to find the Particular Integral (P.I)……………………………………...167

13. PAST/LATEST EXAM QUESTIONS

12.1 2012/2013 Academic Session…………………………………………………………………...171
12.2 2013/2014 Academic Session…………………………………………………………………...172
12.3 2014/2015 Academic Session…………………………………………………………………...172
12.4 2015/2016 Academic Session…………………………………………………………………...173

BIBLIOGRAPHY …………………………………………………………………..........................176

x
 TABLE OF INFORMATION

ALGEBRAIC IDENTITIES
1. (𝑎 + 𝑏)2 = 𝑎2 + 2𝑎𝑏 + 𝑏2 ;
2. (𝑎 − 𝑏)2 = 𝑎2 − 2𝑎𝑏 + 𝑏2
3. (𝑎 + 𝑏)3 = 𝑎3 + 3𝑎2 𝑏 + 3𝑎𝑏 2 + 𝑏3 ;
4. (𝑎 − 𝑏)3 = 𝑎3 − 3𝑎2 𝑏 + 3𝑎𝑏 2 − 𝑏3
5. (𝑎 + 𝑏)4 = 𝑎4 + 4𝑎3 𝑏 + 6𝑎2 𝑏 2 + 4𝑎𝑏3 + 𝑏4
6. (𝑎 − 𝑏)4 = 𝑎4 − 4𝑎3 𝑏 + 6𝑎2 𝑏 2 − 4𝑎𝑏3 + 𝑏4
7. 𝑎2 − 𝑏2 = (𝑎 − 𝑏)(𝑎 + 𝑏);
8. 𝑎2 + 𝑏2 = (𝑎 − 𝑏)2 + 2𝑎𝑏
9. 𝑎3 + 𝑏3 = (𝑎 + 𝑏)(𝑎2 − 𝑎𝑏 + 𝑏2 );
10. 𝑎3 − 𝑏3 = (𝑎 − 𝑏)(𝑎2 + 𝑎𝑏 + 𝑏2 );

TRIGONOMETRIC IDENTITIES
1. 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜃 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃 = 1;
2. sin(A − B) = sin A cos B − cos A sin B
3. 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝜃 = 1 + 𝑡𝑎𝑛2 𝜃;
4. cos(A + B) = cos A cos B − sin A sin B
5. sin(A + B) = sin A cos B + cos A sin B; ;
6. cos(A − B) = cos A cos B + sin A sin B
tan A + tan B
7. tan(A + B) = 1−tan A tan B;
tan A − tan B
8. tan(A − B) =
1+ tan A tan B
9. If A = B = θ, sin 2𝜃 = 2 sin 𝜃 cos 𝜃;
10. cos 2𝜃 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝜃 = 1 − 2𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜃
2 tan 𝜃
11. tan 2𝜃 = 1 − 𝑡𝑎𝑛2 𝜃
12. 2 sin A cos B = sin(A + B) + sin(A − B);
13. 2 cos A sin B = sin(A + B) − sin(A − B)
14. 2 cos A cos B = cos(A + B) + cos(A − B);
15. 2 sin A sin B = cos(A − B) − cos(A + B)

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 ABOUT THE AUTHORS

Engr. G. K. IJEMARU is a Lecturer I in the Department of Electrical & Electronics Engineering,

Federal University Oye-Ekiti (FUOYE). He obtained his B.Eng. from ESUT and his Masters from Coventry University, United
Kingdom. He is a member of the following organizations: Nigerian Society of Engineers (NSE), Council for the Regulation
of Engineering in Nigeria (COREN), Institute of Electrical & Electronics Engineering (IEEE), & Information and
Communication Technology Development (ICTD) UK. His work experiences include: Federal Radio Corporation of Nigeria
(FRCN), TESCO Coventry DC United Kingdom, Coventry City Council, Coventry University, Federal Polytechnic Ado-Ekiti,
etc. Engr. Gerald has several local and international referred journal publications as well as conference proceedings. His
interests include but not limited to Wireless Communications, Sensor Networks, Multimedia Internet-of-Things (Ubiquitous
Computing), Cloud Computing, Digital Communications & Signal Processing. His other books include: ‘Fundamentals of
Engineering Analysis I’ by Ijemaru, G.K. et al. and ‘A Concise Approach to Electromagnetic Fields & Waves’ by Akinsanmi,
O. & Ijemaru G.K.

Dr. Akinsanmi O. is an Associate Professor and Head of the Department of Electrical & Electronics
Engineering, Federal University Oye-Ekiti (FUOYE). He is a member of the following organizations: Nigerian Society of
Engineers (NSE), Council for the Regulation of Engineering in Nigeria (COREN), & Institute of Electrical & Electronics
Engineering (IEEE). He obtained his B.ENG. from the University of Ado-Ekiti, MSc and PhD from the famous Ahmadu Bello
University, Zaria. As an Associate Professor, Dr Akinsanmi brought his wealth of experience to the fore in this revised edition
of the book, thus giving it a structure and form that is contemporaneous with acceptable global standards. Dr Akinsanmi has
several local and international referred journal publications as well as conference proceedings. His work experience started
with the Ahmadu Bello University Zaria before joining FUOYE. He has interest in Computational Electromagnetics. He has
other book titled ‘A Concise Approach to Electromagnetic Fields & Waves’ by Akinsanmi, O. & Ijemaru G.K.

Engr. F.O. Ajayi is a Lecturer in the Department of Mechanical Engineering, Federal University Oye-Ekiti (FUOYE). He
obtained his B.Eng and M.Eng from FUT-Minna. He is a member of the Nigerian Society of Engineers (NSE) & Council for
the Regulation of Engineering in Nigeria (COREN). He has several local and international publications.

Engr. E.U. Oleka is a Lecturer in the Department of Electronics and Computer Engineering, University of Uyo, Akwa-Ibom
State. He obtained his B.Eng. and MSc from Enugu State University of Science & Technology (ESUT). He is a member of
the Nigerian Society of Engineers (NSE) & Council for the Regulation of Engineering in Nigeria (COREN). He has several
local and international publications. He is currently a PhD candidate at North Carolina University, USA.

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