The United States is aiming to launch a group of small satellites to fill a critical gap in the

ability to foresee precipitation dangers, like the deluge that overwhelmed Northeastern

cities at the start of September.

The US Air Force announced Thursday a nearly $20 million contract with Tomorrow.io
to develop and deploy an entire constellation of small satellites equipped with advanced
radar to measure precipitation from space.
"This satellite constellation partnership with Tomorrow.io will fill critical weather sensing
gaps and give Air Force Weather operators the global missions they support vastly
improved awareness of current and forecasted mission-limiting weather conditions,"
said John Dreher, chief of the weather systems branch at Hanscom Air Force Base in
Massachusetts.
Currently, there is only a single satellite equipped with that capability among the more
than 3,000 active satellites orbiting the Earth.
"This is a problem," a NASA official told CNN. "It's a big-dollar thing to do and, so far,
the agencies have been unwilling to do more."
That orbiting satellite, known as the Global Precipitation Measurement Core Observatory
satellite, was launched in February 2014 by NASA and Japan's counterpart, the Japan
Aerospace Exploration Agency. The observatory cost nearly a billion dollars and is larger
than a school bus — but it can do what no other satellite can. Unlike most weather
satellites, which can only observe the outermost layer of a storm, the GPM satellite can
"see" inside the clouds to predict more precisely when, where and how much rain or snow
will fall. The satellite also unifies data measuring precipitation by an existing group of
satellites, run by a consortium of international partners.

The Global Precipitation Measurement Core Observatory satellite, launched in 2014, is

currently the only one that has advanced radar capability.
That kind of data is critical in forecasting extreme weather events. When the remnants of
Hurricane Ida swept through the Northeast and killed at least 52 people from Maryland to
Connecticut, the National Weather Service warned of "heavy rainfall and potentially
significant flash, urban, and river flooding" a full 24 hours in advance. But the historic
amount of rain that fell in New York City — more than 3 inches in a single hour — still
caught city and state officials by surprise.
"We did not know that between 8:50 and 9:50 p.m. last night, that the heavens would
literally open up and bring Niagara Falls level of water to the streets of New York," New
York Gov. Kathy Hochul said after the grave loss of life.
The more precipitation radars there are in space, the more accurate the forecast will be on
Earth.

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The United States is equipped with a network of ground-based precipitation radars. But
many parts of the world are not, including the two-thirds of the Earth's surface covered by
oceans. Those areas — and vast swaths of China, Russia and Africa — are virtually
untouched by terrestrial precipitation radars, and they are regions of great interest for the
US military.
"When you go to these regions, there is no functioning weather systems on the ground. And
even if they do exist, the US doesn't really have access to them. And that impact, I can tell
you as a pilot myself, that impacts every single decision you do in the military," Rei Goffer, a
former pilot in the Israeli Air Force and the cofounder of Tomorrow.io, told CNN.
"What we have done is miniaturized the radar instrument," Goffer said. "We've taken it from
a school bus-size instrument to something that's about the size of a mini fridge."
The reduction in size makes the satellites far less expensive to launch. Goffer believes his
company can assist the US military and the National Oceanic and Atmospheric
Administration the same way SpaceX has helped NASA — by providing cost-effective
solutions to decades-old problems and freeing up the federal agencies to focus on long-
term priorities.
"We really see ourselves as the SpaceX of weather," Goffer said. "Weather is one of the
last domains that has not seen massive investment and massive innovation coming from
the private sector, until now."
Tomorrow.io's first satellites are scheduled to launch in late 2022, and the company hopes
to have the full constellation of approximately 32 small satellites operational by the end of
2024.
"I would not bet against them," a NASA official told CNN. "But it's extremely challenging."
It takes the GPM's core satellite, on average, two to three days to "refresh" or scan the
entire planet. Tomorrow.io is aiming to get that refresh rate down to once an hour. The
expansion of global radar coverage could greatly improve the accuracy of forecasts,
especially as climate change contributes to more extreme weather.
"One of the things you had with Ida is that these storms are changing more frequently and
more volatilely than in the past," Dan Slagen, Tomorrow.io's chief marketing officer, said.
"So being able to have the faster refresh rate, especially coming from space, will help us on
those types of storms tremendously."
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