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LEARNING ENGAGEMENT

Module 1: DOING PHILOSOPHY

Lesson Opener
I am the wisest man alive, for I know one thing, and that is
that I know nothing” Socrates

Pre-Task

Look at the pictures below. What can you say about them? Describe their
similarities and differences. Express your answers on the space provided.

Source: medium.com
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Lesson Discussion and Lesson Activities

What is Philosophy?

It came from the Greek word “Philo” – love and “Sophia” – wisdom, thus a
philosopher is lover of wisdom. It is also called the science of the logical foundation of
all knowledge.
Quest for knowledge of the material world
The search for the meaning
The search for “unattainable” truth
The endeavor to live the “good life

LITERAL DEFINITION Lover of Wisdom

REAL DEFINITION Search for Meaning

ESSENTIAL DEFINITION It is taken as a science of the ultimate awareness of

things with reference to their causes and effects.
OTHER DEFINITION It is a bridge that spans the gap between the mysticism
of RELIGION and materialism of SCIENCE.
SOCRATES Philosophy started with a simple process of wondering.
By simple act of asking questions and finding answers
to their queries they advance to the real men of
intelligence.
PYTHAGORAS “For each door we open we find another door closed
behind it”
ARISTOTLE “Every man desire to know” either simple or complex.
Philosophy leads man to understanding of things. It
open man’s intellectual craving.

THALES The first ancient Greek philosopher who first wonder the
underlying principle of everything and everybody
followed him.
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The Field of Philosophy has asked significant questions that led to be the
understanding of what human being is and how he/she must be handled. Every medical
practitioner should have a philosophy of human person and how their problems evolve
to establish a philosophy of helping.

In ancient Greek; (5 B.C, there are three common terms to identify what kind of
people-lovers do they prioritize in their lives.

Three Kinds of Greek people

a. Eros – erasthai – lover of pleasure

b. Philia – lover of wisdom
c. Agape – lover of God

Question of the day: Why do we need to study philosophy?

It is believed that philosophy was born out of the milieu’s pressing need to get out
from ‘a state of wandering to a state of wondering’. Out of man’s situatedness came his
natural curiosity about the physical world and then later narrowing towards his pursuit of
truly getting to the root of the meaning of knowledge. As a result of the continuous search
for the truth, different divisions emerged from philosophy dealing with questions and
answers to how do we really know, how should we really know, who am I, how do we
ought to live, etc.
Although highly useful during the ancient, middle and enlightenment period in
history, when the age of speculation and skepticism was extremely welcomed and
encouraged, philosophy somehow waned in academic reception to the modern students
during the modern period. Ironically, what sparked the wonder filled souls and animated
the awe of ‘radicals’ and intellectual pioneers was the very same philosophy that
extinguished the zeal of questioning and searching.
Today, how we learn to think about ourselves and the world have the power to
transform the way we process our experiences, and consequently the way we will choose
to live. The study of Philosophy provides one with the intellectual tools necessary to
evaluate different possible life-choices so that one will be better prepared to find a
meaningful direction for one’s life.
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Lesson Activities

Impromptu saying: Self-Philosophy in life (PT1)

As a grade 11 student, you have experiences and reflection in life. For this activity, write your
personal philosophy and explain how you practice it in your daily life.

Self-Philosophy
“

Surname, Date

Sample Self-Philosophy

Self-Philosophy
“When we are challenged, we grow, we become better”

Philo ,2020

In analysis, as grade 11 STEM student the most important reason to study

philosophy is that it will transform you to become better person and the better version of
yourself. By opening your mind to the consideration of the most basic questions
concerning reality, human existence, and God, you open yourself to a world of
possibilities for understanding the world and our place in it. By exercising your mind in the
disciplines of critical and logical thought, you gain the ability to imagine, debate, and clarify
the nature of the good life. Philosophy encourages and empowers you to discover what
really is true and good, and to distinguish it from what merely appears so.
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Lesson 1.2 Doing Philosophy

The Nature of Philosophical Inquiry: Framing Questions

Refer to the riddle of three wise men

Philosophy A.K.A.: Umbrella discipline
Queen of all sciences - Directed at the theory or set of beliefs that serves as
framework or foundation of our interpretations of the things

For Thomas Nagel, a Philosopher is:

Non-Philosopher Philosopher

Historian inquiring what happened at What is time?

some time in the past
Mathematician investigating the relations What is number?
among numbers
Physicists ask what atom is made up? How can we know that there is
something outside our own?
Psychologists investigate how children What make a word mean anything?
learn language

For Ludwig Wittgenstein, Philosophy as an activity:

Philosophy is not just a body of doctrine but an activity
Know theories vs engage in the very activity act of doing philosophy
End product vs process of philosophy
Activity of Philosophy consist in clarifying our thoughts & propositions
Memorization of data vs the process of knowing how they are gathered/
established. e.g. Children asking questions why & how.

For Pierre de la Ramee (1515 – 1572), Activities of the Human mind:

criticized the nature of Aristotelian logic & introduced the three-fold activities
of the mind
such activities later known as mental operations or acts of the mind
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MENTAL OPERATIONS MENTAL PRODUCT EXTERNAL SIGN

SIMPLE Concept Term

APPREHENSION

JUDGMENT Mental Enunciation Proposition

REASONING Argument Syllogism

Lesson 1.3 Logic as process of Doing philosophy

LOGIC- Defines as the “science and an art of correct thinking””

used in acquisition & interpretation of Knowledge

expansion & application of knowledge preparatory to ALL sciences
Kinds of Logic

Transcendental Logic Symbolic logic

Inquiry into human knowledge An application of mathematical methods to

for the purpose of determining the processes of thought; uses conventional
what elements or factors in symbols to represent terms, propositions &
human thought are a priori relations among them

Applied Logic Natural Logic

Logic applied to the study of the The native power of the mind by which
natural sciences most persons are competent to judge
correctly & reason validly about the
affairs & interest of everyday life
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Test/Assessment

Compare and Contrast: Logic as an Art/Science as a process of doing philosophy (WW1)

Logic as Art Logic as Science

Give a subtitle Give a subtitle

Philosophical Reflection to real life situation (with guided question) (WW2)

1. What does it mean to live a good life?
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2. Where does your self-worth come from?
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3. Why did I take allied medicine field?
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4. What is the best way for a person to attain happiness?
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5. What is the most important goal every person should have?
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Rubrics
Criteria 5 points
Exemplary
Organization Writing shows high degree
of attention to logic and
reasoning of points. Unity
clearly leads the reader to the
conclusion and stirs thought
regarding the topic.
Level of Content indicates synthesis
Content of ideas, in depth analysis
and evidences original
thought and support for the
topic.
Development Main points well developed
with high quality and
quantity support. Reveals
high degree of critical
thinking.
Grammar, There are few or no errors in
Usage, mechanics, usage, grammar,
Mechanics & or spelling. Word choice is
Spelling precise
and appropriate for the
reader.
Evaluation of Learning with Lasallian Core Values Integration
Lasallian Core Values: Nurturing Potentials
Justify the relevance of philosophy to:
You as a person
You as a student
Your Community
Your Family
Your Future plans
Reflect and explain your answer in your notebook.
8
3point 1 point
Inadequate
Writing lacks logical No sense of
organization. organization
It shows some coherence,
but ideas lack unity. Serious
errors.
Shows some thinking and Content is not sound
reasoning but most ideas are
underdeveloped and
unoriginal.
Main points lack detailed No main idea
development. Ideas are
vague with little evidence of
critical thinking.
Numerous errors in Sentences are not
mechanics, usage, grammar, clear, Absence of
or spelling may hinder clear ideas
comprehension. Word
choice shows little
understanding
of the reader.
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Post-Task

What is your personal definition of life? How do you appreciate life?

Reflection:
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Student and Teacher Feedback

Please write here your questions or concerns regarding the lesson discussion and
activities.

Additional Resources

Video presentation:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1A_CAkYt3GY
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oVgVz175Rdw

Article:
Morioka, Masahiro. (2017). Philosophy of Life in Contemporary Society. The Review of
Life Studies. 8. 15-22. 10.17613/M64C2X.
Blogs: http://blogs.lmu.edu/philosophy/
https://depedtambayan.org/

References

Agdalpen, R. et al. (2008). Logic: The Basics of Correct Thinking. Mutya Publishing
House, Inc.
Stumpf, E. and Fieser, J. (2005). Socrates to Sartre and Beyond/A History of
Philosophy. McGraw-Hill Education (Asia).
Santiago, A. (2006). Logic: The Art of Reasoning.
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LEARNING ENGAGEMENT

Module 2: Quest for Truth

Lesson Opener

Pre-Task

Choose a word from the box below.

1. Write down other related words or ideas that you can think of in relation to
the word that you chose.
2. Express your answers on the space provided.

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Lesson Discussion and Lesson Activities

THE SEARCH FOR TRUTH (Varied and Wide)

Why do people have different:

Religious beliefs
Moral/Ethical standards
Worldviews
Ideologies

Kierkegaard’s View of Truth

Danish philosopher Soren Kierkegaard believed that we cannot know or find truth
without revelation from God

William James’ View of Truth

Philosopher William James, who held to an experiential point of view, did not
believe that truth could be inherent in an idea and said, “Truth happens in an
idea. It becomes true, is made true, by events.”
Three (3) requisites of truth
Truth must admit its opposite.
Truth and falsehood is a property of belief statement.
Truth depends upon independent fact. Truth, as an objective property of
statement is independent of the mind.

Theories of Truth
1. Correspondence Theory
- A statement is true if it corresponds with the reality.

2. Coherence Theory
- Statement is true if it coheres with all true statements.
- Two statements are coherence if they are both true at the same
time and do not contradict each other.
- A thing is consistent if it remains the same even if it placed at
different situation.
3. Pragmatic Theory
- It is true if it works.
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Lesson Activities

Situation Analysis on Theories of Truth

Supply relevant information on the topics below. Prepare a 2-3 paragraph essay for each
topic. Make sure that you include your resources and you have read the article thoroughly.
You may use online sources to complete this task.
1. Anti-Terrorism act of 2020
2. Modern day Heroes: Healthcare Front liners
3. Violence against women and children

Lesson 1.2 Fallacies

The word fallacy is taken from the Latin word “fallo” which means “I deceive.
Fallacy is an argument whose main attention is to deceive people. It is an argument that
seem to be correct but actually is not. Deception comes in when thinks that the argument
looks valid or true.
KINDS OF FALLACY:

1. EQUIVOCATION – a fallacy using a word that has different meanings in the same
argument. This is to operate to trick the person to accept the term as natural part of the
argument.
Example: A fly is an insect Her favorite fruit is orange
But bird can fly She loves to wear orange dress
Ergo, bird is an insect Ergo she loves to wear her favorite fruit.

2. AMPHIBOLY – A fallacy expressed whose meaning is ambiguous. Thus, exposing the

statement in various interpretations.
Example: My wife Jenny said to her sister that she must go to the mall.
A female student said to her teacher, “Sir, go out “!

3. COMPOSITION- a fallacy considering words or statements as a whole when they

considered separately. It is an error that what is true on the part is also true of the whole.
Example: Maria is a good cook
Maria is from Cavite
Ergo everyone from Cavite is a good cook.
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4. DIVISION – considering the words or statements separately when they should have
been considered as a whole.
Example: All the apostles of Christ are twelve
Judas is a apostle of Christ
Ergo, Judas is twelve

5. FALSE ANALOGY - a fallacy of comparing two things known to be similar in one or

more features and suggests that they are similar in other areas as well.
EXAMPLE: Gold glitters
but diamond glitters too
Ergo Diamond is Gold.
TYPES OF FALLACY:

1. ARGUMENTUM AD HOMINEM (attack against the person). Focuses on the

personality rather than the merit of his argument.

a. Abusive – attack the person instead of proving or disproving the issue.

Example: His face is disgusting; I won’t listen to his speech even if it is good.

b. Circumstantial – focuses on the circumstances that the person who makes the
assertion is in and not on the true issue.
Example: They say that Duterte is a human rights violator, of course they are
oppositionists

c. Tu Quoque (you too! ) attempts to throwback the accusation hurled against him by
the accuser to avoid the issue.
Example: Opposition senators: The government is vent on deceiving the people.
Duterte: “Look who’s talking!”

2. ARGUMENTUM AD POPULUM (appeal to the people) tries to ignore the issue in

favor of an appeal to popular sympathy.

Example: Everybody is doing it, why we cannot we?

3. ARGUMENTUM AD MESIRECORDIAM (appeal to pity) this is evident is common

seen to courtroom. Ignoring the issue for humanitarian consideration.

Example: Sir please give me a high grade otherwise I will lose my scholarship.
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4. ARGUMENTUM AD VERACUNDIAM (appeal to inappropriate authority). The appeal

is made to certain figure with no authoritative claim on the issue at hand.

Example: The whitening soap is effective because it has been endorsed by Angel.

5. ARGUMENTUM AD BACULUM (appeal to the stick)- accepting the argument due to

physical and moral pressure.

Example: You must accept my argument because I am your teacher!

6. PETITIO PRINCIPII (begging the question) – something which is still to be proven is

already assumed to be true.

Example: What is Natural Science? It is the science of nature!

7. ARGUMENTUM AD IGNORANTIAM (appeal to ignorance) – a fallacy which

maintains that a statement is false because it has not been proven to be false.

EXAMPLE: God does not exist because science cannot affirm nor deny His
existence.
8. FALSE CAUSE – A fallacy that implies that what is not the true cause is assumed to
be the cause of something. (false belief).

EXAMPLE: It rained today because you sang last night.

You have a mole in your lips that is why you are loquacious.
9. NON SEQUITUR (it does not follow) – is a fallacy of stating a given fact that will
inevitably result to a particular consequence.

EXAMPLE: If you finish your course you will be rich later.

You are beautiful ergo, you have may suitors

10. ILLICIT GENERALIZATION – a fallacy which makes false generalization based on
insufficient evidence.

EXAMPLE: Her boyfriend is a two timer ergo she claims that all men are two-timer.

You do not have money today, so you are poor.

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Lesson Activities

Divide the class into six groups. The teacher will pick a topic from the list below. The
class will prepare for an online debate.
1. Legalization of Marijuana
2. Abortion
3. Euthanasia
4. Same sex marriage
5. Advancement of technology

Test/Assessment

TRUE or FALSE. Write the word TRUE if the statement is correct or FALSE if the
statement is not correct. One point will be given for every correct answer.
1. Thomas Aquinas did not accept fully the argument of Aristotle.
2. Embodied spirit claims that the human person is composed of body & soul, but
the latter is greater than the human body because it has prior existence and
knowledge of everything.
3. Once you attained the truth, then you will understand.
4. Because philosophy requires that we question our beliefs, it cannot provide
reasons why one set of beliefs should be preferred over another.
5. A soul that is substantially united with the body yet not dependent on it because
of its origin.
6. Both perspectives accept the human person as a composite of body and soul.
7. It claims that the human person is composed of body & soul, but the latter is
greater than the human body because it has prior existence and knowledge of
everything.
8. The human soul is existed at the moment a child is conceived.
9. There is a human body that determines the essential nature of the human person
10. Though philosophy is defined as the pursuit of wisdom, it does not investigate
what it means to ask questions in the first place.

Rubrics

Formative Assessment
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Evaluation of Learning with Lasallian Core Values Integration

Lasallian Core Values: Nurturing Community

Collection and application of Medical Fallacies
Give an example for each of the following types of fallacies. Do not use any of the
examples used in class or used in the book. You may include medical fallacy in your
examples.
1. Attacks a person or a person’s background, instead of the person’s ideas.
2. Diverts attention from the issue.
3. Assumes conclusion in the reasoning. (begs the question)
4. Confuses naming with explaining.
5. Uses slippery slope reasoning
6. Distracts with glittering generalities
7. Appealing to moral and social pressure

Post-Task

What did you learn about the topic?

Insights:
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______________________________________________________________________

Student and Teacher Feedback

Please write here your questions or concerns regarding the lesson discussion and
activities.
 17

Additional Resources

Video presentation:

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EJp4bZhhYfw
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IawIjqOJBU8
Article:
Morioka, Masahiro. (2017). Philosophy of Life in Contemporary Society. The Review of
Life Studies. 8. 15-22. 10.17613/M64C2X.
Blogs: https://depedtambayan.org/

References

Agdalpen, R. et al. (2008). Logic: The Basics of Correct Thinking. Mutya Publishing
House, Inc.
Stumpf, E. and Fieser, J. (2005). Socrates to Sartre and Beyond/A History of
Philosophy. McGraw-Hill Education (Asia).